What is habitat diversity?

What is species diversity?

Describe what happens during the bottleneck effect.

The number is species in an ecosystem

Ecosystem services that give humans products and what they need to survive, like food and lumber are called

Ecosystem services that provide humans beauty art and enjoyment are called

Ecosystem services that indirectly benefit humans , such as plants cleaning air and bees pollinating plants are called

Ecosystem services that that support human life and life on Earth such as producing oxygen and water cycling are called

The Theory of Island Biogeography states that

Organisms, like koalas, that require specific habitats and food are called

Organisms, like cockroaches, that can live in many places and eat many things are called

The total range of conditions conditions (abiotic factors) that an organism can lived in is called _____________.

What are adaptations?

This is a slower process that shows how communities and habitats change over time. It starts with bare rock (no soil), such as after a volcanic eruption. Moss or lichens usually inhabit first, breaking down the rock to make soil. Afterward larger and larger plants move in and over time it will become a climax community.

This is a faster process that shows how communities and habitats change over time. It starts after a fire or flood that destroys the habitat but soil remains. Over time it becomes a climax community as new plants move in.

Species that many other species depend on are called

First members in an area after a fire, etc.

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. (think of the canary in the coal mine)

The greater species richness, the ________ ecosystem resilience.

Which type of species is more affected by habitat loss?

On islands with abundant resources, why are there more specialists than generalists?

Which of the following are conditions for which an organism will have a range of tolerance?

The diagram to the right is an illustration of

The diagram to the right is an illustration of

The diagram to the right is an illustration of

The greater the genetic diversity, the _______ the optimum range of ecological tolerance is

Which of the following are examples of natural ecosystem disruptions

Tectonic plate movement, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

Wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and flooding-- cause wildlife to migrate and perhaps colonize new habitats, creates a change in the gene pool of populations, may result in speciation

Ice Ages followed by warming temperatures

Locations of continents have shifted, species physically move, or adapt, or form new species through natural selection

Tectonic plate movement, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

The ability of a species to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances (generalists are more tolerant compare to specialists)

Human-caused disturbances to ecosystems. Often negatively impacts biodiversity. Timber harvesting, pollution, overgrazing, introducing invasive species, and development.

All natural events that destroy or damage an ecosystem; fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, floods

Range of chemical and physical conditions that must be maintained for populations of a particular species to stay alive and grow, develop, and function normally

Describes an event that occurs or repeats at regular intervals (seasons, night & day)

Describes an event that happening in parts or segments or that kicks off a flow of related events (earthquakes, eutrophication, overhunting by humans)

Something that occurs randomly (hurricanes, lightening strikes, etc.)

Movement of organisms from one habitat to another. Sometimes permanent (when their habitat is destroyed or disturbed) or temporary (for mating, feeding, or seasonal reasons)

Movement of organisms from one habitat to another. Sometimes permanent (when their habitat is destroyed or disturbed) or temporary (for mating, feeding, or seasonal reasons)

The average level of the ocean's surface at any given time. Has changed significantly over time based on amount of glacial ice and polar ice.

Scale used by paleontologists to represent evolutionary time

A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

A measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population (higher gen. diversity leads to greater rate of evolution)

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

An organism's genetic makeup

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Leads to evolution of new traits (microevolution) and new species (macroevolution)

Changes in a species over time driven by natural selection. Can lead to new traits or entirely new species. INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVOLVE. SPECIES EVOLVE.

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Different species cannot breed with each other.

Differences in behavior or morphology that prevent organisms from breeding with each other (diff. mating calls in birds or diff. structures in flowers in plants)

Two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water. this prevents them from breeding with each other and leads them to evolve into different species

This is the stable, last stage of succession after a disruptions.

Type of ecological succession that starts with soil.

Type of ecological succession that starts with bare rock.

The replacement-level fertility rate is ____ for developed countries and ____ for developing countries.

Which factor below is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today?

One key demographic statistic is the percentage of people in a region that are under 15 years of age. Why is this statistic important?

Which of the following pairs of indicators best reflects the availability of health care in a country?

Which of the following statements about total fertility rate is correct

Which of the following countries best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition?

Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in

Populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have

Identify the effect on a population represented by the type of growth seen in the graph above.

Which two countries had the largest number of people in 2017?

In 1798, Thomas Malthus hypothesized the collapse of the human population. What factor led to the increase to the continued increase of the human population?

During what two stages of demographic transition does most of a country's population increase occur?

During this stage of the demographc transition, population growth levels off then declines as birth rates equals and then falls below the death rate.

Which correctly describes the term demographic transition?

According to this graph, Which stage of the demographic transition has the highest level of population growth?

A rhino is an example of an

Kangaroos are an example of which type of species?

Frogs are an example of which type of species?

What point on the graph represents the carrying capacity?

What is happening at the 'A' on the graph?

Which of the following organisms would you expected to follow the pictured survivorship curve?

These animals are not choosy about what they eat or where they live

These animals have specific diet and climate requirements

Tracks organisms that tend to live long lives (low death rate and high survivorship rate); toward the end of their life expectancies, however, there is a dramatic increase in the death rate.

Describes organisms with a high death rate (or low survivorship rate) immediately following birth. Examples include bacteria, fishes, and invertebrates.

These organisms typically live in unstable, unpredictable environments & are able to reproduce rapidly (exponentially). They do not take care of their young & are subject to predation.

These organisms have short life spans, are generally small, quick to mature and waste a lot of energy. Typical examples include salmon, corals, insects and bacteria.

These organisms occupy stable environments, are larger in size and have longer life expectancies. They produce, during their life spans, fewer offspring, but place a greater investment in each.

Human activities such as the ____ release large amounts of Carbon into our atmosphere.

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles does not have an atmospheric phase?

Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would provide about ___ kilograms of energy to a primary consumer that would provide about ____ kilograms of energy for a secondary consumer

Productivity in an ecosystem has to do with

Ecologists study....

An ecosystem consists of

The length and complexity of a food web in the Arctic would be ____ when compared to one in the tropical rainforest.

In the nitrogen cycle, what is one natural way that nitrogen gets into our soil?

In the _____, there is no wet/dry season. But we do see more lower plants with a thicker epidermis..

There are less nutrient rich soils in the Rain Forest due to the dense tree canopy and water runoff.

Which biome has the lowest average Temperature, and the lowest Precipitation?

Select the two characteristics that determine which type of biome an ecosystem is.

Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor?

In a food pyramid, which organism can be found on the bottom?

We see saltier soils due to the evaporation rate in which biome?

Human activities such as the ____ release large amounts of Carbon into our atmosphere.

Gas that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.

__________ primary productivity = the organic materials that remain after photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem have used some of these compounds for their cellular energy needs (cellular respiration).

According to this diagram, plants use nitrogen to make _________________________

The average efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is approximately

Which of the following organisms is a herbivore?

What type of consumer is the wolf?

What do the arrows in the food chain indicate about the flow of energy in an ecosystem?

How would the removal of earthworms from the food chain affect the other organisms?

The owl receives energy from which organisms?

Which biome covers most of the land mass near Earth's equator?

A large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain type of plants.

__________ primary productivity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of time.