A preconceived opinion about something or someone.

A person who studies the past

10 years

100 years

a long time period known by its great events, developments, or important individuals

to discover or reveal something through detailed examination

The knowledge, beliefs, values, & practices that a group of people have in common.

the spread of culture traits from one culture to another

Parts of culture such as food, language, holidays, etc.

the study of places and the relationships between people and their environment

the movement of people from one place to another

negative reasons that force people to migrate

positive reasons that make people want to migrate to an area

a system of faith and worship

belief in one God

Belief in many gods & goddesses

great accomplishments in the areas of art, architecture, literature, inventions, & culture that are still admired today

Government; the leaders and laws that govern a society

One leader has the power; usually a king or queen

rule by a small group of wealthy aristocrats (powerful land owners)

rule by a military leader or someone who took power by force

different kingdoms or areas under the role of a single leader

rule by the people

rule by religious leaders

the study of how people make choices about scarce resources and how goods are produced

the amount of a good that is available

the amount of a good that is wanted

Not having enough

the things needed so good can be produced

what you give up when you choose something else

the way people are organized in a society often with different levels of power

250-850 AD; Civilization located in Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico

"Middle" of the Americas; Mexico through Central America

Landform in Mexico that separates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea

Mayan city located on the Yucatan Peninsula; home to several step pyramid temples.

Maize is...

Also known as a glyph; a symbol that stands for a word

a colorful tropical bird whose feathers were traded

natural volcanic glass; a rock used to make very sharp blades for spears and arrows.

1300-1521 AD; civilization located in Central Mexico

site of modern-day Mexico City; Aztec city located on an island in Lake Texcoco

artificial islands that Aztecs used as farmland

raised roads across water or wet ground

a system in which one person from a ruling family has unlimited powers

1400-1533 AD; Civilization in Peru that extended across western South America.

official Incan language still spoken today in Peru

paying taxes with labor (work)

Mountain range that runs north to south along the western side of South America; one of the longest ranges in the world.

Incan city high in the mountains that was forgotten and rediscovered in 1911.

Capital city of the Incan Empire

record keeping device made of knotted strings; used to keep records of people or goods.

strips of level and that are planted with crops so farming can occur on mountainsides.

The name for serveral groups of people who settled in the Southwest US and built homes into cliffs

Developed in the Mississippi River Valley. Grew corn and built mounds of earth as part of their religion.

Corn, Beans & Squash

French word meaning "rebirth"; A Time when people rediscovered the culture of Greece and Rome

birthplace of the Renaissance; Italian city-state

a way of thinking that stressed the importance of human abilities and actions

developed a printing press using moveable type so books could be made faster

wealthy banking family that financially supported artists and thinkers

a religious movement in the 1500s that aimed to reform the church

sold by the church to cancel sins

German monk who wanted the church to make changes and instead started the reformation movement

95 arguments against the church posted on a church door by Martin Luther

a meeting where Martin Luther defended his writings and was ordered to take back what he said

People who protested against the authority of the Catholic Church

movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church

a series of meetings where Catholic leaders sought to revive the authority of the church.

racism and prejudice against the Jewish people

King of England who was Catholic but then separated the English church from the pope when he would not give him a divorce

War involving most of the European powers. Started for religious reasons but became political.

World's largest desert in Northern Africa

Semi-desert region between the Sahara Desert and the savanna to the south.

an area of tall grasses and scattered trees.

longest river in West Africa; a trading highway in early times.

trade across the Sahara Desert

first West African Empire that became wealthy through controlling the salt and gold trade.

second West African empire that prospered from gold-salt trade. After converting to Islam, became a center of Muslim culture.

first West African ruler who converted to Islam and took a famous pilgrimage to Mecca.

largest of the West African trading empires, known for spreading Islam and the Arabic language in West Africa.

a connection based on family relationships

a group of people descended from a common ancestor

a distinct culture, language, and identity

Professional story-tellers or oral historians; record keepers of their culture

a story usually passed down orally that becomes part of a community's tradition

wise sayings that are quick ways of sharing wisdom

men who dedicated themselves to worshipping God

a huge web of trade routes that connected Southeast Asia,

India, Arabia, & East Africa across the Indian Ocean.

a new culture formed in trading towns along East Africa; also a language of East Africa.

Hot and dry region in the Southwest corner of Asia

Wet, fertile area in a desert

Monotheistic religion that considers Muhammad a prophet and Messenger of God (Allah)

place of Muhammad's birth; important religious center to Muslims

a holy site in Mecca and destination for the Hajj

people who practice the religion of Islam

led the Muslim community after Muhammad and later the Islamic Empire

five acts of worship required of all Muslims

Muslim house of worship

Islam's holy book

the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims fast from sun up to sun down

Number system developed in India but introduced to Europe through a Muslim mathematician

Muslims who supported Muhammad's advisor Abu Bakr as the first Caliph- about 85% of Muslims today

Muslims who believe only Muhammad's relatives should be Caliph. About 15% of Muslims today.

the spread of culture traits from one culture to another

belief in one God

belief in many gods and/or goddesses

a collection of states in central Europe that was ruled by princes; tried to recreate the glory of Rome

Invaders who attacked European villages; later went on to build settlements in Europe & Russia

a social, political, & economic system in which people exchange loyalty and labor for a lord's protection

Norman Duke who invaded England, became king, and spread feudalism

Invasion battle in 1066 in which William the Conqueror defeated King Harold.

The Christian Church of the Middle Ages in Western Europe; center of everyday life and society.

a large medieval church known for its elaborate architecture

large agricultural estates/homes where most lords and wealthier knights lived.

free people who worked the land for their lord

peasants who were not free and were legally bound to the land

organization of people in the same craft or trade

a person who sells trade goods in a shop or market

King or Queen

one who pledged service and loyalty to a more powerful lord or monarch for land

a landowning member of the higher classes who served the king in exchange for power and land

Land given to vassals

a series of wars between European Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia over control of the Holy Land

Present-day Jerusalem; sacred to Christians, Jews, and Muslims

the movement to drive the Muslims from Spain

a series of investigations designed to find heretics; known for use of torture

contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas; also known as the Black Death

Great Charter; limited the power of the king

an assembly of representatives who make laws; originated in England

a series of wars between France & England which changed the way wars were fought and shifted power to the common people

Journey to a sacred place

Rebellion of English peasants that included killing lords and burning manors. Feudalism never recovered.

a human-made waterway linking Northern & Southern China

a system of government with many departments and bureaus

people are hired or promoted based on talent and skills

Growth of cities

an economy in which people use currency rather than bartering to trade

a system of Indian Ocean trade routes that connected Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa.

ancient trade route that linked Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Silk was an important trade item.

a nomadic people who eventually conquered much of Asia

leader of the Mongols who organized them into a powerful army for conquest

Grandson of Genghis; completed the conquest of China and was emperor

payment or gift to a more powerful country or government

Chinese explorer who led a series of sea voyages to win more tributary states.

a device that uses earth's magnetic field to show direction

a process of printing that used text carved into wood blocks and ink

thin, beautiful pottery; valuable Chinese export

Chinese philosophy that teaches that all things should follow the "dao" to find peace

religion based on the teachings of Buddha; taught that to prevent suffering people should stop wanting things and seek Nirvana

a system of moral behavior based on the teachings of Confucius that stressed being a good example and respect

Warrior king of the Franks; attempted to recreate the Roman Empire

a collection of states in central Europe that was ruled by princes; tried to recreate the glory of Rome

Invaders who attacked European villages; later went on to build settlements in Europe & Russia

a social, political, & economic system in which people exchange loyalty and labor for a lord's protection

Norman Duke who invaded England, became king, and spread feudalism

Invasion battle in 1066 in which William the Conqueror defeated King Harold.

The Christian Church of the Middle Ages in Western Europe; center of everyday life and society.

a large medieval church known for its elaborate architecture