the __ of soil depends on the amount of organic matter and types of minerals present.

What factors determine the violence of an eruption

the combination of different sizes of mineral particles determines the ? of soil.

the most basic unit of matter

the most important mineral nutrients for plants are...

which is also considered a stratovolcano? (wide-based mountains that consist of alternating layers of lava & ciders).

a narrow zone of active volcanoes that parallels the circus-Pacific belt

A volcano that has mild eruptions produces a brand, gently sloping cone.

the earth's outer layer made of solid rock

deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water

which of the following are types of igneous intrusions

study of the earth

Which of the following are types of mountains mentioned in Ch. 2 (volcanoes and earthquakes)

what is the most abundant element in the earth's crust is...

the violence of a volcano's eruption depends upon what:

lower boundary of the crust

rocks that bend downward during the folding process form a trough-like structure

some of the most dramatic surface features produced by volcanoes are...

most active zone (Earthquake Zone)

elevated landmasses that are higher than hills

forms along a fault

earthquakes that result from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface

what is a smaller earthquake that often follow an earthquake for days or even months?

uses methane gas instead of coke to refine iron

study of earthquakes

tectonic earthquakes are sudden movement of rock masses along a fault. What process is this?

begins by dropping powdered chemicals into a blowtorch flame

rock on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, triggering vibrations in the earth's crust.

fault in western California

what rock comprises most of the continental crust?

where do earthquakes begin?

form when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth's crust

the point on the earth's surface directly above where the earthquake begins

seismologists record and study the vibrations caused by earthquakes using an instrument called...

what two are main alloys of copper

What detects the earthquake automatically?

glowing when exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room

most famous scale used to measure earthquake strength

earthquake waves can provide us with information about the...

most abundant sedimentary rock

building rests on isolators that absorb seismic energy

(Hint: movable "stilts" system)

central feature of a volcano where gases, ash, and rock are ejected

another name for stratovolcanoes

superheated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down the volcanic slope as an avalanche

portion of the earth that marks the bottom of the mantle

substances found naturally in the earth have a crystalline structure

consists of compound made with the elements of compounds made with the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine

sulfides that look like gold because of its metal-like luster and golden color

contain the elements silicon and oxygen

the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

minerals are arranged in order from softest to hardest (rated scale of 1-10)

what is a number that compares an object's density to thee density of water?

the tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces

what is the extracting of metals from the earth and preparing them for use?

what is the final step of metallurgy?

what is a metal mixture

a precious metal more valuable than gold

beautiful mineral crystals prized for their hardness, color, and "fire"

removes pillars in a specific order to allow the least stress on the walls and ceiling of the mine

What is a type of limestone formed from the calcium-containing remains of plankton

consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay

any undisturbed strata lie in the order they were laid down

cemented together by water, pressure, and chemical actions

groups on which a test is performed

How many steps are there for the engineering design?

portion of the mantle between 400km and 1050 km beneath the surface, where the upper mantle merges into the lower mantle

return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrogen from nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

its key function is energy transfer