A thread like leaf or part of the leaf; for anchorage/support; found in cucumbers, ampalaya, sitaw, sigarilyas

(a)  

specialized leaves with cells that contain many pigments making it colorful and often mistaken for petals of a flower; found in poinsettia, bougainvillea

(a)  

helps in attracting pollinations; lovated below petals, above leaves (BP, AL)

(a)  

a type of aerial root that grows above the ground/water and has lenticels; found in mangrove trees

(a)  

pores that allow gas exchange between the organism and atmosphere

(a)  

roots that form from non-root tissues and is positioned above the soil; can effectively extract water and nutrients from the top layer of the soil and also provides additional anchoring support to plant; found in corn, pandan

(a)  

increase the surface area of the root for absorption of water and mineral; provide anchorage for the plant

(a)  

Located at the very tip of root hair cells; this is a layer of cells which protects the root as it grows through the soil

(a)  

folds of the cell membrane on the free surface of an epithelial cell; increases the area for maximum absorption; found in lining of small intestines

(a)  

finger-like extrensions at the end of the fallopian tube that encloses the ovary; help to propel the released ova towards the fallopian tube; found in female reproductive system

(a)  

air sacs of the lungs made of simple squamous epithelium; provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange during respiration; found in lungs

(a)  

glandular, modified columnar epithelial cells; secretes gel-forming mucins; found in respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa

(a)  

major component of mucus

(a)  

biconcave disk-shaped cell without nucleus; absence of nucleus in mature RBC gives more space for hemoglobin; provides more surface area for gas exchange; found as a component of blood

(a)  

approx. how many days does a red blood cell live? write the number only. (ex: 180)

(a)  

contains enzymes and proteins needed to protect the body against both infectious diseases and foreign substances/invaders

(a)  

white blood cell is also known as what?

(a)  

specialized cell that facilitates transmission of never impulses to and from the brain and spinal chord

(a)  

has lots of mitochondria that will produce the energy needed ro propel its flagellum towards the egg during fertilization; contains enzyme needed ro penetrate the thick membrane surrounding the egg and deliver its genetic material

(a)  

part of the ciliated epithelium that moves an egg toward the uterus

(a)  

sweeps mucus with onhaled particles away from the lungs

(a)  

refers to the distribution of identical dna to 2 daughter cells

(a)  

an orderly sequence of stages that take place from the time a eukaryotic cell divides to the time the resulting daughter s also divides

(a)  

represents all phases of life

(a)  

phase of the cell cycle where most cell activity (90-95%) occurs; PREPARATORY STAGE

(a)  

where mitosis and cytokinesis occurs; where 5% of the cell activity happens

(a)  

how many hours does PMAT occur? (ex. twenty four)

(a)  

in this stage, most cells are undergoing metabolic activities; where cells starts to grow; cells increase in volume by taking in water and nutrients and building new cytoplasmic materials and organelles

(a)  

where dna replication and duplication happens; at the end of this phase, dna is already doubled

(a)  

cell prepareds to divide; active rna and protein synthesis occur; important organelles playing a crucial role is synthesized

(a)  

a critical point in the cell whete stop and go signals can regulate the Cell cycle

(a)  

known as the restriction point; ensures cell is large enough to divide and has enough nutrients to support daughter cells and is not damaged

(a)  

means cell death

(a)  

gives the go signal

(a)  

ensures that dna replication in S phase is successfully completed; checks for cell size and dna replication

(a)  

ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore

(a)  

binds microtubules of the spindle bundle and depolarize them during cell division

(a)  

where spindle attaches; main role is to provide sites for kinetochores

(a)  

a protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylation them' gives "go" signal at G1 and G2 checkpoints; needs activation from cyclin

(a)  

activating molecule

(a)  

The (a)   phases separate mitosis from S phase. This is the time when molecular signals mediate the switch in cellular activity

Cell cycle (a)   normally ensure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only when conditions are favorable and the process is working correctly.

involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to daughter cells' functions in growth, reproduction and repair

(a)  

mitosis : body cells :: meiosis (a)   cells

to determine the number of chromosomes, count the (a)   regions

process by which nucleus divides to produce 2 new nuclei; results in TWO GENETICALLY IDENTICAL daughter cells

(a)  

preparatory stage in mitosis; centrioles move towards opposite sides of nucleus; indistinct chromosomes begin to condense into visible threads; at the end of this stage, chromosomes are more compacted & can be clearly discerned as much shorter and rod-like structures

In short, this is the INITIAL PREPARATORY STAGE where NUCLEUS DISSOLVES, CHROMOSOMES and SPINDLE FIBERS FORM

(a)  

plate of alignment

(a)  

Mitotic stage where chromosomes become arranged so that their CENTROMERES ALIGN in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles or in the metaphase plate; long axes of chromosomes are 90 degrees to the spindle axis; cycle stops if chromosomes are not properly attached to the mitotic spindle

(a)  

mitotic stage initiated by the SEPARATION OF SISTER CHROMATIDS at their junction point at the centromere; daughter chromosomes then MOVE TOWARDS THE POLES

(a)  

mitotic stage when daughter chromosomes COMPLETE their MIGRATION to the poles; two sets of progeny chromosomes are assembled into two groups at opposite ends of the cell; nucleus reappears, spindle fibers dissolve

(a)  

division of nucleus of a cell; occurs during the M-phase of cell cycle before the cytokinesis; chromosome separation, spindle formation and movement of chromosomes occur,; sometimes followed by cytokinesis; INITIAL STEP IN CELL DIVISION

(a)  

division of cell's cytoplasm; occurs at the END OF M-PHASE, after nuclear division is over

(a)  

Cytokinesis in animals occurs by the formation of a (a)   (called cleavage or cell furrow) in the middle of the cell until two daughter cells are formed

cytokinesis in plants: a new cell membrane and cell wall are assembled between two nuclei to form a ____ _____, each side of the plate is coated with a cell wall that eventually forms the two progeny cell.

(a)  

if there are 16 chromosomes and 32 chromatids initially, there will be (a)   chromosomes and 32 chromatids at the end of the anaphase stage.

no. of dna molecule : no. of (a)   : : no. of chromosome : number of centromere

mitosis : 2 daughter cells : : meiosis : _ daughter cells

(a)  

reduces the amount of genetic information; involves two successive divisions of a diploid nucleus; formation of gametes (sperm and egg cell)

(a)  

mitosis : (a)   : : meiosis : haploid

meiosis one is also known as the (a)   division

meiosis II is also known as the (a)   division

approx. same size and contains dna that codes for the same genes at the region

(a)  

pairing of homologous chromosomes

(a)  

the process of physical (DNA) exchange of a chromosome region

(a)  

site where pairing up happens

(a)  

substage of prophase I where chromosomes begin to condense; first substage of prophase I

(a)  

substage of prophase I where synapsis begins; synaptonemal complex forms

(a)  

substage of prophase I where crossing over happens

(a)  

substage of prophase I where synapsis ends; chiasma visible within bivalent

(a)  

substage of prophase where prophase ends; nuclear membrane disintegrates

(a)  

meiotic stage wherein the spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologous chromosomes; thee SYNAPSED TETRAD ARE ALIGNED AT THE METAPHASE PLATE instead of only replicated chromosomes

(a)  

chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles; sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions

(a)  

meiotic stage where dyad complete migration to the poles; new nuclear membrane may form; in most species, cytokinesis follows producing two daughter cells; each has a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in replicated form

(a)  

meiotic division where dyads contract

(a)  

meiotic stage where centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide

(a)  

meiotic stage chromatid (monads) move away from each other and migrate towards the opposite poles of spindle fiber

(a)  

meiotic stage where monads are at the poles forming two groups of chromosomes; nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis follows; chromosomes uncoil and extend

(a)  

If there are 18 chromosomes and 36 chromatids in prophase I, then there will be _ chromosomes and 18 chromatids at the end of meiosis I.

(a)  

mitosis : asexual : : meiosis : (a)  

known as the thrombocytes

(a)  

known as the leukocytes

(a)  

conducts nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body; a neuron has only one of this

(a)  

conducts signals TOWARD s the cell body; a neuron may have several of this

(a)  

also known as the cell body, contains the nucleus and is essential for the continuing life of the neuron

(a)  

(a)   : specialized cells in the CNS : : Schwann cells : specialized cells in the PNS

fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen

(a)  

striated; VOLUNTARY movements

(a)  

division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal chord (CNS or PNS)

(a)  

how many chromatids are present in a duplicated chromosome?

(a)  

which fluid connective tissue carries/transports oxygen?

(a)  

structure that holds two chromatids together before separation

(a)  

axon : carries impulse AWAY from the cell body : : (a)   : carries impulse TOWARD the cell body

COMPACT BONE: contributes 80% of the weight of the human skeleton, contains YELLOW MARROW, forms major part of LONG BONES : : ______ ____ : contributes 20% of the human skeleton weight, contains RED MARROW forms major part of SHORT BONES

(a)  

Compact bone : osteons : : Spongy bone : (a)  

mainly composed of blood and its formed elements and plasma

(a)  

RBC : (a)   : : WBC : leukocytes

what percentage of the blood contains plasma? (ex. 44)

(a)  

engulfing infectious pathogens

(a)  

specialized WBC that helps fight infections

(a)  

small, colorless cell fragments in blood that stops bleeding by forming a clot that seals the blood vessels

(a)  

where are platelets made?

(a)  

striated & voluntary movements : skeletal muscles : : not striated & involuntary movements : (a)   muscles

most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body that's directly involved in the breathing process; attached to the bones thru tendons

(a)  

space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron; transmits impulses from one neuron to others.

(a)  

non-dividing stage wherein cells that are given a "stop signal" exit the cell cycle and proceed to this phase where most human body cells are.

(a)