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Final Review

Total questions: 68

Worksheet time: 34mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
The following graph shows how far a runner travels over a certain period of time. What is a reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the graph?
a)
The runner ran 40 meters 10 seconds
b)
The runner ran 20 meters in 10 seconds
c)
The runner is slowing down as time passes
d)
The runner is running faster than other runners in the area
2.
Gemma wants to investigate the rain forest ecosystem of the Amazon jungle in South America. To conduct the experiment, Gemma uses plants, reptiles, and insects native to New Jersey, where she lives, to build a terrarium such as the one shown in the following figure. Which limitation is true of Gemma's experiment?
a)
It does not model the interaction of certain insects and plants.
b)
It does not model the interaction of certain reptiles and plants.
c)
It does not model the interaction of certain reptiles and insects.
d)
It does not model the exact conditions of nature in the Amazon.
3.
The following graph shows the results of an experiment done by four different groups. Each group took a different rubber band and recorded how far it stretched as they added weights to it. Which group's rubber band stretched the least as more weight was added?
a)
Group 1
b)
Group 2
c)
Group 3
d)
Group 4
4.
Scientists have several ways for evaluating the validity of experimental results. Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all valid scientific investigations?
a)
The experiments must be long.
b)
The experiment must produce replicable results.
c)
The experiment must yield the desired results.
d)
The experiment must be complex.
5.
Over a hundred years ago, John Dalton proposed a model of the atom. In his model, the atom was a solid sphere. Scientific models of atoms have changed many times since Dalton's original model. What is the best explanation for these changes to the atom's model?
a)
Modern society demands more accuracy in science.
b)
Computer-generated art increases scientists' artistic skills.
c)
New information allows scientists to modify earlier ideas.
d)
Scientists are more open to changing ideas than in the past.
6.
As new information is discovered, scientific theories are changed. Sometimes, old theories are thrown out. Why is this a necessary condition for good science?
a)
It ensures that the newest ideas are the ones used to develop medicines and important safety equipment.
b)
The process allows for an increasingly accurate understanding of the world.
c)
Old theories are dependent on older technology that was not as accurate, so new technology must be used.
d)
New scientists need to get credit for their ideas or no one will go into science.
7.
In 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener described what he called Continental Drift. He started with the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart releasing the continents from the Earth's mantle then supported this idea with the outline of South America's east coast and Africa's west coast appear to have once fit together. Other scientists opposed his idea. Why, 1912, were the ideas proposed by Alfred Wegener not immediately accepted as scientific theory?
a)
The ideas of the scientists were based on data that was not recorded correctly.
b)
Other scientists thought these scientists did not follow proper protocols.
c)
Scientific investigations must be replicated many times before the results are accepted
d)
The ideas of these scientists were too different from previous ideas for them to be accepted.
8.
How do oceans influence weather and climate?
a)
Oceans absorb energy from the Sun and circulate warm and cold ocean currents.
b)
Oceans circulate warm and cold ocean currents and conduct Earth's heat energy.
c)
Oceans reflect energy from the Sun, which causes circulation of warm and cold air currents.
d)
Oceans produce storm systems and control temperature by transferring heat energy from Earth to the atmosphere.
9.
The illustration shows the jet stream over North America. The jet stream over North America separates cold air masses in the north from warmer air masses to the south. The jet stream tends to move farther south in winter. How might this change in position affect weather in the United States?
a)
Severe storms such as thunderstorms and tornadoes would only form in the far north during this time.
b)
Colder air would move farther south, producing colder temperatures in regions that are normally warmer.
c)
Warmer air would tend to flow north, producing mild winter temperatures in regions that are normally colder.
d)
Cold fronts forming south of the jet stream would become stationary, producing dry conditions north of the jet stream.
10.
Water evaporates from a lake into the air, forming clouds. The clouds eventually form rain and it falls to the ground. In which spheres does this cycle happen?
a)
geosphere and cryosphere
b)
cryosphere and hydrosphere
c)
hydrosphere and atmosphere
d)
thermosphere and atmosphere
11.
Engineers design unique foundations for houses that are being built where the ground is frozen all year (permafrost). A successful engineer understands how Earth's spheres interact. Knowledge of which two spheres is most important for foundations built on permafrost?
a)
Cryosphere, Biosphere
b)
Cryosphere, Geosphere
c)
Cryosphere, Atmosphere
d)
Cryosphere, Hydrosphere
12.
Carly is researching climate and weather for a class project. She writes down observations as examples of climate and weather. Which observation is about climate?
a)
The average annual precipitation for the region is 70 centimeters.
b)
The high temperature last Thursday is the hottest on record.
c)
It is supposed to become warmer next week.
d)
It has been raining every day for 5 days.
13.
The diagram summarizes what happens to solar radiation that reaches Earth from the Sun. Based on the diagram, what is the atmosphere's role in determining the characteristics of Earth?
a)
The atmosphere reflects most of the Sun's radiation, preventing Earth from heating up.
b)
The atmosphere transmits all of the Sun's radiation that strikes it, heating Earth's surface.
c)
The atmosphere blocks most of the Sun's radiation from reaching Earth's surface, keeping temperatures cool.
d)
The atmosphere absorbs a portion of the Sun's radiation, keeping temperatures warm enough for life to exist.
14.

The climate of an area can be different from its weather. Which of the following statements describes the climate of an area?

a)

There should be heavy rains tomorrow morning

b)

The rains next week are expected to cause some flooding

c)

The average temperature from 1930-1996 was 23C (74F)

d)

The high temperature on September 4, 2009 was 32C (89F)

15.

Where was the most likely location of a low pressure area four hours before the jet stream pushed the air masses?

a)

central United States

b)

northeastern United States

c)

southeastern United States

d)

the area of low air pressure likely did not move

16.

The following map shows the movement of heat throughout the global ocean.

Based on the map, which of the following statements best summarizes the movement of heat through the world’s oceans?

a)

Heat energy is transported from areas near the equator to areas near the poles.

b)

Cold water moves away from the equator and picks up heat near the poles.

c)

Warm water moves from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

d)

Warm water is found near the equator, and cold water is found near the poles.

17.

On any given day, the weather forecast might say that rain, snow, and sleet are expected. Which statement explains that this type of weather represents the climate as well?

a)

The rain turned to sleet and snow later that afternoon

b)

Last January it snowed for 17 days in a row

c)

Sleet is a combination of rain and snow

d)

Rain, snow and sleet are common during the month of December

18.

The jet stream is a narrow band of upper atmosphere winds. These winds separate northern Arctic air masses from southern continental air masses. The diagram shows the location of the jet stream in the summer and in the winter.

How does the jet stream contribute to Florida’s popularity as a winter destination?

a)

A.When the jet stream shifts farther north in the winter, more of the continent becomes colder. However, Florida usually remains in the warmer air south of the jet stream.

b)

. When the jet stream shifts farther south in the winter, more of the continent becomes colder. However, Florida usually remains in the warmer air south of the jet stream.

c)

C. When the jet stream shifts farther north in the winter, more of the continent becomes warmer. However, Florida usually remains in the cooler air south of the jet stream.

d)

D. When the jet stream shifts farther south in the winter, more of the continent becomes warmer. However, Florida usually remains in the cooler air south of the jet stream.

19.

The illustration shows three states of matter in separate jars.

Which statement about these jars is correct?

a)

A. Jar A contains a gas

b)

B. Jar B contains a liquid

c)

C. Jar C contains particles that vibrate in position

d)

D. Jars A and C have particles that move more than those in Jar B

20.

The diagram shows the three states of matter.

What must happen to container 2 for the substances in that container to change into the state shown in container 1?

a)

A. it must be mixed

b)

B. it must be heated

c)

C. it must be cooled

d)

D. it must be frozen

21.

Study the water cycle diagram.

Which of the following of Earth’s spheres are most directly represented by the part of the water cycle marked by the X?

a)

A. Biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere

b)

B. Cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere

c)

C. Atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

d)

D. Atmosphere, geosphere, hydrospheres

22.
Energy from the Sun warms the land and water on the surface of Earth. The heat energy in Earth's surface then transfers to the air directly above it. The air above the land heats up faster than the air above the water. Which statement explains how this transfer of heat energy causes wind?
a)
It causes the air above land to rise and the cooler, heavier air to rush in and take its place.
b)
It causes the air above land to push the cooler, heavier air out of place.
c)
It causes the air above land to move slower than the air above water.
d)
It causes the air above land to collide with cooler, heavier air.
23.
What causes the movement in atmospheric and oceanic currents?
a)
Tectonic plates shifting large volumes of air and water
b)
Radiant heat waves from the core transferring to the air and water
c)
The Sun's heat causing the density of the air and water to rise and sink
d)
The Moon's gravitational pull causing the air and water to move slightly away from Earth
24.
Kumar is studying how plant growth is affected by the temperature of the soil. The following picture shows his experiment. Which of the following processes is mainly responsible for warming the soil?
a)
conduction
b)
convection
c)
expansion
d)
radiation
25.
The diagram shows the motion of two tectonic plates. Which type of change on Earth will most likely result from this plate motion?
a)
A rapid change in the form of an earthquake
b)
A rapid change in the form of a volcanic eruption
c)
A slow change in the form of a mountain building
d)
A slow change in the form of the ocean floor spreading
26.
A weak spot in the crust where magma comes to the surface is called a(n) _______.
a)
Mantle
b)
Volcano
c)
Earthquake
d)
Fault
27.
The diagram shows convection beneath Earth's surface. Which observation about Earth's surface can be made from the convection diagram?
a)
Continents move slowly over time as they are pulled by tectonic plates.
b)
Water at the surfaces of oceans absorbs thermal energy and evaporates.
c)
Air temperatures change as solar energy is trapped close to Earth's surface.
d)
Rock is broken down into sediment that can be deposited in layers to form new rock.
28.
The diagram below shows a cross-section of the lithosphere. Point C represents a boundary between two tectonic plates. The plates shifted in opposite directions.
a)
a release of energy that caused an earthquake
b)
the formation of a tsunami, or underwater seismic wave
c)
the formation of a hot spot
d)
the sinking of one plate under another
29.
Which describes the primary cause for the formation of volcanoes and mountains?
a)
the force of gravity from the Moon
b)
the movement of the tectonic plates
c)
the rotation of Earth around the Sun
d)
the movement of the inner layers of Earth
30.

Hutton's theory of uniformitarianism states that the forces at work on the Earth today are the same as those that were at work in the past. Thus, a cave forms today in the same way that caves formed millions of years ago. The idea stated in the theory of uniformitarianism is so important that it serves as the basis of geology. Why are Hutton's ideas considered a scientific theory and not scientific law?

a)

A. because the theory is based on a hypothesis that has been proven and a scientific law is

b)

B. because the theory could be proven wrong and a scientific law cannot be proven wrong

c)

. because the theory is widely accepted and a scientific law is not widely accepted

d)

D. because the theory explains how nature works instead of describing an observation of nature

31.

Several ocean currents flow across Earth’s surface. Study the figure below and the directions in which the currents flow.

How does the California Current, which runs southward along the western coast of North America, affect the climate in that area?

a)

A. The current cools the air above it, resulting in cool summers.

b)

B. The current’s warm temperature causes the climate to be warm year round.

c)

C. The current causes warm winds that result in warm weather at all times of the year.

d)

D. The current causes hot winds that result in heat waves along the west coast of North America.

32.

In December, Bill was driving through Florida with his family. As they drove closer to the coast, Bill noticed that the air grew a little cooler.

Which of the following statements best explains the temperature difference?

a)

A. Air expands at higher temperatures.

b)

B. Warm air moves toward the coastline from inland areas.

c)

C. The land heats up faster than water, creating a sea breeze.

d)

D. The water heats up faster than the land, creating a land breeze.

33.

Energy from the Sun warms the land and water on the surface of Earth. The heat energy in Earth’s surface then transfers to the air directly above it. The air above the land heats up faster than the air above the water.

Which statement explains how this transfer of heat energy causes wind?

a)

A. It causes the air above land to rise and the cooler, heavier air to rush in and take its place.

b)

B. It causes the air above land to push the cooler, heavier air out of place.

c)

C. It causes the air above land to move slower than the air above water.

d)

D. It causes the air above land to collide with cooler, heavier air.

34.

Energy can be transferred as heat in many ways. Which statement below is the best description of energy transfer by convection?

a)

A. from the sun to Earth

b)

B. from magma to the cooler rock touching the magma inside Earth

c)

C. between the water molecules on the ocean’s surface in contact with air molecules immediately above the surface only

d)

D. by air moving from low elevations near Earth’s surface up to higher elevations in the atmosphere in a cycle

35.

The following diagram shows energy transfer processes that happen above the ocean.

Which step of the diagram involves convection?

a)

Step 1

b)

Step 2

c)

Step 3

d)

Step 4

36.

The following map shows the movement of a hurricane in the Pacific Ocean.

Based on the hurricane's path, which of these describes the fate of this hurricane?

a)

A. It will make landfall on Alaska and weaken as it moves over the land. 

b)

B. It will bounce off the Kamchatka Peninsula, spinning it down toward Japan.

c)

C. Cold arctic air around the Aleutian Islands will push the hurricane to move south toward the Hawaiian Islands.

d)

D. Cold arctic air around the Aleutian Islands will weaken the hurricane, and it will break apart before hitting landfall.

37.

Which of the following landforms is a result of two continents colliding?

a)

b)

c)

d)

38.

As indicated in the drawing, the South American and African tectonic plates form a divergent boundary. Which statement best describes what is happening at the boundary between these two plates?

a)

A. One of the plates will descend beneath the other.

b)

 B. New ocean crust will be formed at the boundary.

c)

C. Mountains will form as the edges of the two plates collide

d)

D. The two plates will slide past each other horizontally.

39.
The law of superposition is an important law in geology. It helps scientists understand the past. Which of the following is true about this law?
a)
The law means that the position of a rock in the earth determines its composition.
b)
The law indicates that older rocks are deeper than younger rocks.
c)
The law shows that dinosaurs were the first reptiles.
d)
The law proves that evolution is true.
40.
Berta knows that sharks have been around for millions of years. She has found a fossil of a shark tooth while taking a core sample of the ocean floor. Assuming that the layers of sediment in the core sample were undisturbed, what is the best way to determine the age of the shark tooth fossil?
a)
Compare it to the teeth of modern sharks to see how different it is.
b)
Test the hardness of the fossil to determine how long it has been fossilizing.
c)
Examine the tooth's surface to study microscopic evidence of the fossil's age.
d)
Determine the age of the layer of sediment in which the fossil was found compared to other layers above and below it.
41.
Elena is asked to show her class evidence of changes to Earth’s surface over time. Which of the following natural processes provides evidence that Elena could use to show that Earth has changed over its geologic past?
a)
gravity
b)
weathering
c)
natural selection
d)
seasonal changes
42.
Brooke studies rock layers. She observes fossils and marks them on a sketch in her science notebook. Brooke concludes that the fossil in location A is the oldest. What law did she apply to make this determination?
a)
the law of cross-cutting relationships
b)
the law of original horizontality
c)
the law of superposition
d)
the law of gravity
43.
Two processes in the rock cycle are directly related to mountain building on Earth's surface. The diagram shows a mountain that formed over time. Based on the diagram, which statement describes how the two processes are related?
a)
Pools of magma beneath Earth's surface cool into solid rock that builds up over time.
b)
Rock formed beneath Earth's surface is pushed upward by slow uplift over time.
c)
Compaction and cementation bind rock sediments together to form tall layers.
d)
Weathering and erosion break down surface rock and pile it in new locations.
44.
Weathering and erosion are processes that constantly change Earth's surface. How do weathering and erosion differ?
a)
Weathering acts quickly. Erosion acts slowly
b)
Weathering acts underground. Erosion acts above ground.
c)
Weathering breaks down materials. Erosion moves materials.
d)
Weathering is caused by wind. Erosion is caused by water.
45.
Weathering is a process in the rock cycle. How does weathering contribute to the formation of rocks?
a)
It breaks down rock into smaller pieces that can become sedimentary rock.
b)
It increases the temperature and creates metamorphic rock
c)
It causes lava to cool and harden into igneous rock.
d)
It deposits sediment and forms sedimentary rock.
46.
Weathering and erosion are two processes that shape Earth's surface. Which of the following sets of factors causes both weathering and erosion?
a)
moving water, plants, wind
b)
glaciers, waves, wind
c)
acids, tree roots, waves
d)
acids, plants, ice
47.
A river starts as a steep channel in the mountains. It then leaves the mountains and enters a flatter area of land. It meanders across a plain. It then branches into smaller rivers. The smaller river then enters the ocean. At which point would the river described form a delta?
a)
when the river enters the ocean
b)
when the river leaves the mountains
c)
when the river meanders across a plain
d)
when the river branches into smaller rivers
48.
Although Florida has some hills, it does not have any true mountains. Why is this landform nonexistent in Florida?
a)
There is no weather extreme enough to carve out dramatic features.
b)
The coastal processes quickly wear down any mountains that have formed.
c)
The limestone on which Florida is formed is too soft to build up into mountains.
d)
There are no plate boundaries under Florida that would produce mountain-building forces.
49.
In some parts of the world, human activities are causing desertification. Some of these activities include overusing chemical fertilizers, not rotating crops, and using poor irrigation methods. Which statement describes one way desertification affects humans?
a)
It decreases the quality of drinking water.
b)
It increases the number of lakes and ponds.
c)
It reduces the amount of food crops that can be grown.
d)
It expands the amount of land available for grazing animals.
50.
Scientists measure the distance from the Milky Way galaxy to other galaxies in light-years. What makes this unit of measurement useful?
a)
Distances between galaxies in space are enormous.
b)
Stars within galaxies give off radiation that scientists can see.
c)
Objects in space are spreading apart at very high rates of speed.
d)
Sounds can travel quickly through space where there is no matter.
51.
A scientist describes an object in space made of billions of stars. It also contains dust and gas. She says that billions of these objects exist in the universe. What did the scientist describe?
a)
an asteroid belt
b)
a galaxy
c)
a nebula
d)
a solar sys
52.
When comparing objects in the universe, which of the following is smallest in size?
a)
Earth
b)
the Sun
c)
the Solar System
d)
the Milky Way Galaxy
53.
This diagram shows four of the planets of the solar system. The scale shows the distance from each planet to the Sun in astronomical units or light hours. A light hour is the distance light can travel in 1 hour. Based on the diagram, which statement is true?
a)
Uranus is 2.7 light hours away from Jupiter.
b)
Jupiter is 1.3 light hours away from the Sun.
c)
Saturn is about 9.5 astronomical units away from the Sun.
d)
Neptune is about 19.2 astronomical units away from Uranus.
54.
Marlee uses a telescope to observe a red star. What does its color tell her about the star?
a)
the star's age
b)
the star's surface temperature
c)
the star's distance from Earth
d)
the star's location relative to others
55.
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is used to classify stars according to temperature and brightness. Based on this diagram, which statement is true?
a)
Regulus is brighter and cooler than the Sun.
b)
The Sun is hotter and brighter than most stars.
c)
Vega is not as bright as the Sun, but it is hotter.
d)
Barnard's star is not as bright or as hot as the Sun.
56.
The sun is composed of several layers, each with a different set of characteristics, as illustrated in the drawing below. In which layer is the sun’s energy being produced by hydrogen fusion?
a)
photosphere
b)
convective zone
c)
radiative zone
d)
core
57.
Generally, a planet's surface temperature varies with its distance from the sun. The table shows the distances of several planets from the sun. Based on their distance from the sun which of the following planets should have the lowest surface temperature?
a)
Earth
b)
Mars
c)
Jupiter
d)
Saturn
58.
The table shows data about Earth and Jupiter. The numerical data is presented relative to Earth. Which statement best explains why the temperature on Earth is warmer than on Jupiter?
a)
Earth is closer to the Sun than Jupiter is.
b)
Earth has a higher density than Jupiter does.
c)
The length of a day is longer on Earth than on Jupiter.
d)
The atmosphere traps heat on Earth and does not on Jupiter.
59.
The various theories of the arrangement of the solar system have major differences. What is the main difference between the heliocentric view and the geocentric view of the solar system?
a)
The heliocentric view has the sun as the center of the solar system and the geocentric view has Earth as the center of the solar system.
b)
The heliocentric view has Earth as the center of the solar system and the geocentric view has the sun as the center of the solar system.
c)
The heliocentric view has Earth moving around the moon and the geocentric view has the sun moving around the moon.
d)
The heliocentric view has the sun moving around Earth and the geocentric view has Earth moving around the sun.
60.
Which force keeps the planets moving in their orbits around the Sun instead of flying off into space?
a)
Frictional force
b)
Electrical force
c)
Magnetic Force
d)
Gravitational Force
61.
Justin's class is studying how the sun, Earth, and the moon interact. He studies the illustration of Earth orbiting the sun shown below. Which aspect of the Earth/Sun system is shown here?
a)
eclipses
b)
day and night
c)
changes in seasons
d)
phases of the moon
62.
This diagram shows the Moon in four different positions throughout the month. In which two positions will high and low tides on Earth have the greatest difference in height?
a)
Positions 2 and 4
b)
Positions 1 and 3
c)
Positions 2 and 3
d)
Positions 1 and 2
63.

The United Nations (UN) reports that at least 50 percent of the world’s human population lives in cities, such as the one shown below. The UN estimates that by 2030 that number will jump to 60 percent, with nearly 2 billion new urban (city) residents.     

What major effect might this rapid urbanization have on the environment?

a)

People will have less time for recreational activities

b)

Erosion and deposition will increase due to higher skylines

c)

Building of cities spreads into natural areas leading to loss of valuable plants and animals

d)

Global warming will decrease because people will drive less often

64.

Deforestation occurs when large areas of trees are cut down. Which of the following impacts on the environment would result from deforestation?

a)

Increased erosion

b)

Colder temperatures

c)

Excess ground moisture

d)

Greater oxygen production

65.

In some parts of the world, human activities are causing desertification. Some of these activities include overusing chemical fertilizers, not rotating crops, and using poor irrigation methods.

Which statement describes one way desertification affects humans?

a)

It decreases the quality of drinking water

b)

It increases the number of lakes and ponds

c)

It reduces the amount of food crops that can be grown

d)

It expands the amount of land available for grazing animals

66.

Rachel is learning about electromagnetic radiation that comes from the sun. What types of electromagnetic radiation does the sun emit?

a)

Gamma rays and ultraviolet rays

b)

Ultraviolet radiation only

c)

infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation

d)

All types of electromagnetic radiation

67.

The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves is called radiation. Not all electromagnetic waves emit the same radiation. What determines the radiation that an electromagnetic wave emits?

a)

Its speed

b)

Its visibility

c)

Its amplitude

d)

Its wavelength

68.

The sand found along the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida originated in granite formed from slowly cooling magma in the Appalachian Mountains. When this sand is buried and compacted, it will become sandstone. The sandstone may be moved deeper underground where it will be subjected to heat and pressure to become quartzite. What is the rock cycle for this sequence of transformations?

a)

igneous rock -> metamorphic rock -> sedimentary rock

b)

metamorphic rock -> igneous rock -> sedimentary rock

c)

igneous rock -> sedimentary rock -> metamorphic rock

d)

metamorphic rock -> sedimentary rock-> igneous rock

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