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WorksheetsThe Skeletal System
Total questions: 130
Worksheet time: 2hrs 41mins
Which answer describes Bone (Osseous) Tissue
Dense, supportive connective tissue.
Contains specialized cells.
Produces solid matrix. of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers.
2/3 of bone Matrix
hydroxyapatite
Calcium
Collagen
Red Marrow
1/3 of bone Matrix
Collagen
Hydroxyapatite
Bone Tissue
Osteoblast
Is Hydroxyapatite inorganic?
True
False
Is collagen organic?
False
True
What makes up 2% of the bone mass?
OsteoBlast
Osteoclast
Osteoprogenitor cells
Oteocyte
lacuna
What are osteoprogenitor cells
Divide to produce osteoblast
Assist in fracture repair
They are located in nucleus
They are located in the inner, cellular layer of periosteum (endosteum)
Osteoblast what?
Builds up bone.
Are immature bone cells.
Do not divide.
breaks down bone.
Osteocyte...
Divide
Surrounded by bone
Multinucleate cells
Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix.
Osteoclast?
Breaks down the bone.
works best with exercise.
slows down as we age.
Have nucleus.
Lost Bone mass but still function.
(a)
When bone loss causes functionality loss.
(a)
Compact bone is made up of?
Osteon
Blood Vessels
-Haversion
-Volkmann
Proteins
Calcium
Spongy bone is also known as
(a)
Spongy bone?
Has open networks of trabecule.
have osteon.
has yellow bone marrow.
Has red bone marrow.
Trabecule job is to transfer (a) into multiple direction
Compact bone is covered in periosteum and endosteum.
False
True
Periosteum Covers?
Inside of bone
Outside of bone
Top of bone
Bottom of bone
What are two functions of periosteum?
Participate in bone growth and repair.
contains osteoblast.
Aides in calcium absorption.
provides route for circulatory and nervous supply.
Lines the marrow cavity-incomplete
Cartilage
Spongy bone
lamellae
endosteum
Long bones where blood vessels and nerves travel? (Bone Markings).
(a)
-Where things attach- tendons, etc.
-at articulation with other bones. (Bone Markings.)
(a)
-Where blood vessels and nerves penetrate (Bone Marking).
(a)
Bone formation
Osteogenesis
Ossification
Calcification
Endochondral
The process of replacing other tissues with bone.
osteogeneisis
Osteoporosis
Ossification
Oestopenia
the process of depositing calcium salts during ossification.
(a)
Increases length
(a)
Increase width?
Appositional Growth
Interstitial Growth
Diaphysis
Endosteum
What happens in the endochondral ossification step 1?
Chrondrocytes enalarge.
blood vessels grow around.
Blood vessels go inside.
Chrondrocytes leave a structure.
What happens in the endochrondral ossification step 2
leaves cavity in cartilage.
blood vessels enter.
Blood vessel grows around the cartilage.
Osteoblast produce a layer of superficial bone around the shaft.
What happens in the endochrondral ossification step 3?
Blood vessels enter the cartilage.
Spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center (diaphysis).
Enlarge.
bone replaces cartilage.
What happens in the endochrondral ossification step 4?
Blood vessels enter cartilage.
Remodeling-Spongy 2 Compact, creates a marrow cavity.
Bone replaces cartilage at the metaphysis.
creates secondary ossification center.
Which step of the endochrondral ossification happens when capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses.
(a)
What Endochrondral Ossification Step?
Epiphyses fill with spongy bone
-cartilage within the joint cavity is articulation cartilage.
-cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal cartilage.
(a)
What occurs in the dermis? And produce dermal bones such as mandible an d clavicle?
Intermembranous Ossification
Endrochondral Ossification
-Mesenchymal cells aggregate
-Differentiate into osteoblast
-begin ossification at the ossification center
-develop projections called spicules
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
-Blood vessels grow into the area to supply the osteoblast
-Spicules connect, trapping blood vessels inside bone
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
-Spongy bone develops and is remodeled into:
-osteons of compact bone
-periosteum
-or marrow cavities
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Synthesis requires vitamin D?
Calcitonin
Calclitriol
Growth Hormone
Throxine
required for collagen synthesis, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation. (Vitamin)
(a)
Stimulates osteoblast Activity (Vitamin)
(a)
Helps synthesize bone protein. (Viatmin)
(a)
What increases calcium levels?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Calcitriol
What decreases Calcium levels?
Parathyroid
Calctriol
Calcitonin
-cracks or breaks in bone
-caused by physical stress
(a)
What happens at the first step in a fracture repair?
Fracture hematoma is formed by clotting.
Divide and migrate to fracture.
Replace central cartilage.
stabolize the break.
Fracture repair 2?
cells fom the endosteum and periosteum migrate and divide to fracture.
Reducing bone calluses
Bone cells die
replace central. cartilage.
What happens in fracture repair three?
Blood clot
Stabilizing break
replace central cartilage of external callus.
establish a fibrous network.
fracture repair 4?
Osteoblast and osteoclast remodel fracture up to a year.
hematoma
stablize break
cause physical stress.
What suture is between the Occipital and parietal Bone?
Lambdoid Suture
Coronal Suture
Sagittal Suture
Squamous Suture
What bone is between both parietal bones?
(a)
What suture is between the parietal and temporal bone?
Sagittal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
What Suture is between the frontal and parietal bone?
(a)
What bones are considered cranial bones?
(a)
What bones are considered to be a facial bone?
(a)
What bones are apart of the ethmoid bone?
vomer
Olfactory foramina.
Perpendicular plate.
Cribriform plate.
Function:
-Supports the bridge of the nose
(a)
Function:
-Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
(a)
Function:
-Creates air turbulence in nasal cavity
-warms and humidify inhaled air
(a)
functions:
-Forms part of the zygomatic arch
-Has the temporal process
(a)
Functions:
-Smallest facial bone
(a)
-areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
-Allows the skull to flex during birth
(a)
How many vertebrae are in the cervical?
7
10
8
6
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar?
(a)
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic?
(a)
Accomodate for internal organs.
(a)
Shift body weight for upright posture?
(a)
Abnormal lateral curve
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Lordiosis
Abnormal thoracic curve
-Humpback appearance
Kyphosis
Lordosis
scoliosis
Abnormal lumbar curve
-Swayback or pregnancy appearance
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Characteristics of?
-Atlas
-Axis
-those bodies fuse during development to form dens
(a)
Characteristics of?
-Heart shaped bodies
-Long slender spinous points inferiorly
(a)
Characteristics of?
-Oval-shaped bodies
-Spinous process is short
(a)
Attaches broad muscles that move the thigh?
(a)
Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus?
(a)
Protects organs
-Heart
-Lungs
-Thymus
(a)
Function:
-are flexible
-are mobile
-can absorb shock
(a)
What ribs are true ribs?
1-7
8-10
11-12
What ribs are false ribs
1-7
8-10
1-5
11-12
What ribs are are floating ribs?
1-5
7-11
11-12
8-10
The top part of the sternum is called the?
(a)
The middle part of the sternum is called?
Xiphoid
Body
Manubrium
Short bone
The inferior part of the sternum is called a what?
(a)
What articulates with the scapulae (acromial end)
Clavicles
spine
limbs
Xiphoid
Function:
-Provides a base for arm movement
-connects the arms to the body
-Shoulder girdle
(a)
What articulates with the arm and clavicle (collarbone)?
(a)
What bones have have a lesser and greater tubercle?
(a)
Characteristics:
Longest, heaviest bone
Intertrochanteric line
Linea Aspera
(a)
Also called Kneecap
A sesamoid bone
Formed within the tendons of quadriceps femoris
(a)
Also called shinebone
Supports body weight
(a)
Interosseous membrane
No femur articulation
Attaches muscles of feet and toes
(a)
Transfer weight from 1 part of bone to another
(a)
Body Movement occurs at joints where 2 bones connect
(a)
Are very strong-movement must be prevented- Strongest of them all
ex. Sutures.
Gomphosis (Holds teeth down)
Synarthrosis
Amphriarthrosis
Diarthrosis
A little bit moveable
ex. Syndesmosis- Bones connected by ligaments
Symphysis- bones separated by fibrocartilage
Diarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Synarthroses
Moveable joints
-Lined with synovial membrane
-At ends of long bones
Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Amphriarthrosis
Joints:
-Lubrication
-Nutrient distribution
-Shock absorption
(a)
-Pockets of synovial fluid
-cushion area where tendons or ligaments rub
(a)
Also called gliding
Linear Motion
Angular motion
True or False Angular motion increases or decreases angle of 2 bones?
False
True
reduces angle between elements?
Extension
Flextion
Adduction
Abduction
Increases angle between elements?
Abduction
Extension
Adduction
Flexion
Moves away from longitudinal axis
Adduction
Flexion
Abduction
Extension
Moves toward longitudinal axis
(a)
Circular motion without rotation
(a)
Pushing mandible forward
Moves anteriorly
Pronation
Supination
Protraction
Dorsiflection
Opens mouth
Depression
Elevation
Plantar flextion
Flexion
Closes mouth
-moves superiorly
Elevation
Opposition
Retraction
Protraction
Thumb movement toward fingers or plam
(a)
-Gliding Joints separated by intervertebral disc
-Ligaments bind and stabilize
-Intervertebral discs
(a)
Classification Joints:
-flattened or slightly curved faces
-Limited motion (nonaxial)
(a)
Classification Joints:
-Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
(a)
Classification Joints:
-Rotation only (monaxial)
(a)
Classification Joints:
-Oval articular face with a depression
-motion in 2 planes (Biaxial)
(a)
Classification Joints:
-2 concave faces, straddled (Biaxial)
(a)
Classification Joints:
-Round articular face in a depression (Triaxial)
(a)
Classification Joint:
-Also called glenohumeral Joint
-Least stable
(a)
-A stable hinge joint with articulations between humerus, radius, and ulna
- very stable due to interlocking bones, thick capsule, and strong ligaments.
Ball-and-socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Knee Joint
Elbow Joint
-Extremely stable
-Wide range of motion
-Also called a coxal joint
Knee joint
Elbow Joint
Shoulder Joint
Hip joint
-A complicated hinge joint
-Condyles roll so contact points change
Knee Joint
Shoulder Joint
Elbow Joint
Ball-and-Socket
Inflammation of bursae from excessive stress or overexertion is a?
(a)
Excessive exertion stretches tendons or muscles is a?
(a)
Ligaments with torn collagen fibers is a?
(a)
Which injury?
-Articulation surfaces forced out of position.
(a)
A partial dislocation is called?
(a)
-Invades vertebral canal
-bulge in anulus fibrosus
Slipped disc
Herniated disc
True or false, Herniated disc presses on spinal cord?
True
False
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or geneticc factors affecting collagen formation
Gouty
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid
-Inflammatory condition
-Caused by an infection or autoimmune disease, etc
-Involves immune system
Gouty
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid
Occurs when crystals form within the synovial fluid due to metabolic disorders
osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid
Gouty
