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ES Final Review 1: Rocks, Minerals, Landscapes, Earth Layers

Total questions: 118

Worksheet time: 59mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which type of rock is formed from the solidification of magma or lava?

a)

igneous

b)

sedimentary

c)

metamorphic

d)

bioclastic

2.

Where is magma located?

a)

above ground

b)

below ground

c)

in the stratosphere

d)

in the thermosphere

3.

Where is lava located?

a)

above ground

b)

below ground

c)

in the core

d)

in the mantle

4.

Describe the texture of the following igneous rock.

a)

smooth

b)

coarse

c)

vesicular

d)

glassy

5.

Describe the texture of the following igneous rock.

a)

glassy

b)

rough

c)

vesicular

d)

coarse

6.

Describe the mineral composition of the following igneous rock.

a)

felsic

b)

mafic

7.

Describe the mineral composition of the following igneous rock.

a)

felsic

b)

mafic

8.

Describe the environment of formation for the following igneous rock (grain size > 10 mm).

a)

intrusive

b)

extrusive

9.

Describe the environment of formation for the following igneous rock.

a)

intrusive

b)

extrusive

10.

Describe the rate of cooling for the following igneous rock.

a)

slow cooling

b)

rapid cooling

11.
Sedimentary Rocks are often made up of other rocks and minerals.
a)
True
b)
False
12.
Small pieces of rock, sand, silt is called?
a)
weathering
b)
sediment
13.
Coal is formed from dead plants and other organisms?
a)
True
b)
False
14.
Sedimentary rocks are often formed in layers.
a)
True 
b)
False
15.
The process when rocks break into smaller pieces due to exposure to natural elements is called
a)
erosion
b)
weathering
c)
sediments
16.
Sedimentary rock that is made of fragments of rocks cemented together by a mineral are called...
a)
chemical
b)
organic
c)
clastic
17.
a)
Lithographic Limestone
b)
Breccia
c)
Coal
d)
Conglomerate
18.
The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue sediment together.
a)
compaction
b)
deposition
c)
organic rock
d)
cementation
19.

Which causes rocks to physically weather in to sediments?

a)

Water

b)

Ice

c)

Wind

d)

All of the above

20.
What is mechanical weathering?
a)
Process through which rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces.
b)
Rocks are broken down through chemical changes.
c)
Rocks are worn away from acid in plant roots.
d)
Rocks broken down by machinery.
21.
This rock is made of salts left behind when a shallow sea evaporated. What type of sedimentary rock is it?
a)
Clastic
b)
Chemical
c)
Organic
22.
What characteristic to sedimentary rocks often have?
a)
weather patterns
b)
tiny crystals
c)
striped layers
d)
glassy surfaces
23.
Which rock family is composed of rocks that have been changed by heat, pressure, or chemicals?
a)
Sedimentary
b)
Metamorphic
c)
Lunar
d)
Igneous
24.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks have been changed the most?
a)
Slate
b)
Schist
c)
Phyllite
d)
Gneiss
25.
What do we call the group of metamorphic rocks that have visible layers or bands of minerals within them?
a)
Sedimentary
b)
Stratified
c)
Foliated
d)
Unfoliated
26.
What sedimentary rock is changed to marble during metamorphosis?
a)
Limestone
b)
Sandstone
c)
Shale
d)
Chert
27.
During regional metamorphism, rocks are changed mostly due to this:
a)
Pressure from tectonic activity
b)
Heat from magma
c)
Hot chemical fluids
d)
Weathering and Erosion
28.
During Contact Metamorphism, rocks are changed primarily by this:
a)
Subducting Plates
b)
Heat from magma
c)
Hot chemical fluids
d)
Pressure from tectonic activity
29.
What are the puzzle pieces of the Earth's surface called?
a)
Tectonic plates
b)
Puzzles
c)
Earthquakes
30.

The movement of the tectonic plates is caused by

a)

the rotation of the Earth.

b)

convection currents in the Asthenosphere

c)

the gravity of the iron-nickel core.

d)

the Moho discontinuity.

31.

Observe this diagram of a plate boundary. One statement BEST describes what is happening. It is that

a)

the oceanic crust is melting.

b)

the denser ceanic crust is subducting under the less dense oceanic crust

c)

volcanic islands are forming.

d)

the tectonic plates are moving away from each other.

32.

A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a _______

a)

transform boundary

b)

divergent boundary.

c)

convergent boundary.

d)

rift valley.

33.

The place where two plates come together is known as a _______

a)

transform boundary.

b)

divergent boundary.

c)

convergent boundary.

d)

rift valley.

34.

Below is a picture of sea-floor spreading. How are the ocean crusts moving?

a)

Converging

b)

Diverging

c)

Sliding

d)

No movement

35.
What are the two types of crust
a)
continental and oceanic
b)
ocean and upper
c)
lower and upper
d)
pizza and subway
36.
Wegener’s proposal of a supercontinent was supported by:
a)
earthquake data
b)
seafloor magnetism
c)
rock, fossil, and climate data.
d)
convection currents in the mantle.
37.
What is this a picture of?
a)
plate tectonics
b)
continental drift
c)
pangea
d)
glacier scaring
38.
What does the theory of continental drift state?
a)
The continents were once joined in a super-continent and have moved over time
b)
Continents are stationary and do not move
c)
The Earth is broken into lithospheric plates that move due to convection currents
d)
none of the above
39.
What evidence did Wegener use in his theory?
a)
Continents and fossils fitting together/matching-up like puzzle pieces 
b)
glacier scars and evidence from temperature
c)
mountain ranges and coal deposits line up across continents
d)
all of the above
40.
Why did no one believe Wegener's thoery?
a)
He could not explain HOW the continents moved
b)
He didn't have evidence
c)
His data was wrong
d)
He didn't use the right technology to gather data
41.

In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts

a)

along the edges of all the continents.

b)

along mid-ocean ridges.

c)

in deep-ocean trenches.

d)

at the north and south poles.

42.

What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers?

a)

crust, outer core, inner core, mantle

b)

mantle, outer core, inner core, crust

c)

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

d)

outer core, inner core, crust, mantle

43.

The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as _______

a)

convection.

b)

continental drift.

c)

subduction.

d)

conduction.

44.

The geological theory of _______ states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion.

a)

subduction

b)

plate tectonics

c)

deep-ocean trenches

d)

sea-floor spreading

45.

Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth’s

a)

continents.

b)

mantle.

c)

lithosphere.

d)

inner core.

46.
Where would the oldest rock be found?
a)
L
b)
M
c)
N
d)
O
47.
How is it possible for new crust to be formed without increasing the surface area of the Earth?
a)
Crust is destroyed at the same time it is created
b)
New crust is underwater where it sinks
c)
New crust breaks more easily than old crust
48.
This layer of Earth is the thickest part
a)
crust
b)
outer core
c)
mantle
d)
inner core
49.
Mountains form from ...
a)
plates sliding past one another
b)
collision of plates
c)
plates moving away from each other
50.

How do rock particles move during the passage of a Primary wave (P-waves) through the rock?

a)

the particles do not move

b)

in a rolling circular motion

c)

back and forth parallel to the direction of wave travel

d)

back and forth perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

51.

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals of the waves from first to the last?

a)

P waves → S waves → Surface waves

b)

Surface waves → P waves → S waves

c)

P waves → Surface waves → S waves

d)

S waves → P waves → Surface waves

52.

What is the useful information regarding the composition of the interior of the Earth can be derived from earthquake waves?

a)

It changes radioactive decay rates of rocks.

b)

It releases materials from within the Earth.

c)

It travels through the Earth at a constant speed.

d)

It travels at different rates through different materials.

53.

Which layer of the Earth do S-waves not travel through?

a)

core

b)

crust

c)

mantle

d)

moho

54.

Which of the following earthquake waves can travel through both solids and fluids?

a)

P waves only

b)

S waves only

c)

Q-waves only

d)

Both P and S waves

55.

What do you call the motion or vibration of earthquake that travels outward from the focus?

a)

chemical energy

b)

electromagnetic waves

c)

gravity waves

d)

seismic waves

56.

What is the most destructive earthquake wave?

a)

S waves

b)

P waves

c)

Q waves

d)

Surface waves

57.

Which statement best explains why the P-wave of an earthquake arrives at a seismic station before the S-wave?

a)

The S wave originates from the earthquake focus.

b)

The P wave has a greater velocity than the S wave.

c)

The P wave originates from the earthquake epicenter.

d)

The S wave decreases in velocity as it passes through the liquid.

58.

When a mineral breaks along rough, jagged surfaces it's called

a)

fracture

b)

cleavage

c)

hardness

d)

streak

59.

#1 on the Mohs Hardness Scale and also used in baby powder.

a)

halite

b)

talc

c)

graphite

d)

gypsum

60.

The least accurate way to identify a mineral.

a)

color

b)

hardness

c)

streak

d)

density

61.

The measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched.

a)

streak

b)

color

c)

luster

d)

hardness

62.

The way that a mineral reflects light. It can be metallic or non-metallic.

a)

streak

b)

hardness

c)

fracture

d)

luster

63.

The color left by a mineral in its powdered form.

a)

streak

b)

density

c)

hardness

d)

smudge

64.

Which mineral is easily identified by smell?

a)

graphite

b)

galena

c)

halite

d)

sulfur

65.

Color and hardness are examples of a mineral's

a)

chemical properties

b)

molecular qualities

c)

atomic structure

d)

physical properties

66.

In order to be classified as a mineral a substance must be

a)

man-made

b)

organic

c)

able to be scratched by a penny

d)

naturally occurring

67.
What is the relationship between a rock and a mineral?
a)
Rocks are made up of minerals.
b)
Minerals are made up of rocks.
c)
Rocks are on the Earth's surface. Minerals are found underground.
d)
Rocks and minerals are different names for the same thing.
68.
A scientist made an object in a lab that has a crystal structure and was solid. Why is the object not considered a mineral?
a)
It is a solid
b)
It is man-made
c)
It is inorganic
d)
It has a crystalline structure
69.
Why is coal not a mineral?
a)
It is not a solid
b)
It is man-made
c)
It is not inorganic
d)
It is made of carbon
70.
Which minerals would all scratch apatite?
a)
diamond, topaz, quartz
b)
quartz, calcite, gypsum
c)
fluorite, talc, calcite
d)
diamond, fluorite, corundum
71.
If a minerals breaks into irregular pieces it is called _____.
a)
cleavage
b)
hardness
c)
lava
d)
fracture
72.
Although cement, brick, steel, and glass all come from substances found in the Earth’s crust, they are NOT classified as minerals because___________________.
a)
They are organic
b)
They have a crystalline structure.
c)
They can be a liquid
d)
They are not naturally occurring
73.
Minerals are used in the creation of _____.
a)
jewelry and toothpaste
b)
hygiene items like various components of televisions, cars, computers…
c)
household items like porcelain toilets or dishes
d)
all of the above
74.

Quartz

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

75.

Glass

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

76.

Wood

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

77.

Grantite

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

78.

Copper

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

79.

Plastic

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

80.

Iceberg

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

81.

Gold

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

82.

Bone

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

83.

Coal

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

84.

Steel

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

85.

Oil

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

86.

Sugar

a)

Mineral

b)

Not Mineral

87.
By definition, a mineral has which of the following characteristic(s)?
a)
definite chemical composition
b)
crystal structure
c)
naturally occuring
d)
all of the above
88.

The gradual movement or removal of sediment from a location by water is called...

a)

erosion

b)

runoff

c)

slope

d)

tributary

89.

With a steeper slope, we would expect to see...

a)

less erosion

b)

more erosion

c)

the same amount of erosion

d)

no erosion at all

90.
Which of the following statements is not true?
a)
Water causes more erosion on slopes without plants
b)
Water flows from higher to lower ground
c)
Faster water erodes more sediment
d)
As water slows, smaller particles are deposited first
91.
When a stream or river starts to slow down, it:
a)
Picks up more sediment
b)
Erodes more rapidly
c)
Deposits fine sediments, but continues carrying larger rocks
d)
Deposits larger rocks, but continues carrying finer sediment
92.
The steeper the slope, the ________ the stream.
a)
Slower
b)
Broader
c)
Faster
d)
Curvier
93.
The diagram below shows a portion of a stream. The sand bar formed as a direct result of 
a)
erosion due to a decrease in stream velocity 
b)
erosion due to an increase in stream velocity
c)
deposition due to a decrease in stream velocity
d)
deposition due to an increase in stream velocity 
94.

What is weathering?

a)

The movement of sediment

b)

The breaking of sediment

c)

The dropping of sediment

95.

Which of these is an example of erosion?

a)

Light shinning onto a mountain

b)

Rain breaking down rock

c)

Wind blowing away sediment

d)

All of the above

96.
What type of weathering is it when acid rain breaks down and changes the rock.
a)
chemical weathering 
b)
physical or mechanical weathering
c)
erosion
97.
Ice wedging will
a)
wear down rocks as they bounce together 
b)
break up rocks when the water in cracks freezes and thaws
c)
peel away loosend material from the surface of rocks. 
98.
What is mechanical weathering?
a)
Process through which rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces.
b)
Rocks are broken down through chemical changes.
c)
Rocks are worn away from acid in plant roots.
d)
Rocks broken down by machinery.
99.
During chemical weathering, what can happen to the type of rock that has undergone chemical weathering?
a)
a new rock is produced that is larger than the original rock
b)
a new rock is produced that is the same as the original rock
c)
a new rock is produced that is different from the original rock 
d)
no new rock is created - it is just smaller in size
100.

Chemical weathering is

a)

caused by living things, like plants and animals

b)

caused by chemical processes like acid rain & carbonic acid

c)

caused by force, like pressure, pushing, and crashing

101.

Weathering

a)

breaks rocks

b)

moves rocks

c)

make rocks smell

102.

An example of chemical weathering is...

a)

acid rain

b)

rocks falling down a hill

c)

someone breaking rocks

d)

rocks melting into magma

103.

Which of these answers are Mechanical Weathering?

a)

Wind Abrasion

b)

Acid Precipatation

c)

Carbon Dioxide

d)

All of these

104.

What can cause chemical weathering?

a)

Oxygen

b)

Carbon dioxide

c)

Acid rain

d)

All of these

105.
Acid rain is most likely to cause...
a)
deposition
b)
glaciers to move
c)
chemical weathering
d)
mechanical weathering
106.
The process that breaks down rocks and other materials on Earth's surface is called
a)
weathering
b)
erosion
c)
soil conservation
d)
decomposition
107.
What are the two factors that affect the rate at which weathering occurs?
a)
climate and mass of rock
b)
climate and size of rock
c)
type of rock and size of rock
d)
type of rock and climate
108.
Rust that forms on rocks or metal because of extended exposure to oxygen is what example of chemical weathering?
a)
carbon dioxide (carbonic acid)
b)
acid rain
c)
oxidation
d)
lichens
109.
Which type of climate will have faster chemical weathering?
a)
Hot and Wet
b)
Cold and Dry
c)
Hot and Cold
d)
Cold and Wet
110.
What is the relationship between surface area and the rate of weathering?
a)
As surface area increases, the rate of weathering decreases
b)
As surface area increases, the rate of weathering increases
c)
As surface area decreases, the rate of weathering increases
d)
There is no relationship
111.
What does it mean when a rock's surface area increases?
a)
There are more surfaces available to be weathered on the rock
b)
There are less surfaces available to be weathered on the rock
c)
The rock has weathered completely
d)
Surface area has nothing to do with rocks
112.
As scientists explore deeper and deeper into Earth's crust, what have they noticed about temperature and pressure?
a)
both temperature and pressure decrease
b)
both temperature and pressure increase
c)
pressure increases while temperature decreases
d)
temperature increases while pressure decreases
113.
What causes the waves that scientists have used to gain most of their understanding of the composition of Earth's interior?
a)
earthquakes
b)
magnetic fields
c)
meteor strikes
d)
winds
114.
Which layer of Earth would have the greatest density?
a)
upper mantle
b)
lower mantle
c)
inner core
d)
outer core
115.
True or FalseThe most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen.
a)
True
b)
False
116.
4. What layer is the hottest?
a)
Core
b)
Crust
c)
Mantle
117.
Which sublayer is made up of the crust and upper mantle?
a)
Inner Core
b)
Outer Core
c)
Lithosphere
d)
Asthenosphere
118.
Which layer of Earth is characterized by rock that is plastic, or soft enough to flow?
a)
asthenosphere
b)
crust
c)
lithosphere
d)
inner core

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