What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?

(a)  

Which rock type, or combination of rock types, makes up the majority of Earth's outermost solid surface?

(a)  

Which environment would be likely to produce a black shale?

(a)  

Which is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?

(a)  

During a field trip, you and your friend found a large piece of bone fossil buried in thick sediments. Applying your geological knowledge of relative dating, you suspected the sediments to be in the late Pleistocene epoch. Out of curiosity, you want to spend some money to have the fossil dated accurately. Which is the bet lab you should consider?

(a)  

Which of the following is not an agent of erosion?

(a)  

What is the most important agent of chemical weathering?

(a)  

During your vocation trip, you made an observation of a river bed full of rocks. You found a lot of round and well sorted pebbles but no conglomerates and no sands and clays. You wonder what was the depositional environment?

(a)  

Detrital (clastic) rock is an important sedimentary rock on earth. What is the proper sequence of its formation?

(a)  

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected because Alfred Wegener could not (a)   .

Which is the most resistive to chemical weathering?

(a)  

Which minerals are the main constituents in most sedimentary rocks?

(a)  

The addition of which of the following will control a mineral's color?

(a)  

How is magma generated at spreading centers?

(a)  

Which of the following is associated with deep mantle plumes?

(a)  

Which tectonic setting has the most explosive volcanic eruptions?

(a)  

What role does water play in generating magma?

(a)  

(a)   tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano.

Rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle are (a)   .

The principle of (a)   states that the physical, chemical, and biological processes at work shaping the Earth today have also operated in the geologic past.

Only eight elements make up the vast majority of rock-forming minerals. Which of the following elements is not one of the eight?

(a)  

Which of the following is a rock composed of non-mineral matter?

(a)  

(a)   states that the angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same.

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

(a)  

In which layer of the Earth does the convection necessary for plate motion occur?

(a)  

What is a mineral phase change?

(a)  

Which of the following scenarios would likely result in the development of a passive continental margin?

(a)  

You were watching TV with a friend when there is a special bulletin about an earthquake in Alaska. The news anchor reports that the epicenter of the earthquake is 56 miles southeast of Sand Point. How would you explain the definition of the epicenter to your geologically impaired friend?

(a)  

Which seismic waves released during an earthquake are the most destructive?

(a)  

During a field trip with your friends, you found a large piece of bone fossil. After further rigorous numerical dating and research with paleontologists, you were excited by the news that you could co-author a scientific paper o your discovery o the earliest known dinosaur of about 250 million years ago! Using the calendar year analog as if we compress the 4.6 billion years of Earth history into a single year, what is the dat of the earliest known dinosaur you discovered?

(a)  

Put the four regions of a subduction zone in order form the convergent boundary landward toward the continental interior.

(a)  

You were a team leader on a geologic field trip. All of you felt very tired after spending the whole day to describe the outcrops and date the rocks using the principles of relative dating ad some fossil records you could possibly find in the sedimentary rocks. You thought that you could confidently date the ages o the rocks and ere ready to call off the trip. However, Dave firmly insisted to spend another hour to drill and collect samples of igneous rocks. You felt a bit annoyed first but quickly agreed. Why did Dave so adamantly want to get igneous rock samples?

(a)  

In which of the following rocks would you be likely to see more fractures and faults than other rocks under the same subsurface temperature and pressure conditions?

(a)  

You and your friends mad a field trip. During the trip, your geological knowledge enabled you to observe ad identify hale and basalt in the rock mass ad metamorphic rocks slate, schist, gneiss, greenschist and granulite. You immediately announced your discovery to your friends that the rocks underwent ________ metamorphism under the tectonic setting of ________.

(a)  

The primary bass for classifying detrital rocks is ________, whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is ______.

(a)  

Which of the following represents the single most common and characteristic structures in sedimentary rocks.

(a)  

(a)   processes, such as evaporation or precipitation, can precipitate chemical sediments.

(a)   is the process here calcium ions in limestone are replaced with magnesium or small amounts of iron.

You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking bout a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian. You immediately know this professor is wrong. What is your evidence?

(a)  

You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted. When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line. Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet. What kind of fault is present?

(a)  

Organic matter is usually deposited and found in clay-rich shale because (a)   .

(a)   are primary reservoirs of groundwater.

Metamorphism can cause a rock to be intricately folded when the rock is __________ and under __________.

(a)  

Folds form in ____ temperature- ________ pressure environments. Faults form in ________ temperature-_____pressure environments.

(a)  

What percentage of Earth's water is in the form of seawater?

(a)  

Which of the following particle sizes is most likely to make up a stream's suspended load?

(a)  

Which of the following is not one of the three basic stream channel morphologies

(a)  

Which of the following factors does not influence mass wasting?

(a)  

The creation of which sedimentary feature is controlled in part by debris flows exiting a narrow canyon?

(a)  

Which of Earth's major extinctions was the most extensive, eliminating 70 percent of all terrestrial organisms and up to 95 percent of marine organisms?

(a)  

What event is responsibly or the extinction of the dinosaurs?

(a)  

What era, period, and epoch do we currently exist in?

(a)  

The earliest fossil evidence of life is in the form of (a)   .

During which geologic time period did Pangaea form?

(a)  

Most dry lands exist between (a)   degrees latitude on ether side of the equator.

Why does the rainshadow desert form on the downwind side of the mountains?

(a)  

The figure is a cross-section of a dune. Based on the shape of the dune, which way was the prevailing wind coming from? (image shows parabola that is squished to the right so the top is towards the right)

(a)  

What sedimentary structure is visible in this image? (it looks like a bunch of stripes?)

(a)  

When will a deepwater wave change to a shallow water wave as it approaches shore?

(a)  

Which of the following coastal feature is not a characteristic of a submergent coastline?

(a)  

Which of the following will not occur as the result of longshore currents?

(a)  

What generates tides on the earth?

(a)  

Which of the following best illustrates the connection between climate and geologic processes?

(a)  

Which planktonic marine organism, often found in sea sediments, can be used to make interpretations about past climates?

(a)  

The currently accepted age of Earth is (a)   years.

The debris from the Big Bang was made almost entirely of (a)   .

Which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch Cycle, i.e., Variations in Earth's Orbit, which could affect climate change by reducing the distribution of incoming solar radiation?

(a)  

Which oxygen isotope would be concentrated in glacial ice?

(a)  

How can tree rings provide information about past climates?

(a)  

Which off the following will not occur as the result of longshore currents?

(a)  

The partial melting of mafic rocks would produce what composition of magma?

(a)  

At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate (a)   .

Linear magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as (a)   .

The oldest rocks on the seafloor are much younger than the oldest rocks on the continents.

(a)  

A (an) (a)   texture represents a single, long period of slow cooling and crystallization.

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will

(a)  

Geologic time is immense. New research result shows that the earliest evidence of the trace of life is 3.8 billion years ago in the Archean eon. Using the calendar year analog as if we compress Earth history into a single year, when does life start on Earth?

(a)  

A large body of magma rises from the mantle abruptly and intrudes into the existing igneous metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in the upper continental crust. Partial melting of these existing rocks also results in the mixtures of mafic, intermediate and felsic magmas, in addition to the parental magma. The temperature of the magmas slowly reduces from over 1400 degree Celsius to about 300 degree Celsius. During the temperature reduction, mineral crystallization occurs. List the minerals you expect from the crystallization according to the order of their occurrence in time.

(a)  

A (an) (a)   texture represents a single, long period of slow cooling and crystallization.

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will (a)   .

What does apparent polar wandering mean?

(a)  

Which of the following is the definition for a scientific hypothesis?

(a)  

what percentage of earths liquid freshwater is in the form of groundwater

(a)  

in what spaces or voids does most groundwater subside

(a)  

the (a)   is the point where 100% of the pore spaces are filled with water

how is the elevation of water table related to the surface topography

(a)  

an artesian well or spring typically forms where

(a)  

At the East Pacific Rise in the Pacific Ocean, the Nazca plate is moving away from the ridge toward the South America Plate with a spreading rate of about 13.5 cm/year. Suppose that the new basaltic floor forms today at the ridge. How far and in which direction will it move in 2 million years from now?

(a)  

The Oahu island is on the northwest side of the Hawaii island and the distance between the two is about 300 km. The last volcanic eruption at Oahu was about 2.7 million years ago and the first eruption at Hawaii was about 0.7 million years ago. Calculate the speed and direction of the Pacific plate motion.

(a)  

The Challenger Deep has previously been measured to have a depth of about 12,000.00 meters. You have been sent to the part of the Pacific Ocean to verify this depth with an echo sounder. Assuming that Depth = (echo travel time * 1,500 m/sec)/2, approximately how many seconds should it take for the sound wave to leave your ship, strike the bottom of the Challenger Deep, and return if the depth is correct?

(a)