Of all the types of lipid, which ones are based on fused rings?

In the biological world, glucose is the most abundant ____.

Micelles of fatty acids in water are organized such that the ______ face the solvent and the ______ are directed toward the interior.

5. A medical condition characterized by an elevated or high amount of glucose in the blood.

The hydroxyl group in a β-glucose is above the anomeric carbon in the Haworth projection because it's ______ of carbon in the Fischer projection.

Which of these statements is incorrect about the displayed structural formula of a chemical species?

1. Prostaglandins are lipids that cause the sensation of pain. What enzymes catalyze the synthesis of Prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

10. What particles are formed after the lipid is removed from the VLDL core that increases their density?

One of the most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world

What condition can trigger the COX-2 enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

What constitute the highest proportion of liquid triglycerols or oils?

Which biological molecule is neither considered a macromolecule nor a polymer of monomers?

They are 100 times more potent than histamine being able to produce muscle contractions, especially in the lungs resulting in an asthma-like attack.

Which of these statements best explains why trans fats are detrimental to health?

Identify the most accurate name of the chemical structure shown below.

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are compounds formed during inflammation. They are all produced from arachidonic acid. What term best applies to arachidonic acid?

The triacylglycerols found in plants are more __________ than those in animals.

Where are HDLs synthesized?

The Haworth projection of ribose forms a _______.

Which lipid molecule is an important precursor for the synthesis of estrogen and many other hormones?

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from extra hepatic tissues to the liver?

Different classes of lipids may include molecules having very different functional groups. Which characteristic is common to all lipids?

What lipoprotein must be present at a higher level in the blood plasma of a healthier individual?

Which of these illustrated Haworth projection of monosaccharides is the resulting Beta (β) version derived from the Fischer Projection of a monosaccharide below?

The following are polysaccharides except

Which is most applicable to the naturallyoccurring fatty acids?

The common six-carbon sugars (hexoses) are D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, and Dmannose. Which one is a ketohexose?

The following are closely associated with carbohydrates except

Which fats are the most abundant in coconut oil that other scientists classified unhealthy oil?

The melting properties of fatty acids and lipid bilayers is primarily due to the

. Which of these combinations is accurate?

Which of these factors has no effect on the melting points of fatty acids?

Human's and cow's milk consist of disaccharides D-Galactopyranose and DGlucopyranose. Which bond links these two compounds?

Both thromboxanes and leukotrienes are complex lipids. How do they differ structurally?

The levels of lipoprotein indicate a symptom of faulty cholesterol transport and a warning of possible atherosclerosis

Different classes of lipids may include molecules having very different functional groups. Which characteristic is common to all lipids?

Biological molecules that are made of the same elements (CHO), but have different structures; thus they have different biological and chemical properties

Cutin, the waxy coating of plants leaves, is a chemical compound that belongs to which biological molecule?

The areas on a cell membrane that have high concentrations of LDL receptors and participate in transporting the LDLs into the cell.

Which of these descriptions is the effect of cis configuration of the double bonds to the fatty acid?

Lactose intolerance is the inability of many higher mammals to hydrolyze this type of bond between galactose and glucose molecules.

Which drug has been known to slow down the synthesis of the thromboxanes by inhibiting the COX enzyme?

. Unsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature because their hydrocarbons are ______ arranged due to their ______ bonds.

In the Fischer projection of D-glucose, which carbon is not a stereocenter?

Which of the following shows the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules?

Of these given molecules, which is a ribose with an L designation?

. Identify the yield when NaBH4 reduces each aldehyde carbonyl.

The designations D and L refer to the configuration of the stereocenter closest to the aldehyde or ketone group on a monosaccharide chain.

A mutation of steroid hormone converted it from nonpolar to a polar molecule. How would this affect its function?

Heparin, a compound pharmacologically used as a blood thinner, belongs to which type of biological molecule?

Fat is important as a storage molecule. It can provide protection to vital organs as well as warmth. In what form are lipids most commonly stored?

It is the carbon that was the carbonyl carbon in the open-chain form (Fischer projection) of the monosaccharide.

Which structural formula pertains to the only group of lipids with conjugated double bonds?

. Our cell membranes exist as bilayers largely due to phospholipids that form these bilayers of the hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. What term is used to define this characteristic of phospholipid?

Which of these descriptions is the effect of cis configuration of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acid?

D-glucose is the most abundant hexose in the biological world. It is also known as

Hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid usually results in a compound having

. Melting points of fatty acids increases as the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon chains _________ and as the number of double bonds ________.

The tertiary structure of the protein is stabilized in 4 ways. Which one does not stabilize protein molecules?

In the formation of the Haworth projection in monosaccharides, carbon 1

It is the simplest and the basic level of structure of protein made of a linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Adult hemoglobin has 2 alpha chains of 141 amino acids each and 2 beta chains of 146 amino acids each. How many amino acids are there in an adult hemoglobin molecule?

Amino acids are sometimes written in their unionized form. What does un-ionized form mean?

It is known as the simplest of all amino acids due to its side chain that contains only a Hydrogen atom.

Which set of descriptions best describes the tertiary level structure of a protein?

Which of these descriptions does NOT describe a denatured protein?

At the isoelectric point (pI) of proteins the negative and positive charges are balanced reducing repulsive electrostatic forces and the attraction forces predominate causing proteins to _____ and precipitate out.

The only achiral amino acid

Salt bridges are shown by the attraction of the - NH3+ group of lysine and the -COO- group of aspartic acid. Which one is synonymous to salt bridges?

Amino acids are linked together by the peptide bond between the ___ group of one amino acid and the ___ group of another amino acid.

Where is amino acid's side chain bonded to?

Which structure does Tropocollagen, the triple helix form of collagen, demonstrate?

What amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds in the illustration that follows?

What makes amino acid Glycine polar?

The amino acids in this displayed tripeptide

One hydrophobic amino acid has a very unique structure compared to other amino acids. What makes it very unique?

Fibrous proteins are water-insoluble. Due to this characteristic which fibrous protein function in organisms is correct?

It is an amino acid present in milk that helps induce sleep. This fact is the source of an urban myth that drinking a glass of warm milk at bedtime makes us fall asleep.

It is an example of a protein having a globular shape or conformation.

Proteins are least soluble in water at their isoelectric point. Hence proteins can be separated from the solution at this pH because proteins form _____.

These are the amino acids that have a second stereocenter.

Which of these properties is directly associated with the Isoelectric point (pI) of protein?

What is the closest pH of each of the several amino acids when it has almost equal or the same positive and negative charges?

Which amino acids are shown by the tripeptide below?

Glycine amino acid is an odd case and most literature conflicts on its proper designation. Glycine, as a compound, behaves like a polar amino acid largely because of the influence of the α-amino and α-COOH groups. What makes glycine nonpolar?

Which organisms have an identical sequence of amino acids for alpha chain at positions 8-9-10 in protein insulin?

What makes the 20 amino acids different from one another?

Which amino acids have 0 net charge when their pH is around or too close pH 10.

The hormone insulin is made of 2 polypeptide chains held together by 2 interchain disulfide bonds. Which of these expressions represents a disulfide bond?

At pH 10 or higher what is the net electrical charge of the majority of the amino acids?

The secondary structure of a protein is formed when amino acids sequence are linked by ____ bonds.

Pure ethanol (100% concentration) is less effective than 70% EtOH.

Which are not considered as denaturing agents or compounds?

By convention, R stands for the chemical group attached to the basic structure of amino acid. What does R stand for in the structural formula of amino acids?

It is a molecule that has both positively and negatively charged functional groups but the net charge of the entire molecule is zero.

the level of protein structure that remains undistorted or unchanged by denaturing agents

The native conformation or normal form of a protein predominantly consists of alpha helix, while the variant/mutant has beta structure. The beta structure consists more hydrophobic groups that significantly lack a polar outer layer. Having this information, how could we differentiate between the normal and mutant protein in the lab?

Water is a reactant that hydrolyzes the two amide bonds in urea. The enzyme involved in this reaction is categorized as _____.

Enzymes catalyze the cleavage or cutting of bonds, usually esters and amides, with water. These are called hydrolysis reactions. Which enzymes are involved?

Water is a reactant that hydrolyzes the two amide bonds in urea. The enzyme involved in this reaction is categorized as _____.

In noncompetitive inhibition, how does the inhibitor change the conformation of the active site?

The vitamin involved in the coenzyme function of decarboxylation reactions

In enzyme allosteric mechanism, R state means “relaxed" state of an enzyme. Which one describes this condition?

Which situation has been observed to result in saturation curve that levels off or stagnate the activity of enzymes?

The activation energy in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is higher than the activation energy in an uncatalyzed reaction, which is why a catalyzed reaction proceeds at a faster rate.

The antiviral drug Tipranavir has no obvious structural similarity to a protein substrate. It is used to treat HIV, by binding to viral proteases thus blocking the activity of a viral enzyme that helps the virus make more copies of itself. This is an example of _______.

Aspartase catalyzes the addition of a functional group to a double bond. The enzyme in this reaction is categorized as a/an ____.

Which of the options is true of the induced-fit model of enzyme catalysis?

Certain bacterial enzyme is more active in a temperature range of 39oC- 41oC. Which of these descriptions holds true about the activity of this bacterial enzyme?

Per PPT slide on enzyme kinetics, which graph achieves the maximum rate of reaction despite the presence of inhibiting compound?

Which molecule is also formed when amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds?

Succinate is oxidized and FAD is reduced. The enzyme involved is classified as a/an _______.

The reactant and product have the same molecular formula, but they have different molecular structures, so they are isomers. The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is classified as a/an ______.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of amide bonds in proteins. Trypsin hydrolyzes amide bonds on the carboxyl sides of Lysine and Arginine, the basic amino acid residues. Chymotrypsin works at amide bonds that are on the carboxyl sides of all aromatic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Chymotrypsin also has a minor reaction with other nonpolar amino acids, such as leucine and isoleucine. Which holds true of Trypsin.

Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides. With about the same effectiveness, these enzymes work on many different triglyceride structures such as the 2 triglycerides containing palmitic acid and oleic acid. What level of specificity is shown in this case?

Alcohol dehydrogenase is found primarily in the liver and stomach. It converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a toxin which is then further broken down by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid, then to CO2 and H2O. What is the substrate of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme?

Enzyme and substrate make an analogy of the lock-and-key model. Together they unlock a/an ________.

Enzyme is used up in the chemical reaction which makes the enzyme visible in the product side of the chemical reaction.

What ion channels open and propagate signals through the binding of their corresponding signaling molecule?

Why must acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters be degraded?

Enkephalins control the perception of pain. The drug Demerol relieves pain also by binding to the enkephalin receptors. What action is shown by Demerol?

Caffeine enhances the action of cAMP by blocking the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which degrades cAMP. The enhancement of cAMP activity promotes the stimulatory action of caffeine known as _____.

The storage sites of acetylcholine neurotransmitters

The breakdown of acetylcholine yields

Two monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, act by binding to what receptors?

Two monoamine neurotransmitters are dopamine and serotonin. Which are their receptors?

Cobratoxin causes paralysis by blocking the nerve receptor and interrupting the communication between the neuron and muscle cell. Which applies to Cobratoxin?

Which series of events describes the transmission of acetylcholine neurotransmitters?

A large number of hormones with steroid ring structures are hydrophobic. Hence, they can cross the plasma membranes of the cell through

Chemical messengers or hormones that can enter a cell and often act in the nucleus, where they alter the expression of specific genes.

Alcohol dehydrogenase is found primarily in the liver and stomach. It converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a toxin which is then further broken down by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid, then to CO2 and H2O. What is the substrate of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme?

Variations in receptor structure among cell types allow the same hormone to have different effects on different cells. The statement above refers to which cell in this illustration?

In the transmission of a nerve impulse or electrochemical signal, what triggers the ion channels of the next neuron to open?

Which amino acid is known to reduce neurotransmission?

The location of most receptors in the cell for steroid hormones

The following are known secondary messengers except ____.

Which of these amino acids is a known excitatory neurotransmitter?

Taurine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, has an amino group. Why can it not be considered as amino acid found in proteins?

The axon of neurons transmits an electrical signal through depolarization and repolarization of the membrane. What is synonymous with an electrical signal?

A biomolecule like cAMP transmits the action of the chemical messenger to the inside of the cell, usually with amplification

Through the action of ion channels, the entry of the sodium ions and exit of potassium ions across the membrane of the neuron is made possible. What type of transport is this?

Displayed is the nucleotide, the building block of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). What group renders the acidity of DNA

The neurotransmitter dopamine is deficient in patients with Parkinson's disease. What type of messenger is dopamine?

Which of these statements holds true for the events involved in acetylcholine transmission?

Enkephalins are the first isolated brain peptides. Which amino acid marks the difference between Leucine enkephalin and Methionine enkephalin?

A protein molecule on the surface of the cell that recognizes and binds a neurotransmitter

It is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP or GMP.

The receptors' binding sites for acetylcholine

An enzyme kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of Inositol-1,4-diphosphate to inositol-1,4,5- triphosphate. Which of these structural formulas is Inositol-1,4-diphosphate?

Which of the following is mismatched?

The following hormones use the G-proteinadenylate cyclase cascade except _________.

The receptor subunit of insulin hormone that spans the cell membrane.

It causes the opening of ion channels and the entry of calcium ions into the nerve cell that leads to the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse.

They activate intracellular signaling pathways by amplifying the first communication signal and induce a cellular response.

These chemical messengers require a secondary messenger except

Hormone Endorphin has a similar structure to enkephalin. So it can bind to the receptor of enkephalin as well. What molecule is Endorphin given in this case?

What dose can make nicotine act as a stimulant that prolongs the receptor's biochemical response?

Which molecule activates the protein kinase for it to dissociate the regulatory and catalytic subunits?

When 2 molecules of acetylcholine bind to the 2 AChR subunits, ion channel opens. What ions are allowed to pass through the open ion channel?