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WorksheetsHPP Exam #1 Review
Total questions: 185
Worksheet time: 2hrs 21mins
Cells are organized into tissues that are classified according to the following. Select all that apply:
Function of the cells
Shapes of the cells
Characteristics of the matrix
Relative volumes occupied by matrices versus cells
Choose the false statement about the matrix:
If the matrix is destroyed, a tissue cannot heal or regenerate
The matrix is as important as the cell
Matrix functions in waste removal and nutrient delivery
Matrix is composed of cells, fibers, and fluids
Choose the false statement about epithelial tissues:
Epithelial tissue has blood vessels
Epithelial tissue plays a role in filtration
Epithelial cells are found in glands
Epithelial tissue plays a role in sensation
These are the functional roles of basement membrane. Select all that apply:
The basement membrane forms a point of attachment for epithelial cells
The basement membrane blocks diffusion of nutrients and wastes
The basement membrane partly contains collagen and laminin
The basement membrane plays a role in tissue renewal
In GERD, the following changes may occur in the patient’s esophagus:
A change in simple columnar to gastric squamous
A change from simple squamous to simple columnar
A change from stratified squamous to simple columnar
A change from pseudostratified columnar to stratified
This part of the neuron collects incoming signals and has a large surface area, like branches of a tree:
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminal
The following features describe the structure and function of cartilage. SATA:
There are dense blood vessels in cartilage
Cartilage is built by matrix that is secreted by chondrocytes
Cartilage matrix contains chondroitin and collagen
Chondrocytes are trapped in cavities known as lacunae
Cartilage tissue is known to heal quickly
Which of the following statements about scurvy are true? SATA
It is caused by dietary deficiency in vitamin C
It is caused by inherited mutation collagen
It causes a weakening of the strength of the matrix
It increases the cross linking of collagen fibers
Part of your patient's glandular tissue is removed due to formation of a malignant tumor. The remaining gland shows evidence of an increase in cell size as well as in cell number. These two types of physiological responses are known as:
Metaplasia and atrophy
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Hypertrophy and metaplasia
Hyperplasia and atrophy
After death of a spouse, your widower patient becomes malnourished and has insufficient intake of macronutrients (proteins, carbs, lipids) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). His tissues may respond to this stressor in the following ways. Choose the best answers (SATA):
Atrophy of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cardiocytes in cardiac muscle
Loss of collagen cross-linking and loss of connective tissue strength
Increased protein synthesis and nmyofiber cell division and proliferation
Irreversible metaplastic changes within lung epithelial tissues
Apoptosis is characterized by the following features (SATA):
Low levels of ATP
Inflammation
Loss of membrane integrity
Cell shrinkage
DNA cleavage
Necrosis is characterized by the following features (SATA):
Low levels of ATP
Inflammation
Loss of membrane integrity
Leakage of cytosolic contents
DNA cleavage
If p53 were mutated and lost its normal function, what do you expect could happen?
The cell would undergo apoptosis
The cell would undergo shrinkage
DNA damaged cells would survive
Bax and Bak would dimerize
Caspases would be activated
If the function of BcL-2 is activated in a tumor cell, what would the end result be?
DNA cleavage
Apoptosis
Cytoskeletal breakdown
Bac and Bak inhibition
Cytochrome C leakage
Which of the following would be able to (directly or indirectly) activate caspase cascade (SATA)?
Inhibition of BcL2
Activation of BcL-XL
Inhibition of p53
Cytochrome c leakage
Bax and Bak dimerization
Which of the following statements are true (SATA)?
Apoptosis and necrosis can coexist in the same tissues
p53 prevents apoptosis and necrosis by blocking Bax and Bak
The prenumbra of an infarct zone undergoes reversible necrosis
Blood clot-induced tissue infarction involves the loss of nutrients and oxygen
BcL-XL encourages cellular survival by activating Bax and Bak
Which of the following statements are false (SATA)?
Caspase activation is a hallmark of apoptosis
Cellular swelling is a hallmark of necrosis
The penumbra of the infarction is harder to treat than the core
Necrosis occurs when there is catastrophic loss of ATP
Necrosis is pathological or physicological
Autophagy serves the following functions (SATA)?
Removal of damaged organelles
Remodeling of scar tissue
Digestion and recycling of damaged proteins via protease actions
Recycling fuel or energy capacities of the cells
Long-term storage of indigestible, toxic materials
Macroautophagy is characterized by:
Transport of proteins through a channel pore
Bulk digestion of large intracellular components
Infolding of the lysosomal membrane
High pH within the lysosome
Net loss of fuel or bioenergetic resources
The ubiquitin proteasome system is characterized by (SATA):
Activation by nutrient deficiency such as starvation
Chaperone-mediated recognition of damaged proteins
Feeding of the linearized protein into the lysosomal vesicle
Chewing up of proteins into peptides by the proteasome barrel
Independence from ATP or any need for energy
Cells in an organ are stressed and undergo a change to a new, mature, differentiated cell type. The patient undergoes a biopsy. The histologist report would say the cells are undergoing:
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
A diabetic patient has necrosis in their extremities. From this information you judge that the following have occurred in the affected tissue of your patient (SATA):
Inflammation and lose of membrane integrity
Leakage of lysosomal enzymes and matrix damage
Evidence of DNA cleavage and fragmentation
Atrophic changes in necrotic cells
Your patient is on proton pump inhibitors for their GERD. They tell you they have also developed a condition called Barrett’s esophagus. What can you tell them about the changes in their esophagus?
I explain the change from normal columnar epithelium to newly stratified squamous epithelium
I explain the change form stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium
I tell them the cells have increased in number with no change in cell type
I tell them metaplasia is irreversible
I tell them their cells have failed to respond to acidic environment
When cardiac muscle is severely damaged by loss of oxygen and nutrients, cardiocytes cannot easily regenerate. Thus, severely injured heart tissues might respond to injury by displaying:
Metaplasia and atrophy
Hyperplasia and atrophy
Fibrosis or scarring
Cell division and proliferation
If Bcl-2 and BclXL overwhelm any activation of p53, the cell will show direct or indirect inhibition of the following (SATA):
Caspase cascade activation
Reversible DNA fragmentation
Cytoskeletal construction and renewal
Cytochrome C leakage into cytoplasm
Bax and Bak dimerization
If Bax and Bak fail to dimerize, what will happen?
The cell is more likely to die by apoptosis
Cytochrome C cannot leak through the mitochondrial pore
The cascade cascade will be initiated
The cytoskeleton will break down and necrosis will commence
Choose the true statements about the matrix (SATA):
Matrices contribute to scar tissue formation
The matrix contributes to stem cell attachment and tissue renewal
The matrix is filled with lots of fluid in dense regular connective tissue
The matrix of epithelial tissue is thin and barely visible
Without vitamin C to crosslink collagen, fibrosis is impeded, and woulds may not heal
Inflammation serves the following roles (SATA):
Clearance of necrotic debris
Tenderness at the site of injury
Removal of apoptotic cells
DNA fragmentation and caspase activation
Would healing and repair
The following statement about acute inflammation is true:
Lymphocytes and macrophages predominate in acute inflammation
Acute inflammation typically involves vascular proliferation and vessel regrowth
Acute inflammation is transient, such as after a skin cut, cold virus, or the flu
Bronchitis, tendonitis, and rheumatoid arthritis are acute inflammatory conditions
Which of the following describe junctional retraction and/or endothelial contraction?
The junctions between cells are removed in endothelial contraction
Junctional retraction is immediate and lasts 15-30 minutes
Endothelial contraction is a slower process than junctional retraction
Endothelial contraction leads to fluid extravasation and tissue swelling
During leukocyte trafficking and chemotaxis, the following processes are observed (SATA):
Leukocytes migrate to the site of injury in response to chemical cues
Integrins switch from a high affinity to low affinity form
Selectins are upregulated on the endothelial cells at the site of injury
Integins are involved in rolling and selectins are involved in firm adhesion
The metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase leads to the following downstream products:
Prostaglandins
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
If you wanted to block the action of phospholipase A2 to reduce arachidonic acid synthesis, you would apply the following:
Zileuton
Montelukast
Celecoxib
Steroids
Aspirin
If you wanted to reduce pain and fever by inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes, you would apply the following:
Aspirin
Zileuton
Montelukast
Lipoxins
Thromboxanes
The following describes the principles of chemical mediators
They are activated far from the site of injury
They are long-lived and decay slowly
They have redundant or overlapping functions
They work independently of their concentration
You are told by your professor that a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated by pilocarpine (a drug used to treat glaucoma). However, the professor fails to tell you what subtype of G-protein is activated. He only tells you that intercellular Ca+2 is increased following pilocarpine binding to the GPCR. Using this information, you deduce that the G-protein being activated by pilocarpine is________ 1 _______.
(a)
You are told by your professor that a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated by pilocarpine (a drug used to treat glaucoma). However, the professor fails to tell you what subtype of G-protein is activated. He only tells you that intercellular Ca+2 is increased following pilocarpine binding to the GPCR. Using this information, you deduce that the G-protein being activated by pilocarpine is G alpha q. You also know the Ca+2 is increasing in the cytosol because ______ 1 _____ binds to _________ 2 _________ -gated ion channels on the _______ 3 ___________. (separate with commas (ex: 1, 2, 3))
(a)
You are told by your professor that a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated by pilocarpine (a drug used to treat glaucoma). However, the professor fails to tell you what subtype of G-protein is activated. He only tells you that intercellular Ca+2 is increased following pilocarpine binding to the GPCR. Using this information, you deduce that the G-protein being activated by pilocarpine is G alpha q. You also know the Ca+2 is increasing in the cytosol because IP3 binds to ligand-gated ion channels on the smooth ER. When the channel is open, Ca+2 moves _________ 1 _______ (DOWN/UP) its concentration gradient via ___________ 2 _________ (PASSIVE/ACTIVE) transport. (separate with commas (ex: 1, 2))
(a)
An infolding of the lysosomal membrane and engulfment of small particles is known as
(a)
The proteins that guide the damaged proteins to the lysosome and the ubiquitin proteasome system are known as _
(a)
When tissues cannot adapt to injury and the cells begin to die, two remaining options are (___ or ___)
(a)
If the matrix is severely damaged, cells cannot regenerate easily and the preferred tissue response is
(a)
Identify two substances that are common in the matrix (separate with commas)
(a)
Which supplement is sometimes taken by athletes to fortify the stiffness of cartilage?
(a)
(a) arthritis is believed to be caused by the body actively destroying its own joints and bones.
Identify one key function of connective tissue (can be one word)
(a)
Identify one key function of epithelial tissue (can be one word)
(a)
List one principle of chemical mediators
(a)
Diphenhydramine is used to treat the symptom of
(a)
The professional phagocytes of the immune system are the
(a)
The factor (a) encourages the regrowth of blood vessels
The factor (a) encourages the formation of fibers.
The drug (a) selectively inhibits inducible cyclooxygenase 2.
The drug (a) inhibits constitutive cyclooxygenase 1
Name an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule
(a)
(a) are involved in weak adhesion/rolling
(a) are involved in firm adhesion
The movement of white blood cells toward a chemoattractant stimulus is known as
(a)
The type of leukocyte that produces antibodies is known as the
(a)
The type of leukocyte that is the first responder is the
(a)
List three cardinal signs of inflammation:
(a)
What is homeostasis?
(a)
What are the two types of feedback loops? (separate with commas)
(a)
List the components of the feedback loops. (separate with commas)
(a)
What role does the receptor play in feedback loops?
to detect the change
decides what actions to take
carries out the actions to maintain homeostasis
What role does the control center play in feedback loops?
to detect the change
decides what actions to take
carries out the actions to maintain homeostasis
What role does the effector play in feedback loops?
to detect the change
decides what actions to take
carries out the actions to maintain homeostasis
Is TSH positive or negative feedback?
(a)
Is this negative or positive feedback?
(a)
An athlete can run a marathon in 2 hours 15 minutes on a dry day in outside temperatures up to 35°C (95oF). If the air is dry, their body will not overheat. However, in humid conditions, if the outside temperature goes over 18°C (64.4oF) then their body will overheat. Tip: think of dry day vs. humid day
Would glucose be transported into a cell that has an intracellular sodium concentration of 100mM, an extracellular sodium concentration of 10mM, and no functioning sodium/potassium pumps in the plasma membrane?
(a)
A particular neurotransmitter is known to elicit six different responses in its target cell completely through the cyclic AMP system. A drug is found that eliminates one of these responses but not the other five. Which of the following, if any, could the dru be blocking: the neurotransmitter's receptor, Gs protein, adenylyl cyclase, or cyclic AMP?
Explain your answer.
(a)
A farmer's hand and forearm are badly crushed in a hay baler (meaning the cells in his hand and forearm are also crushed). When examined at the hospital, his blood (extracellular fluid) potassium level is found to be abnormal. Would you expect it to be higher or lower than normal?
(a)
Refer to figure. What would be the effect on S1 and P if negative feedback was removed?
(a)
Several hours after a meal, blood glucose levels begin to drop, prompting the pancreas to secrete glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, raising blood glucose levels. Is this negative or positive feedback?
(a)
During exercise, an increase in body temperature causes the body to produce sweat. As the sweat vaporizes, the body cools down due to evaporative cooling. Is this negative or positive feedback?
(a)
After eating, blood glucose levels rise, stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin causes cells to uptake glucose from the blood, lowering blood glucose levels. Is this positive or negative feedback?
(a)
After childbirth, high levels of protein induce lactation in the mother. During nursing, infant suckling triggers the release of more prolactin, which further stimulates lactation. Is this positive or negative feedback?
(a)
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called
Gross anatomy
Ultrastructure
Microscopic anatomy
Histology
Cytology
A self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Dynamic feedback
Homeostasis
Metabolism
A difference in chemical concentration between one point and another is called a concentration (a) .
The tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions is called (a) .
Self-corrective mechanisms in physiology are called (a) loops.
What is wrong with this statement: We usually depend on positive feedback to restore homeostasis balance and have a beneficial effect on the body.
(a)
What is wrong with this statement: There are far more cells than organelles in the body.
(a)
What is wrong with this statement: Matter doesn’t generally move down a gradient in the body unless the body expends metabolic energy to move it.
(a)
What is wrong with this statement: Negative feedback usually has a negative (harmful) effect on the body.
(a)
What is the biological purpose of inflammation?
To remove the cause of injury
To remove necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
The infection is severe
The eliciting agent resists eradication
When can inflammation become injurious?
To remove the cause of injury
Directed at self-antigens in autoimmune diseases or directed at harmless antigens
The infection is severe
The eliciting agent resists eradication
To remove necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
Which of the following are included in the five signs of inflammation?
Heat production
Redness
Swelling
Pain/suffering
Function loss
Which of the following are included in the five signs of inflammation?
Calor
Rubor
Tumor
Dolor
Functio laesa
Diabetic gangrene teaches us that vasodilation is good. Explain.
Brings blood to the damaged region
More white blood cells to the damaged region
Involves collagen remodeling
Removal of dead cells
What are the main types of leukocytes in the blood?
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
What are the functions of a lymphocyte?
Chronic inflammation and immune memory
2nd responders
(Bcell) antibody producers and (Tcell) kills infected host cells
Produce cytokines (cell movers)
What are the functions of a monocyte?
Chronic inflammation and immune memory
2nd responders
Phagocytoses (big eaters) and cleaners of the battlefield
Produce cytokines (cell movers)
What are the functions of an eosinophil?
Produces reactive oxygen species
2nd responders
Phagocytoses (big eaters) and cleaners of the battlefield
Produce cytokines (cell movers)
What are the functions of a basophil?
Produces reactive oxygen species
Release histamine and heparin to help reduce clotting
Phagocytoses (big eaters) and cleaners of the battlefield
Common with allergies and parasitic infections
What are the functions of a neutrophil?
Most common white blood cell
Has multiple nuclei
1st responders
Shorted lived phagocyte that releases disinfectants
Which cell type in blood responds to inflammation first?
(a)
Which cell type in blood responds to inflammation second?
(a)
What are leukocytes “chasing” when they undergo chemotaxis and infiltrate tissue?
Cytokines
Chemokines
Chemical mediators
Integrins
What statements about acute inflammation are true?
Examples are a skin cut, cold, and flu
Involves collagen remodeling and removing dead cells
Lasts days to years
Resolves, repairs, regenerates
Lasts minutes to days
What statements about chronic inflammation are true?
Examples are tuberculosis, bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis
Involves collagen remodeling and removing dead cells
Lasts days to years
Involves vascular proliferation
Lasts minutes to days
What is contraction of endothelial cells?
Intercellular gaps in blood vessels elicited by chemical mediators histamine, bradykinin, and leuktrienes
Leads to gaps in blood vessels from changes in the cytoskeleton.
Lasts 15-30 minutes
Elicited by chemical mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins (IL)
Takes 4-6hrs to develop and lasts 24hrs or longer
What is junctional retraction of endothelial cells?
Intercellular gaps in blood vessels elicited by chemical mediators histamine, bradykinin, and leuktrienes
Leads to gaps in blood vessels from changes in the cytoskeleton.
Lasts 15-30 minutes
Elicited by chemical mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins (IL)
Takes 4-6hrs to develop and lasts 24hrs or longer
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
Stellate
Cuboidal
Discoid
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
Stellate
Fibrous
Fusiform
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
Stellate
Fibrous
Fusiform
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
Polygonal
Fibrous
Fusiform
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
Polygonal
Fibrous
Fusiform
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Helps with cell movement
Helps with cell division
Helps with cell organization
Helps with cell shape
What are the functions of microfilaments?
Helps with cell division
The target of chemotherapy
Helps with structure
Helps with function
What organelles have two membranes?
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
ER
Nucleus
Ribosomes
What organelles have one membranes?
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
ER
Ribosomes
Peroxisomes
What organelles have no membranes?
Centrioles
Centrosomes
Inclusions
Ribosomes
Proteasomes
What organelles have one membrane?
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
ER
Ribosomes
Peroxisomes
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure/body
The study of the functions in the body
The study of the causes and effects of diseases
What is physiology?
The study of the structure/body
The study of the functions in the body
The study of the causes and effects of diseases
What is pathology?
The study of the structure/body
The study of the functions in the body
The study of the causes and effects of diseases
What is a down gradient?
Going from a high concentration to a low concentration
Going from a low concentration to a high concentration
What is an up gradient?
Going from a high concentration to a low concentration
Going from a low concentration to a high concentration
What is an example of a pressure gradient?
Blood flow from the heart
Glucose into the cells
Na+ into cells
Heat loss from blood circulation
What is an example of a chemical gradient?
Blood flow from the heart
Glucose into the cells
Na+ into cells
Heat loss from blood circulation
What is an example of an electrical gradient?
Blood flow from the heart
Glucose into the cells
Na+ into cells
Heat loss from blood circulation
What is an example of a thermal gradient?
Blood flow from the heart
Glucose into the cells
Na+ into cells
Heat loss from blood circulation
What is exocytosis?
Transport through the cell membrane
Solvent is moving; tonicity (hypo, hyper, iso)
Phagocytosis
Form a fusion pore where the vesicle contents is released
What is transcytosis?
Transport through the cell membrane crossing through the cell
Solvent is moving; tonicity (hypo, hyper, iso)
Phagocytosis
Form a fusion pore where the vesicle contents is released
What is endocytosis?
Receptor-mediated
Solvent is moving; tonicity (hypo, hyper, iso)
Phagocytosis
Absorptive
What is Glycocalyx?
Unique in everyone except identical twins
Protects the cell
Provides immunity and cell adhesion
Helps with fertilization and transplant compatibility
What is the central dogma for Pathophysiology?
(a)
What is hypertonic tissue?
Increase in cell size, no change in cell number
Tissues that cannot divide easily
Decrease in cell size, no change in cell number
Shrinkage/adipose tissue after dieting or malnutrition
Increase in cell number, increase in cell division, increase in proliferation, no change in size
Decrease in cell number, no change in size
Often together with shrinkage
Change in new, mature tissue type
Big 3-D change in structure
What is atrophy tissue?
Increase in cell size, no change in cell number
Tissues that cannot divide easily
Decrease in cell size, no change in cell number
Shrinkage/adipose tissue after dieting or malnutrition
Increase in cell number, increase in cell division, increase in proliferation, no change in size
Decrease in cell number, no change in size
Often together with shrinkage
Change in new, mature tissue type
Big 3-D change in structure
What is hyperplasia tissue?
Increase in cell size, no change in cell number
Tissues that cannot divide easily
Decrease in cell size, no change in cell number
Shrinkage/adipose tissue after dieting or malnutrition
Increase in cell number, increase in cell division, increase in proliferation, no change in size
Decrease in cell number, no change in size
Often together with shrinkage
Change in new, mature tissue type
Big 3-D change in structure
What is cell death?
Increase in cell size, no change in cell number
Tissues that cannot divide easily
Decrease in cell size, no change in cell number
Shrinkage/adipose tissue after dieting or malnutrition
Increase in cell number, increase in cell division, increase in proliferation, no change in size
Decrease in cell number, no change in size
Often together with shrinkage
Change in new, mature tissue type
Big 3-D change in structure
What is metaplasia?
Increase in cell size, no change in cell number
Tissues that cannot divide easily
Decrease in cell size, no change in cell number
Shrinkage/adipose tissue after dieting or malnutrition
Increase in cell number, increase in cell division, increase in proliferation, no change in size
Decrease in cell number, no change in size
Often together with shrinkage
Change in new, mature tissue type
Big 3-D change in structure
What statements about necrosis are true?
Accidental and very difficult to treat due to severe types of injury
Cells swell and there is a loss of membrane integrity
Loss of energy
Shrink in size and have membrane apoptotic blebs. The membrane is intact
Leakage of intracellular contents into extracellular matrix leads to activation of inflammatory cascades
What statements about apoptosis are true?
The cell can self-destruct and it is easier to interfere with drugs due to the milder types of injury
Cells swell and there is a loss of membrane integrity
Cellular suicide
Shrink in size and have membrane apoptotic blebs. The membrane is intact
Leakage of intracellular contents into extracellular matrix leads to activation of inflammatory cascades
What statements about regeneration are true?
Replacement with new cells
Scarring
If matrix is severely damaged and cannot return to normalcy
Matrix MUST be okay to allow a return to normalcy
Examples are skin and liver
What statements about fibrosis are true?
Still a stable structure but last resort when you cannot renew cells
Scarring
If matrix is severely damaged and cannot return to normalcy
Matrix MUST be okay to allow a return to normalcy
Examples are heart and lung
What two determinants dictate whether the cells will choose the necrotic route?
Loss of ATP
DNA cleavage
Loss of membrane integrity
Achieve new equilibrium
Why might apoptosis be adaptive?
Rid of dysfunctional cells
Loss of ATP
Save on fuel
Achieve new equilibrium
Explain the main differences between apoptosis and necrosis?
Inflammation
DNA cleavage
Lack of DNA cleavage
When the matrix is damaged
What are the pro-apoptotic proteins in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade?
Bak
BcL-2
BcL-XL
Bax
What are the pro-survival proteins in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade?
Bak
BcL-2
BcL-XL
Bax
What are examples of when hypertrophy will occur?
Exercising muscle
Increase in blood pressure
Starvation
Disuse of muscle
What are examples of when atrophy will occur?
Exercising muscle
Increase in blood pressure
Starvation
Disuse of muscle
Explain how cell death and atrophy cause a change in organ size.
(a)
What might be the benefit of a larger cell volume?
(a)
What might be the benefit of a smaller cell volume?
(a)
How is hyperplasia different from cancer?
Hyperplasia is functional. Cancer is nonfunctional.
Cancer is functional. Hyperplasia is nonfunctional.
Cancer is not abate when sitmulus recedes.
Hyperplasia is not abate when stimulus recedes.
What are some examples of hyperplasia?
A skin callus
GERD
Kidney control
Barrett's esphagus
What are some examples of metaplasia?
A skin callus
GERD
Kidney control
Barrett's esphagus
What is autophagy?
Lysosomal digestions of cells own components and is dependent on energy
Lysosome invaginates and engulfs aggregated proteins. Proteins are degraded by acidic lysosomal hydrolases/proteases
Bulk enclosure of protein aggregates in vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes fuses with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes
Misfolded proteins are shuttled to lysosomes by chaperones. They are then unfolded and translocated across membrane into lysosomes for degradation
What is microautophagy?
Lysosomal digestions of cells own components and is dependent on energy
Lysosome invaginates and engulfs aggregated proteins. Proteins are degraded by acidic lysosomal hydrolases/proteases
Bulk enclosure of protein aggregates in vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes fuses with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes
Misfolded proteins are shuttled to lysosomes by chaperones. They are then unfolded and translocated across membrane into lysosomes for degradation
What is macroautophagy?
Lysosomal digestions of cells own components and is dependent on energy
Lysosome invaginates and engulfs aggregated proteins. Proteins are degraded by acidic lysosomal hydrolases/proteases
Bulk enclosure of protein aggregates in vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes fuses with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes
Misfolded proteins are shuttled to lysosomes by chaperones. They are then unfolded and translocated across membrane into lysosomes for degradation
What is chaperone-mediated autophagy?
Lysosomal digestions of cells own components and is dependent on energy
Lysosome invaginates and engulfs aggregated proteins. Proteins are degraded by acidic lysosomal hydrolases/proteases
Bulk enclosure of protein aggregates in vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes fuses with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes
Misfolded proteins are shuttled to lysosomes by chaperones. They are then unfolded and translocated across membrane into lysosomes for degradation
How does the proteasome degrade misfolded proteins?
Dependent on energy
Activated by nutrient deficiency
Free amino acids are recycled to new proteins
Misfolded proteins are recognized by chaperone-proteins and attached to ubiquitin molecules
Peptides are chewed up by cytoplasmic peptidases into free amino acids
How do the four primary tissues differ from each other?
Differ in matrix vs cells volumes
Differ in structure and functions
Don't all contain matrices
Don't all contain a basement membrane
What are the primary tissues?
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Fibrous tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues
What are the functions of the extracellular matrix?
Carry water, waste, nutrients, and hormones in and out
Provide mechanical support. Known as the cell anchorage
Allow tissues to heal and regenerate and control the growth and differentiation
Contains one layer of of cells
Named by shaped of cell
What are the major types of epithelial tissues?
Simple tissue
Stomach tissues
Muscle tissue
Stratified tissue
Why are pseudostratified columnar epithelium not actually layered?
(a)
What is the difference between simple epithelial tissues and stratified epithelial tissues?
Simple tissue contains one layer of cells, where stratified contains more than one layer
Simple are named for its shape of apical, where stratified are named for its shape of cell
Simple tissue contains multiple layers of cells, where stratified tissue contains one layer of cells
Simple tissue is named for its shape of its cells, where stratified tissue are named for its shape of apical
What is the basement membrane?
It is the layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Contains collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and heparin sulfate
Contains globet cells with mucus
Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it
How are the stomach and esophageal epithelia different?
The stomach has cilia
The esophagus has cilia
The stomach has microvilli
The esophageal has microvilli
How is the stomach and esophageal adaptive?
(a)
What function does goblet cells have?
(a)
What functions do connective tissues have?
Binding organs and providing physical support and protection
Assist in movement and transport
Secrete mucus
Provide an immune defense, heat production, and storage
What is the name of the disease of connective tissue that is caused by a vitamin C deficiency?
(a)
Does dense connective tissue heal slowly or quickly?
(a)
What are the primary functions of neurons?
Detect stimuli
Respond quickly and transmit coded information to other cells
Contains more fluids
Decreases vitamin C
What is the neurosoma?
Cell center of genetic control and protein synthesis
Receives signals from other cells
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
What are dendrites?
Cell center of genetic control and protein synthesis
Receives signals from other cells
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
What are axons?
Cell center of genetic control and protein synthesis
Receives signals from other cells
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
What are the primary functions of glia?
Detect stimuli
Respond quickly and transmit coded information to other cells
Protect and assist neurons
Decreases vitamin C
What do all types of muscles have in common with neurons?
(a)
What are skeletal muscles?
Voluntary control, attached to bone, contains myofibers
Involuntary, limited to heart. Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
Involuntary, propel contents through organ, blood vessels
What are cardiac muscles?
Voluntary control, attached to bone, contains myofibers
Involuntary, limited to heart. Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
Involuntary, propel contents through organ, blood vessels
What are smooth muscles?
Voluntary control, attached to bone, contains myofibers
Involuntary, limited to heart. Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
Involuntary, propel contents through organ, blood vessels
What are the types of muscle?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Rough
Smooth
What are different about the types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle moves bones
Skeletal muscle is found in sphincter muscle and tongue muscle
Cardiocytes are only located in heart muscle
Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in visceral muscle which is important in blood vessels
Cardiocytes provide mechanical and chemical communication. Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
