An extensive property

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

The positively charged subatomic particle

Mass number equals the number of

Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

Which of the following is NOT true regarding elements Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14?

In the given atomic symbol, which of the following is TRUE?

Electrons can only circle the nucleus on fixed orbits in which the electron has a fixed angular momentum. Planetary model; Bohr’s model of H atom. Azimuthal quantum number (l). shape of orbitals

For electrons, it is not possible to determine the exact momentum and the exact position at the same moment in time.

No more than two electrons can occupy each orbital, and if two electrons are present, they must have opposite spins.

A region of space that can hold no more than 2 electrons

The distance of the electron from the nucleus is defined by the ___ quantum number.

The orbital designation for an electron in the 4th shell and s sublevel

For the 2p orbital, l =

Valence electrons

Bismuth

Group 5, period 3

Which of the following trends differ in pattern across the periodic table compared to the others?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Group IA elements: Li, Na, K and Rb?

Which of the following element is the most electronegative?

.

Oxides of nonmetals with water form acids while oxides of metals with water form bases. Which of the following will be acidic in water?

Cathode attracts which of the following?

Where will calcium ions migrate in an electrophoresis plate?

How many electrons does each chromium lose when being converted from dichromate (Cr2O7 -2) to chromate (CrO4-2)?

This chemical thermodynamic allows exchange of both matter and energy

In the reaction A + B ----> C

When B is added, where will the reaction shift?

Which of the following are true about catalysts?

An exothermic reaction that is further heated will result to the production of more

All of the following statements about solubility is not true, except?

Most appropriate theory to explain and predict acid-base behavior

Proton acceptor

Water can either act as a weak base or a weak acid. Therefore, water is

Under physiologic condition, which functional group is considered basic?

The science of composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems

Organic Chemistry,

I. deals with substances derived from living things

II. deals with carbon-based molecules

III. chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives

He abolished the Vital Force theory

Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds

I. Good conductors of electricity

II. Possess high MP and BP

III. Have simple structures

From the given data, which of the following is most likely an inorganic substance?

The science which deals with the discovery and design of new and better therapeutic chemicals and development of these chemicals into new medicines and drugs

Early discovery of useful drugs relied on

The birth of chemistry led to isolation and purification of ___ which are chemicals responsible for the biological effect of natural products

First effective group of antibacterial drugs discovered (by chance)

Bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which can then exert the desired pharmacologic effect

Ethylene glycol, when metabolized in the body, is converted to this toxic compound

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 requires drugs to be tested for

Clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, if often combined with

An isomer of Thalidomide that cause teratogenic effects

Agency responsible standardization and unification of drug nomenclature

Standardized syllables that can emphasize a special chemical nucleus, a pharmacological property, or a combination of both these attributes.

Element common to all official acids

If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially offset as the system reaches new equilibrium position

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

Major cations

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

Major anion

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Major cations

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Major anions

Essential ion

Involved in the processes of:

• fluid and electrolyte balance

• action potentials

• Aldosterone – mediates mechanism of sodium level control in the body in times of need (K+ - does not have this kind of mechanism)

there is presence of leakage channels in the plasma membrane.

Involved in chloride shift → exchange of Cl- with HCO3 -

Principally found in gastric juice (HCl)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) → controls levels of Cl-

Processes that affect renal reabsorption of Na+

→ Cl- follows Na+

CO2 released via cell metabolism

Chloride shift

Establishes resting membrane potential and repolarization phase of action potential.

Establishes resting membrane potential and repolarization phase of action potential

→ Neurons

→ Muscle fibers

• Normal ICF volume

• Exchanged for H+ when K+ moves in and out of cells

→ pH regulation in the body

Most abundant mineral in the body

→ Ionized Ca+

▪ Blood clotting

▪ Neurotransmitter release

▪ Muscle tone

▪ Excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

Bones and teeth

Promotes production of calcitriol

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 → active form of Vitamin D

Vitamin D → promotes Ca+2 absorption from GIT

Promotes deposition of blood Ca+2 to bone

Calcium deficiency

• Important H+ buffer

Bones and teeth (85%)

Ionized (15%)

• Regulatory mechanisms of HPO4 2

Cofactor for enzymes

Metabolism: carbohydrates and protein

Na+ /K+ /ATPase

• Neuromuscular activity

Needed for PTH secretion

Microminerals/Trace elements/Micronutrients

Microminerals/Trace elements/Micronutrients

Most important transition metal

Hemoglobin and myoglobin production

Cofactor for enzymes

→ sulfate

→ fumarate

→ gluconate

→ Iron Dextran (IV)

→ Iron Sorbitex (IV)

2 nd most important trace element in the body

Cofactor for enzymes

Release of insulin

Biologically significant form of Cu

Wilson’s disease

Menke’s syndrome

Salts of Mn+2

antioxidant reactions

Salt: → selenious acid

antioxidant reactions

Salt: → ammonium molybdate

necessary for the production thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Deficiency: goiter

modulates carbohydrate metabolism (glucose tolerance factor (GTF))

insulin sensitivity

promotes lean body mass

increases basal metabolic rate

Salt: chloride

Pharmaceutical preparation

→ Zinc chloride, zinc sulfate

→ Cupric chloride, cupric sulfate

→ Chromic chloride

→ Manganese chloride, manganese sulfate

→ Selenious acid

→ NaI

→ Ammonium molybdate

Group IA Elements

React with H2O forming highly basic solutions

Typically stored under kerosene because they react violently with air or water

Hydrogen → has both metallic and nonmetallic properties

Pharmaceutically important:

→ H2O, acids → Li2CO3 → Na compounds → K compounds

universal solvent

essential to life

maximum density at 4°C

highly polar solvent

Natural/Mineral Waters

Alkaline water Major components:

contains CO2 under pressure

effervesces

CaCO3 and MgCO3 present as dissolved HCO3 -

iron-containing

Natural water unsuitable for drinking

Fe in solution or in suspension

Ferruginous taste

▪ Fe(OH)3 or Fe2O3 formation upon air exposure − brown colloidal precipitate

Contains low quantities of lithium (as CO3 -2 or Cl-)

No source in the Philippines

Saline water (Purgative water)

MgSO4, Na2SO4 have laxative properties

▪ H2S → rotten egg odor

▪ Mud baths

▪ volcanic water

▪ deposition of S upon air exposure

soluble alkali silicates

acrid (mapakla) taste

contents of seawater

deposits in percolator/boilers

• Aqueous dosage forms

• NOT for parenterals

Pharmaceutical Waters

→ not required to be sterile

→ pyrogen-free

→ injectable products to be sterilized after preparation

→ Single dose containers (max. 1L)

→ pyrogen-free

→ solvent, vehicle, or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectables

→ sterile water for injection with antimicrobial agent/s

→ prefilled syringes or in vials (max. 30 mL)

→ sterile vehicle for reconstitution of small volumes of injectables

→ H3PO4:

→ HCl:

Concentrated acids expressed as w/w; diluted acids expressed as w/v

Technical grade of HCl

• Used as cleaner

• Major component of gastric juice

• “Oil of Vitriol” (vitriol → sulfate-containing)

• diprotic acid (can ionize in water)

• highly exothermic process when diluted with water

→ Always add acids to water

• hot, concentrated: strong oxidizing acid

• Aqua fortis

• Eau forte

• oxidizing acid (even at room temp/diluted)

• Phosphoric acid/orthophosphoric acid

• Etching solution

• component in cola beverages → imparts tartness

• buffer

• oxidizing acid (even at room temp/diluted)

• Hypophosphorous acid/phosphinic acid

• P atom: +1 (with reducing property/RA)

P atom = Group 5A → +1 can still undergo oxidation to +5 (max. +5) = RA

• used as antioxidant

• hydrogen fluoride / Hydrofluoric acid

• reacts with glass (and alkali hydroxides: NaOH, KOH)

• highly corrosive

HPO4 -2

Monobasic phosphate

In prescription: Sodium phosphate [refers to dibasic salt]

Tribasic – not used internally; only as laboratory reagent

• Glacial acetic acid / GAA

• Solid, glassy appearance when congealed = Glacial

• Caustic and vesicant

• Acidifying agent

• Vinegar

• Cervical cancer screening in low resource settings

• Neutralize marine invertebrate stings i.e. Jellyfish, sea urchin stings.

• Vinegar (4-6% AA) - w/ local anti-infective action

Most abundant element in Earth’s Crust

2nd most abundant in Earth’s Crust

Oxygen and silicon

Most abundant metal

4th most abundant element

2nd most abundant metal

6th most abundant element

9th most abundant element

most abundant element in the universe; simplest and lightest element

Calcium Carbonate Tablet Per tablet: Equivalent to ____mg elemental calcium

Salt

magnesium carbonate and/or potassium ferrocyanide (as anti -caking agent)

0.01% potassium iodate

Important contents of Conditioner

Active Ingredients

 Eucalyptol, Menthol, Methyl-salicylate, thymol

Densensitizing Agents

Only US FDA approved tooth desensitizer

Toothpaste Ingredients: Antibacterials

Therapeutic Gases (Artificial Atmospheres) of Oxygen

Therapeutic Gases (Artificial Atmospheres) of Medical Air

Therapeutic Gases (Artificial Atmospheres) of Nitrogen

Therapeutic Gases (Artificial Atmospheres) of Nitrous oxide N2O

Therapeutic Gases (Artificial Atmospheres) of CO2

sodium palmitate

Highly corrosive

Very deliquescent

Hygroscopic – tendency of substance to absorb moisture in the atmosphere BUT prolonged exposure to environment can lead to deliquescence; also Deliquescent.

Incompatible w/ glass

→ Loss of water of crystallization from a crystalline substance

→ Ability to remove water from air

→ Ability to take on sufficient water from the environment to form a liquid

caustic soda

caustic potash; potash lye

Alkalizing agent

hard soaps

soft soaps

Cuticle remover

to destroy unwanted tissues (i.e. warts)

Strong Ammonia Solution/Concentrated ammonia

• Lightest metal

• First formal member of alkali metals

• Stored under kerosene; floats on kerosene

• Batteries

• Li2CO3 & Lithium citrate – used as mood stabilizers; treatment of bipolar disorder

Alters release of aminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine)