Font size
WorksheetsUnit 5 HBio Exam
Total questions: 63
Worksheet time: 35mins
Clearly describe the general structure of nucleic acids
Long chainlike formation made of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
Circular structure made up of ribosomes
Single stranded DNA, square like structure
Single celled organisms
One sentence that clearly illustrates the relationship between “nucleotide” and “nucleic acid”.
Nucleotides are the monomer that in quantity make up nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids make up nucleotides.
No relationship
Both are involved in cellular respiration
DNA
Genetic code for living organisms like humans, plants and animals
includes the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Double Helix structure
Single stranded, contains uracil
RNA
genetic code for viruses
uses adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine (NOT thymine)
single stranded
double stranded
Distinguish between the 3’ and 5’ ends of a nucleic acid.
5’ end (LEADING) is the end with a phosphate at the top of the strand, the 3’ end (LAGGING) is the side with a sugar at the top of the strand.
3' end is the end with a phosphate at the top of the strand, the 5' end is the side with a sugar at the top of the strand
If 22% of an organism’s DNA contains ADENINE nucleotides, how many THYMINE nucleotides will the DNA contain? Guanine? Cytosine?
22% THYMINE, 28% GUANUNE, 28% CYTOSINE
44% THYMINE, 22% GUANINE, 20% CYTOSINE
40% ADENINE, 40%THYMINE, 10% GUANINE, 10% CYTOSINE
50% THYMINE
what does helicase do????????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
separates dna strands
breaks apart hydrogen bonds holding the bases together
glues okazagi fragments together
primes the strand for DNA polymerase
RNA primase
prepares the strand by adding a RNA primer so that Polymerase can know where to start doing its job
breaks apart hydrogen bonds holding bases together
glues okazaki fragments together
forms h2o molecules
DNA Polymerase
accurately adds the complementary bases from RNA onto the DNA strand (Uracil to Adenine, Guanine to Cytosine, ect.)
builds the new bases in the 3' to 5' direction on both the leading and lagging strand
adds an extra codon as a buffer to keep genetic information safe during movement
breaks apart DNA molecules and releases them into the concentration gradient
ligase
glues the new bases to the original bases as well as Okazaki fragments together to form a flawless strand.
breaks apart hydrogen bonds
separates DNA strands
adds deoxyribonucleic acids into carbon dioxide
Given a strand of DNA and the DIRECTION replication occurs, determine which strand is the leading strand and which is the lagging strand.
5’ is the leading strand and 3’ is the lagging strand. Leading strand builds 3’ to 5’ and lagging strand codes 3' to 5' but it looks like polymerase is building backwards on a lagging strand.
3' to 5'
5’ end (leading) is the end with a phosphate at the top of the strand, the 3’ end (lagging) is the side with a sugar at the top of the strand.
ERRORX_
Why is the lagging strand referred to by that name?
It is called lagging strand because it builds in the opposite direction of the replication fork, also because of the okazaki fragments that cause a delay in replication.
it builds slower than the leading strand because it only builds 5' to 3' which appears to be backwards on the lagging strand
because it does not code properly
okazaki fragments
Small segments of DNA on the lagging strand that are later glued together by ligase
are a result of the lagging strand only able to build 3' to 5' and rushing to the top of the newly unwinded DNA, even if it is not finished building.
why do okazaki fragments exist?
DNA unwinds and the lagging strands polyamerase can only build bases in the 5' to 3' direction. Becauseof this the polyamerase needs to keep racing up to where the DNA is being unravelled, even if it is not finished with the application of the complimentary bases necessary. In result, the lagging strand has fragments of DNA instead of one long continuous strand. The fragments created are Okazaki fragments.
the direction of photosynthesis
guanine connects to cytosine
what is the central dogma of biology?
Chromosomes are made of DNA
Segments of DNA code for protein
Protein in turn relates to a trait (eye color, enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin in blood cells, proteins in the cell membrane)
A theory that genetic code flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA to Protein or RNA directly to Protein.
this beautiful creature
carries the blueprint/ instructions for a specific protein. delivers these instructions in order for the protein to be built.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA
(tRNA)
ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
DNA
forms part of the ribosome, is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the instructions brought from mRNA into protein. Created of single stranded RNA.
ribosomal RNA
rRNA
transfer RNA
tRNA
messenger RNA
mRNA
DNA
serves as a link/bridge between the mRNA molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that makeup protein, transfers amino acids and brings them to the ribosome.
transfer RNA
tRNA
messenger RNA
mRNA
ribosomal rna
rRNA
DNA
a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules. Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA during DNA replication.
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
syntheses RNA by following a strand of DNA, copies DNA sequence and translates it into RNA language during transcription.
RNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
transcription vs DNA replication
Transcription is involved in replicating the DNA into RNA, while DNA replication makes another copy of DNA, not RNA
Theyre the same thing
DNA Replication replicates DNA into RNA and transcription makes another copy of DNA
transcription
comes before translation (C before L)
the creation of RNA from the DNA language template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complimentary RNA code.
the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.
translation
the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.
comes second (C before L)
the RNA that was built in transcription from the original DNA template is now being converted into an amino acid codon to code for a specific protein.
the creation of RNA from the DNA language template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code.
a three letter base that codes for an amino acid
codon
anti codon
hydrogen base
phosphate
the complimentary codon that corresponds to a given codon. For example, CGG is the _________ to GCC.
anti codon
codon
granum
golgi body
consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits. The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template sandwiched between the two. Made of both RNA and protein, is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
ribosome
large vesicle
nucleus
nuclear envelope
A chromosome is composed of long folded strands of what?
DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones.
wheat, barley, tomato seeds
carbohydrates
lipids
On chromosomes are many genes. Define gene.
The basic unit of heredity, passed from parents to children
lipids that do not work in passive transport
genome
found in the golgi apparatus
a mutation is DNA when a single nucleotide is changed to a different base
point mutation
frameshift mutation
the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotide bases that are not added or taken in multiples of three, throwing off the whole sequence.
frameshift mutation
point mutation
the addition of one of more nucleotide bases into a sequence of nucleotides, this can be a type of frameshift mutation
insertion
deletion
substitution
the deletion of one or more nucleotides from a strand of DNA, up to a whole strand of DNA can be lost due to this mutation.
deletion
insertion
substitution
one nucleotide base is substituted for another nucleotide base
deletion
insertion
substitution
the most problematic mutation out of the following options:
insertion
deletion
or substitution
insertion
deletion
substitution
LOOK AT THIS PICTURE IMMIDIATLY
NOTICE THE 5' SIDE HAS A PHOSPHATE ON TOP AND 3' SIDE HAS A SUGAR BASE ON TOP THATS HOW YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE
what is the sugar found in RNA
ribose
deoxyribose
sugar
hydrogen
where does transcription take place
nucleus
ribosome
golgi
The picture below shows the steps of DNA replication beginning with step one and ending with step three.
Because you are reusing the old, or parent, DNA strand DNA replication is said to be
Semi- Conservative
Semi-discontinuous
Continuous
Fully-Conserveative
The picture below shows an enzyme unwinding and unzipping DNA.
What is the name of this enzyme?
DNA Helicase
DNA Ligase
DNA polyermase
RNA Polymerase
Match he nucleotide with its complementary nucleotide. (DNA to DNA).
Adenine -
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Match he nucleotide with its complementary nucleotide. (DNA to DNA).
Cytosine-
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Which is the first step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the second step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the third step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the fourth step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which letter in the picture below depicts the leading strand in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
Which letter in the picture below depicts the lagging strand in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
Which letter in the picture below depicts the replication fork in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
If a person suffered from a disorder where their DNA fragments were unable to fill in the missing slots in between the fragments of the lagging strand, they would most likely have a disorder that affected which enzyme?
DNA Helicase
DNA Ligase
DNA polyermase
RNA Polymerase
DNA replication runs from ______' to _____' and is said to be ______________________
5, 3, antiparallel
3, 5, antiparallel
5, 3, parallel
3, 5, parallel
The directionality of DNA is said to be ___________, because it is side by side by goes in opposite directions.
Anti-directional
Parallel
Anti-parallel
Anti-uniform
Nitrogen bases are joined by which type of bond?
polar bonds
hydrogen bonds
phosphate bonds
deoxyribose bonds
What is a mutation?
Adenine
a change/mistake in DNA
a copy of the original DNA
Guanine
Frameshift mutations result from -
additions
substitutions
deletions
all of these
Point mutations result from -
none of these
substitutions
additions
deletions
in DNA what is the sugar called
deoxyribose
ribose
sugar
glyerin
what is the backbone of DNA made of
sugar and phosphates
rna
protein
molecules
where in EUKARYOTIC cells does DNA replication take place?
nucleus
golgi
cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
where in PROKARYOTIC cells does DNA replication take place
cytoplasm
nucleus
central vesicle
where can RNA be found in a eukaryotic cell?
inside the nucleus
outside the nucleus
the golgi
chloroplast
proteins are made of
polypeptide chains
skin
molecules
atoms
which of the following is an example of a purine
adenine and guanine
adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine
is this a nucleotide
yes
no
