cleaves a(1-2) glycosidic bond between the glucose and fructose

polymerise glucose, fructose free

polymerise fructose while glucose is free

cleaves polysaccharides intracellularly

bacterial cell transports sucrose across the cell membrane, cleaves glycosidic bond

polymerases fructose while glucose is free

cleaves polysaccharides intracellularly

bacterial cell transports sucrose across the cell membrane, cleaves glycosidic bond

polymerise glucose, fructose free

cleaves polysaccharides intracellulary

bacterial cell transports sucrose across the cell membrane, cleaves glycosidic bond

cleaves a(1-2) glycosidic bond between the glucose and fructose

polymerise fructose while glucose is free

bacterial cell transports sucrose across the cell membrane, cleaves glycosidic bond

cleaves a(1-2) glycosidic bond between the glucose and fructose

polymerise glycose fructose free

polymerise fructose while glucose free

neutral fats-triglycerides

glycerophospholipids

Sphingolipids

steriods

Sphingolipids

Waxes

Terpenes

Steroids

Fatty acids

Lipopoteins

Lipoamino acids

lipopolysaccharide

proteolipids

Sphingolipids

esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

esters of fatty acids containing additional groups

Fats, Waxes

Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins

Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins

esters of fatty acids containing additional groups

Fats, Waxes

esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

Rarely occur as free molecules in nature • Found as part of complex lipid molecule Ex. Fats, phospholipids

Part of carboxylic acids functional group

Biological FA contain an even number of C atoms

• Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain • COO- is hydrophilic • Amphipathic

soluble in water

2 attached H lie on the same line of the double bond between 2 carbons

conformation in unsaturated FA

2 adjacent H lie on opposite side of the c=c

conformation in saturated fatty acids

2 adjacent H lie on opposite sides of the C=C

2 attached H lie on the same side of the C=C

biological unsaturated FA

Occurs in all biological unsaturated FA

• Derived from fatty acids stored in phospholipids or triglycerides • Precursor – arachidonic acid

Released by phospholipase or lipase

Wide variety of affects • Neurons, parts of the brain, exocrine and endocrine targets • Generate inflammatory response

Binds to receptor – on plasma membrane or internal membrane • Or released by cell exterior and bind to neighboring cells

• PG released from membrane into cytoplasm

• Store fats

Glycerol + FA linked to each OH by an ester bond • Contain 1+ FA • Mixed Triglyceride: when 2+ FA are different within a molecule

• Hydrophobic • Soluble in some organic solvents • No electric charge – neural lipids

• Fluid at body temperature • Increase in melting point with increase in C within hydrocarbon chain • Decrease in melting point with increase in C=C

Released by phospholipase or lipase • PG released from membrane into cytoplasm

FA ester-linked to C1 and 2 of glycerol • Phosphate ester-linked to C3

Amphipathic • Glycerol + phosphate - polar end • Hydrocarbon - nonpolar end

C1 FA usually saturated, C2 FA usually unsaturated • In the presence of water, aggregates

• Long-chain fatty acid + long-chain alcohol by ester linkage

Water insoluble • Solid

Long-chain fatty acid + long chain alcohol by ester linkage

water insoluble

solid

sugar+fatty acid attached to sphingosine

major component of the plasma membrane

sugar +fatty acid attched to sphingosine

major component of plasma membrane

water insoluble

lipid not containing glycerol

Sphingosine, phytosphingosine

waxes

sphingolipids

steroids

cortisone, hydrocortisone and prednisone

triglycerides

Can change gene expression

• Hydrophobic and insoluble in water

Cholesterol

Long-chain fatty acid + long-chain alcohol by ester linkage

FA ester-linked to C1 and 2 of glycerol

• Fused ring structure – 4 linked C rings • May have short tail • Sterols: have –OH, alcohol functional group

Hydrophobic and insoluble in water

Vitamin D

Component of plasma membrane

(Estrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone

– regulate events during pregnancy

– promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammatory reaction

regulate ion balance

Steroid

– promote male sex characteristics

regulate events during pregnancy

promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammatory reaction

regulate ion balance

– promote female sex characteristics

Steroid

regulate events during pregnancy

– promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammatory reaction

– regulate ion balance

promote female sex characteristics

Steroid

promote female sex characteristics

promote male sex characteristics

steroid

regulate events during pregnancy

promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammatory reaction

– regulate events during pregnancy

promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammatory reaction

promote male sex characteristics

Steroid

Used to teat a variety of conditions – asthma, rashes, IBS, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, organ rejection after transplant

Suppress inflammation, counteracts increased stress

Delivery methods include – by mouth, inhaler/spray, topically, injection

• Long term side effects • High blood sugar • Increased risk of infection • Thinning bones (osteoporosis) and fractures

• Dental situations can increase stress, risk of adrenal insufficiency

Lipid-protein complexes

A. Chylomicrons B. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) C. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) D. High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Transport lipids through circulatory system

Used to teat a variety of conditions – asthma, rashes, IBS, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, organ rejection after transplant

• Lowest protein:lipid, 90% lipid

Lowest density

Synthesized in the intestinal lining, into lymphatics to circulation

Destinations: heart muscle, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, mammary tissue

Synthesized in the liver

Synthesized in the liver

Delivers triglycerides to peripheral tissues

Synthesized in the intestinal lining, into lymphatics to circulation

Destinations: heart muscle, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, mammary tissue

Made from VLDL

Delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Delivers triglycerides to peripheral tissues

Destinations: heart muscle, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, mammary tissue

Lowest density

Smallest lipoprotein

Highest protein:lipid

Remove excess cholesterol from cells, return it to the liver

Delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Lowest density

Protective barrier- maintains cellular conditions for ideal function

Ingestion-Feed/destroy other microorganisms

Communication-Proteins and carbohydrates allow signalling

transport-allows/prevents substances from entering

Cell division-Always in motion, pinches to form daughter cells

mainly on the outer leaflet

mainly on the inner leaflet

mainly on the inner leaflet

mainly on the outer leaflet

mainly on the inner leaflet

mainly on the outer leaflet

mainly on the outer membrane

mainly on the inner membrane

– minor membrane component

mainly on the inner leaflet

• Role in cell signaling

mainly on outer leaflet

• Phosphate

Choline, serine, inositol, ethanolamine

Glycerol

• 2 hydrocarbon

Found on outer leaflet with carbohydrates

No not found

• Minor membrane component

major membrane component

Major membrane component

• Rigid ring structure

high temp-less fluid

low temp-prevents membrane from freezing

not found on membrane

minor role of membrane

Fatty acids have C=C Kinks, difficult to pack

In body which is a warm solution

they are not all linked togther meaning weak intermolecular forces

false. All move freely

Domains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids do not

Move laterally with plasma membrane • Associated with specific membrane proteins • May play role in cell signaling and endocytosis

Form “Rafts”

Extrinsic protein

Intrinsic protein

Not inserted into the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Bound with weak molecular interactions – ionic, hydrogen, Van der Walls bonds

• Hydrophilic nature

Hydrophobic side chain act as anchors to the lipid bilayer

Transport ions/molecules across the cell membrane

Portions of protein are inserted into the lipid bilayer

Disrupted by detergents

Transport ions/molecules across the cell membrane

• More hydrophobic than hydrophilic • Hydrophobic side chain act as anchors to the lipid bilayer

a - helices and B-strands

Membrane is liquid at room temperature

Phospholipids are capable of a wide range of movements

Membrane proteins are more restricted in movement

Membrane is solid at room temperature

Temperature – increase in temperature increases fluidity

Unsaturated Fatty Acids – C=C kink

Cholesterol – rigid sterol ring, flexible hydrocarbon

Covalent bonds

OH, COOH, NH2 are water soluble

- CH3 and hydrocarbon rings

Uniporter

Symporter

Antiporter

Multiporter

biporter

vesicles are small and contain fluid

vesicles are small and contain fluid

material binds to specific receptor on external surface of membrane

material binds to specific receptor on external surface of membrane

– vesicles are small and contain fluid

vesicles are larger and contain solid matter