In an activated lymphocyte, it produces two types of daughter cells which one has long-lived cells that retain the ability to start dividing on short notice if antigen is presented to immune cells again at a later date

In an activated lymphocyte it produces two types of daughter cells, which one carrys out the attack on the antigen bearing pathogen (B cells produce antibody, T cells release cytokines and destroy antigen bearing cells)

method by which self-reactive T or B cells are removed during immune system development so that they cannot damage self tissues is what ?

antigen binding will select for and cause proliferation of T and B cells specific to antigens that are recognized during infection is what?

Out of the 4 key traits of the specific immune system, which one has :

* immune system can remember a pathogen after encountering it once

* Will allow for a faster response time in subsequent exposures

*The basis for vaccines

Out of the 4 key traits of the specific immune system, which one has antigenic determinants from pathogens or foreign substances will activate specific immune cells

Out of the 4 key traits of the immune system, which one has the immune system to know what is self and not attack or become activated by these determinants

out of the 4 key traits of specific immune system, which one has :

* T cells and B cells will develop reactivity to specific proteins and pathogenic components during every infection - antigens

* T cells and antibodies produced by B cells recognize antigens – cellular determinants on the pathogen of foreign substance

(Adaptive (specific) Immune cells)

Put them in order from top to bottom

(Innate (Granulocytes) Immune cells)

Put the type of cell that correlates to each function ( from top to bottom)

In lymphocytes, this cell differentiate and mature in the bone marrow, and makes antibodies which enter the blood and bind non-self proteins

In white blood cells, a type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus, have killing ability, secrete many inflammatory chemicals is what?

In white blood cells, what participate in specific defenses against non-self or altered cells and can kill and rid body of virus infected cells or tumor cells

In white blood cells, what is the histamine producing cells and phagocytes

Have nuclei and can leave closed circulatory system and enter tissues where injury may have occurred or pathogens have gained entrance

In the non-specific defenses, what has low pH no suitable for survival of many bacteria

In the non-specific defenses, what provides peptides produced by the mucous membranes and is also toxic to a wide range of pathogens (bacteria and viruses)

In the non-specific defenses, what has enzyme produced in mucus, tears, saliva and Can attack walls of many bacteria

In the non-specific defenses, what causes secretion found on mucus membranes. Traps microorganisms.

In the secondary lymphoid organs, what is the third arrow pointing to? ( From top to bottom)

In the secondary lymphoid organs, what is the second arrow pointing to? ( from top to bottom)

In non-specific defenses, what prevents entry of pathogens and foreign substances

In this secondary lymphoid organs, what is the first top arrow pointed to?

areas of immune cell activation when pathogens reach the blood

Site of T cell maturation

immune cells can be activated after exposure to pathogens in our upper respiratory tract

*fluid component of the blood

* Contains ions, soluble proteins,

molecules

* Red and white blood cells

suspended in plasma

These are characteristics of what?

*fluid derived from tissues and blood

* Accumulates in extracellular spaces

* Lymph moves through the lymphatic

system for filtration

These are characteristics of what?

In the defense system against pathogens, which phase has mobilized cells and molecules they generate destroys the invader

In the defense system agasint pathogens, which phase "recognition leads to mobilization of cells capable of fighting off foreign invader"

In the defense system against pathogens, which phase has the ability to discriminate self from non-self?

harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease are called what?

In the Bicarbonate buffer sytem, the mixture of what two compounds to maintain blood pH levels?

In a blood buffer, when pH rises, H+ does what?

In a blood buffer, when pH drops, H+ does what?

Blood pH must be maintained between what?

what regulates sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

what prevents excessive water loss in kidney?

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes by kidney is regulated primarily by what?

driving force for water intake

Out of the 3 processes for urine formation, which one has H+, K+, creatinine, and drugs that are removed from peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate

Out of the 3 processes for urine formation, which one has water, glucose, amino acids, and has needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and enter the capillary blood

Out of the 3 processes of urine formation, which one has water and solutes smaller than proteins that are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule

In urine formation, choose the correct order of the processes?

in a nephron, it has two capillary beds, which one arises from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus

in the nephron, there are two capillary beds, which one is the afferent arteriole which is the feeder vessel

the structural and functional units of the kidney thats also responsible for forming urine

what is highly toxic and must be excreted continuously or detoxified (is a nitrogenous waste)

End products of protein and nucleic acid metabolism are?

semi-solid product contains undigested food, mucus, bacteria, water

End products of carbohydrate metabolism and fats ( that are easy to eliminate) are?

what does the large intestine NOT have?

what does the large intestine do compared to small intestine

what is the difference in the processes of

1. glycogenesis

2.glycogenolysis

3.gluconeogenesis

what stores glucose from the blood in large polysaccharide molecule called glycogen

what stores bile until needed for emulsifying fats

what emulsify fats

what produces bile which is yellow-green watery solution containing bile salts, pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes

What is the largest gland in the body

What pancreatic juice digests nucleic acids

What pancreatic juice is the only source of enzyme capable of fat digestion

what pancreatic juice completes about half of protein digestion

what pancreatic juice completes digestion of starch?

* Triangular gland of the abdomen

* Produces enzymes that bread down digestible food

* Alkaline fluid neutralized acidic chyme coming from stomach

These characteristic describe what?

transport cholesterol around the body for use in biosynthesis and storage – “bad cholesterol”

remove cholesterol from tissue and carry it to the liver where it can be used to synthesize bile – “good cholesterol”

which one has a lower density than the other?

particle made up of a core of hydrophobic fat and cholesterol with a covering of hydrophilic protein that allows it to be suspended in water

particles of fat

what are lipid soluble, pass through the plasma membranes of microvilli in

small intestine

deep folds of mucosa and submucosa layers in the structure in the wall of the intestine that increase absorptive surface.

fingerlike projections of the mucosa, rich with capillary beds for absorption in the structure thats in the intestine wall to increase absorptive surface.

tiny projections of plasma membrane of mucosa cells in the structure of the intestine wall that increase absorptive surface.

body’s major digestive organ, extends from stomach to large intestine

produce local hormones (Gastrin) important in digestion

produce hydrocloric acid, makes stomach contents acidic and activates other enzymes – pepsinogen to pepsin

produce protein digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

small vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending thoracic aorta – allows detour of blood around the lungs and directly into the system

opening in the septum between the left and right atria – blood bypasses the fetal lungs

its waves of smooth muscle contractions and

Occurs in esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, urinary tract

Deficiency in such vitamin results in fatigue, skin disorder, mental disorders, and anemia

Deficiency in such vitamin result in blood clotting problems

Deficiency in such vitamin results in rickets

Deficiency in such vitamin results in Anemia, and oxidative damage to cells

Deficiency in such vitamin results in night blindness

Deficiency in this vitamin results in scurvy and slow healing

Elements needed in tiny amounts such as (copper, iron, iodine, zinc)

Elements required in large amounts such as(calcium, chlorine, phosphorus, sodium, potassium)

What are the building blocks for all proteins

Vitamins and minerals

carbonhydrates, lipids, protiens, water

Rids the body of indigestible remains

Nutrients enter the bloodstream

Breaks food down physically and chemically

Taking in food

drains the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and deliver blood to liver through the Hepatic Portal Vein

chemoreceptors in large arteries signal rise of ___ levels

changes in pressure or stretch in blood vessels within the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

Nervous system activity that controls heart rate and vessel constriction originates in the what?

blood is returned to the heart via what?

travel of gases (O2, CO2) and small solutes along concentration gradient

determined by large protein molecules in vessle and

When blood pressure falls, fluid travels back into vessels

Blood enters capillary beds through high pressure arterioles that causes some fluid from blood to leave the arterioles and enter the interstitial space

prevent or stop bleeding

cell fragments broken off of large cells called Megakaryocytes

and are packed with enzymes and chemicals necessary for clotting

what reservoir for blood and helps filter out and eliminate dead and dying RBCs

life span of an RBC is how many days?

at a normal condition, bone marrow produces how many RBC every second?

RBC are controlled by the hormone erythropoietin released by the ___ in response to insufficient oxygen

Help fight off infections or diseases

transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)

most of blood cells are erythrocytes, which are?

which letter represents the relaxation and repolarization of the ventricles?

which letter represents the depolarization and contraction of ventricles?

which letter represents the depolarization of the atrial muscle

Electrical events in the cardiac muscle during the cardiac cycle can be recorded by electrodes on the skin, what is the recording?

activates conduction fibers ( Bundle of His )

what is the pacemaker of the heart?

relaxation of the ventricles

contraction of the ventricles

contraction of the two atria followed by the two ventricles and then relaxation