The table shows general climate conditions of

four different locations, A, B, C, and D.

In which location is chemical weathering probably

greatest, based on these climate conditions?

The two block diagrams below represent the formation of caves.

Which types of weathering and erosion are primarily responsible for the formation of caves?

The block diagram below represents a landscape

where caverns and sinkholes have gradually

developed over a long period of time.

Why did these caverns and sinkholes form?

The block diagram below represents caves that

developed in a region over time.

Which type of weathering was primarily responsible

for the development of these caves?

Which rock weathers most rapidly when exposed to

acid rain?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes.

Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table beloW shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Which table correctly shows the classification of the rock samples based on the amount of weathering during this experiment?

The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes.

Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table beloW shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid.

Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment?

Base your answer on the flowchart below, which shows a general overview of the processes and substances involved in the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. Letter X represents an important substance involved in both major types of weathering, labeled A and B on the flowchart.

Some weathering processes are defined below the flowchart.Which weathering process is most common in a hot, dry environment?

Base your answer on the flowchart below, which shows a general overview of the processes and substances involved in the weathering of rocks at Earth's surface. Letter X represents an important substance involved in both major types of weathering, labeled A and B on the flowchart.

Some weathering processes are defined below the flowchart. Which substance is represented by X on both sides of the flowchart?

Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the effect that average yearly precipitation and temperature have on the type of weathering that will occur in a particular region. The amount of chemical weathering will increase if

The diagram below shows four magnified block-shaped sandstone samples labeled A, B, C, and D. Each sandstone sample contains quartz grains of different shapes and sizes. The quartz grains are held together by hematite cement.

In which sample did the quartz grains undergo the most abrasion during erosional transport?

The demonstration shown in the diagram below

indicates that powdered limestone reacts faster than a single large piece of limestone of equal mass when

both are placed in acid. The most likely reason powdered limestone reacts faster is that it has

What occurs when a rock is crushed into a pile of fragments?

What are two major factors that control the

development of soil in a given location?

Lichens are usually the first organisms that appear in barren, rocky areas. They use rootlike structures to split bedrock into small fragments. Lichens also secrete acidic solutions that help break down rock. The cross sections below represent an area when lichens first appeared (time 1) and that same area hundreds of years later, after it was changed by lichens and exposed to air and water (time 2). The soil shown in time 2 was formed mainly by

The cross section below shows soil layer X, which

was formed from underlying bedrock.

Which change would most likely cause soil layer to

increase in thickness?

The cross section below shows a soil profile.

This soil was formed primarily by

Which two minerals are commercial sources of iron?

Which material is made mostly of the mineral

quartz?

The three statements below are observations of the

same rock sample:

• The rock has intergrown crystals from 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter.

• The minerals in the rock are gray feldspar, green olivine, green pyroxene, and black amphibole.

• There are no visible gas pockets in the rock.

This rock sample is most likely

The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals.

Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes

primarily because

Which gemstone minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth's crust?

The hardness and density of each gemstone is based primarily on the gemstone's

A mixture of rounded pebbles and sand was

deposited in a river. Over time, these sediments were

compacted and cemented together to form the

sedimentary rock

The outcrops, labeled I, II, and III, are located within 15 kilometers of

each other. Lines AB and CD represent unconformities. Line XY represents a fault. No overturning of the layers has occurred.

Which processes produced the brown siltstone layer in outcrops I and II?

Which rock is composed of a mineral that can be

used for the production of cement?

Which map symbol is used to represent rock that

formed as a result of the evaporation of seawater?

Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The cross section represents rock units labeled A through E that have not been overturned. A lava flow is represented between rock units A and B. Letter X represents a location in the igneous rock. Which two minerals would most likely be found in the igneous rock if the rock is highly mafic?

Which igneous rock is formed from magma that cooled slowly and is composed of 5% amphibole, 8% biotite, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 37% quartz, and 35% potassium feldspar?

Which igneous rock could physically weather to

beach sand that contains the minerals pyroxene,

plagioclase feldspar, and olivine?

The cross section below represents a portion of Earth's crust. Letters A through D are locations within the rock units.

At which location is quartzite most likely found?

Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6?

Which characteristic of the granite intrusion provides the most evidence that it solidified deep

underground?

Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock. The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely

Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most

likely have a zone of contact metamorphism

between them?

The geologic cross section below shows limestone

that was intruded. Part of the limestone (zone A) was

heated intensely but was not melted. Which type of rock most likely formed in zone A?

At which location is metamorphic rock most likely to

be found?

The diagrams represent electromagnetic waves being transmitted (T) by a Doppler radar weather instrument and waves being reflected (R) by rain showers. This instrument produces computer images that show the movement of rainstorms. Which weather instrument was used to measure the amount of rainfall from this storm?

The diagram below shows weather instruments A and B.

Which table correctly indicates the name of the weather instrument and the weather variable that it measures?

Which list correctly matches each instrument with

the weather variable it measures?

Which weather change is most likely indicated by

rapidly falling air pressure?

Weather-station measurements indicate that the

dewpoint temperature and air temperature are

getting farther apart and that air pressure is rising.

Which type of weather is most likely arriving at the

station?

The map below shows high-pressure and

low-pressure weather systems in the United States. Which two lettered positions on the map are most likely receiving precipitation?

Monsoons develop as a result of

The presence of which atmospheric condition will

most likely result in clear skies in Binghamton, New

York?

The map shows typical weather systems over North America. Letters X,Y, and Z represent locations on the map. The isobars on the map are measured in millibars (mb). Which map information indicates that the wind velocity is greater at location Z than at location X?

The map shows typical weather systems over North America. Letters X,Y, and Z represent locations on the map. The isobars on the map are measured in millibars (mb). Which type of front extends northwest from location Y?

The map shows typical weather systems over North America. Letters X,Y, and Z represent locations on the map. The isobars on the map are measured in millibars (mb). Which map best shows the locations for the centers of high pressure (H) and low pressure (L)?

Which weather instrument was used to measure wind speed at station D?

Surface winds within this low-pressure system most likely are flowing

Which map best represents the surface wind pattern

around Northern Hemisphere high-pressure and

low-pressure centers?

Which current has a cooling effect on the climate of

the west coast of South America?

Which map best represents the surface wind pattern

around a Northern Hemisphere high-pressure center?

Which map view best represents the pattern of isobar

values, in millibars, and the pattern of wind flow,

shown by arrows, at Earth's surface surrounding a

Northern Hemisphere low-pressure center?

The arrows on the two maps below show how the monsoon winds over India change direction with the seasons. How do these winds affect India's weather in summer and winter?

The map below shows the location of India and the

Indian Ocean.

Which statement best describes the monsoon winds

during the rainy season in India?

Which map correctly shows the wind directions of

the high-pressure and low-pressure systems?

Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows a low-pressure system over the eastern United States. Points U through Z represent locations on Earth's surface. Which two locations most likely have the warmest air temperatures?

The maps show a portion of India and Southeast Asia, bordering on the Indian Ocean, during the winter and summer monsoon seasons. Large areas of high and low air pressure are shown during each season. The heavy monsoon rains affecting India and Southeast Asia occur during

The maps show a portion of India and Southeast Asia, bordering on the Indian Ocean, during the winter and summer monsoon seasons. Large areas of high and low air pressure are shown during each season. Which two-letter symbol represents the most likely air mass formed over portions of the Indian Ocean shown on the maps?

Which type of air mass would most likely form over

the Pacific Ocean north of Aleutian Trench?

The three diagrams below represent three frontal boundaries with the surface locations of the fronts labeled A, B, and C. Arrows indicate direction of air movement. Which table correctly matches each letter with the type of frontal boundary it represents?

The weather map shows a low pressure system over New York State on a July day. The L represents the center of the low, and two fronts extend from this center. Locations of some cities are indicated.Which map shows the most probable areas of precipitation that would appear on a radar image taken at the time of these frontal positions?

Which cross section best represents a cold front?

The map of North America below shows the source region of an air mass forming mostly over Mexico. This air mass originating over Mexico is classified as

The weather map below shows a portion of a low-pressure system.

Which front will most likely pass over location A during the next two hours'?

What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature

is 8°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 2°C?

Which geographic region is the most common

source region for the mT air masses that move into

New York State?

Which area is the most common source region for

cold, dry air masses that move over New York State?

Which air mass is associated with low relative

humidity and high air temperature?

Which map shows the two correctly labeled air masses that frequently converge in the central plains to cause tornadoes?

The best explanation for this temperature difference is that location C

Which combination of climate factors generally

results in the coldest temperatures?

Base your answer to the following question on

the map below, which shows an imaginary continent on Earth. Arrows represent prevailing wind directions. Letters A through D represent locations on the continent. Locations A and B are at the same latitude and at the same elevation at the base of the mountains.The climate at location C is much drier than at location D. This difference is best explained by the

fact that location C is located

Mount Kilimanjaro is located in eastern Africa at 3°

S. Which climate factor best explains the presence of

permanent snow on its peak?

The cross section below represents four locations on

a mountain. The arrow indicates the prevailing wind

direction.

Which location has the warmest and most arid

climate?

Which ocean current warms the climate along a

continent's east coast?

El Niño is a condition associated with a buildup of

unusually warm water along the western coast of

South America. Which changes in air temperature

and precipitation usually occur in that region during

El Niño?

Which ocean current brings warm water to the

southeastern tip of Africa?