These hollow chambers connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord are where cerebrospinal fluid is created.

Choose the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

The surface marking found on the cerebral hemispheres of the brain is defined as an elevated ridge.

The surface marking found on the cerebral hemispheres of the brain is defined as a shallow groove.

The surface marking found on the cerebral hemispheres of the brain is defined as a deep groove.

This region of the cerebral hemisphere is the site of the conscious mind and is involved in awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, and understanding.

This motor area of the cerebral cortex allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements; responsible for most of the voluntary movements of the body.

This motor area of the cerebral cortex controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills (think muscle memory).

This motor area of the cerebral cortex is a special motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production.

This motor area of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary eye movements.

This sensory area of the cerebral cortex receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints; capable of spatial discrimination.

Which of the following is defined as identification of a body region being stimulated?

This sensory area of the cerebral cortex integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex and produces a better understanding of the size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt.

These areas of the cerebral cortex allow us to give meaning to information received (input from multiple sensory areas), store it as memory, compare to previous experience, and decide on an action to take.

This describes the division of labor between hemispheres, with each hemisphere having unique abilities.

These cerebral white matter fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere.

These cerebral white matter fibers connect gray matter of the two hemispheres for better communication.

These cerebral white matter fibers connect the hemispheres with the lower brain or spinal cord.

This cerebral region regulates the intensity of slow or stereotyped movements executed by the cortex, and can inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements.

Choose the 3 paired gray matter structures of the diencephalon.

This paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. It sorts, edits, and relays information; mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

This paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon is the main visceral control center of the body and critically important to body homeostasis.

This paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon is the autonomic control center for many visceral functions; the center for emotional response; regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst; regulates sleep-wake cycles; controls endocrine system functioning.

This paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon is mainly responsible for secreting melatonin via the pineal gland.

This region of the adult brain consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear) arise from this region of the brain stem.

This region of the brain stem contains visual and auditory reflex centers, subcortical motor centers, and substantia nigra which releases dopamine.

Cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) arise from this region of the brain stem.

This region of the brain stem relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum, and cooperates with the medullary respiration centers to control respiratory rate and depth.

Cranial nerves VIII-X and XII arise from this region of the brain stem.

This is the crossover of corticospinal tracts that results in contralateral voluntary muscle movement control.

This region of the brain stem is the autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis; relays sensory information from muscles and joints to the cerebellum; mediates responses that maintain equilibrium.

This region of the brain stem contains important visceral motor centers including cardiovascular centers, respiratory centers, and centers involved in regulating vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

Approximately how much brain mass does the cerebellum occupy?

This region of the adult brain is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata.

This region of the adult brain provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for smooth, coordinated movement.

This is the distinctive pattern of white matter in the cerebellum that resembles a branching tree.

This system is our emotional, visceral brain, or "smell brain". It is involved in multiple nervous system functions and levels of activity, including the processing of memory and olfaction, and managing a range of emotions.

This system helps to keep the cerebral cortex conscious and alert (i.e., awake). lt also helps filter sensory input. Severe injury of this part of the brain results in coma.

This area of the language implementation system is utilized in speech production, regulating breathing patterns while speaking and vocalizations required for normal speech. Patients with lesions involving this area can understand words, but not necessarily write or speak.

This area of the language implementation system contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech. Patients with lesions involving this area can speak, but not understand what is said.

Choose the 4 primary factors that influence the transfer of short-term memory to long-term memory.

This diagnostic tool records aspects of electrical activity that accompanies brain function. It measures voltage differences between various cortical areas.

These types of brain waves are regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an "idling" brain (awake but relaxed).

These types of brain waves are rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert and focused.

These types of brain waves are more regular and are common in children, but uncommon in adults.

These types of brain waves are high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when the reticular activating system is suppressed (e.g., during anesthesia). In awake adults, they indicate brain damage.

A typical sleep pattern alternates between which 2 sleep stages?

This type of sleep is presumed to be physically restorative.

This type of sleep is thought to be mentally restorative; superfluous information is purged from the brain.

This sleep disorder involves lapsing abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state, lasting about 15 minutes, and occurring without warning.

This sleep disorder involves a chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to function properly during the day.

This sleep disorder involves the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep with sudden waking due to hypoxia.

Choose the 4 primary brain protection mechanisms.

This protection mechanism of the brain covers and protects the CNS, protects blood vessels and encloses venous sinuses, contains cerebrospinal fluid, and forms partitions in the skull.

This is the outermost and strongest layer of the meninges. Its two layers of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the brain separate to form dural sinuses in order to collect venous blood from the brain.

This is the middle layer of the meninges with web-like extensions. Its villi protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and permit cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption into the venous blood of the sinus.

This is the layer of delicate, vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain.

This watery solution floats the delicate brain, reducing its weight by 97%; protects the CNS from blows and other trauma; nourishes the brain, removes water and carries hormones; provides a chemically stable environment for CNS.

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

The primary function of this protective mechanism is to help maintain a stable environment (via filtration and selective permeability) for the brain so that its electrical activity remains under careful control.

This traumatic brain injury involves the temporary alteration in function due to a blow to the head.

This is the most common nervous system disorder and the third leading cause of death; typically leads to hemiplegia, or sensory and speech deficits; brain tissue dies, often resulting in permanent damage due to the limited capability of brain tissue to regenerate.

This degenerative brain disorder is a progressive degeneration brain disease resulting in dementia with senile plaques and tau tingles seen.

This degenerative brain disorder involves degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the midbrain resulting in overactive basal nuclei leading to a persistent tremor at rest and shuffling movements.

This degenerative brain disorder is a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein huntingtin, resulting in degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex. This presents in patients as wild, jerky movements followed later by mental deterioration.

Inferiorly, the spinal cord terminates in this tapering cone-shaped structure.

This fibrous extension of the conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Which of the following is described as a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? (Hint: resembles a horse's tail)

Pick the description that best fits the term: interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input.

Pick the description that best fits the term: somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots.

In this form of paralysis, the ventral root or ventral horn cells are severely damaged. Impulses do not reach the muscles, there is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles, and muscles atrophy from disuse.

In this form of paralysis, the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged. The spinal neurons remain intact, but muscles are stimulated irregularly by spinal reflex activity. There is no voluntary control of muscles.

This neuromuscular condition involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal text. This leads to a loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe. Death typically occurs within 5 years.