WorksheetsEarth and Space Science Final Exam Review
Total questions: 140
Worksheet time: 1hrs 10mins
Igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath Earth’s crust are ____.
extrusive
intrusive
sedimentary
always magnetic
Intrusive igneous rocks form ____.
fine-grained rocks
when a molten mass of rocks cools quickly
on Earth's surface
coarse-grained rocks
Scientists classify rocks into 3 groups based on _______ .
how they are formed
what they are made of
what shape they are
What is the continuous changing and remaking of rocks called?
Compaction
Cementation
The Rock Cycle
Deposition
What are the three types of Sedimentary rock?
Clastic, Chemical, Inorganic
Plastic, Chemical, Organic
Clastic, Non-chemical, Organic
Clastic, Chemical, Organic
Where is metamorphic rock formed?
under Earth's surface and at the tectonic plates
only at the tectonic plates
in the Earth's mantle and at the tectonic plates
on top the the Earth's surface and at the tectonic plates
What type of rock changes because of heat and pressure?
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Clastic
What type of rock can become a sedimentary rock?
igneous rock
metamorphic rock
sedimentary rock
all of these
What mechanical layer is the crust and rigid upper part of the mantle?outer core
outer core
lithosphere
asthenosphere
inner core
Which layer is responsible for Earth's magnetic field?
crust
mantle
core
lithosphere
Which layer of the Earth experiences the highest temperatures?
mantle
inner core
outer core
crust
What is the compositional layer that is the thickest?
Crust
Core
Mesosphere
Mantle
What two elements is the core made of?
Nickel and Magnesium
Silicon and Iron
Iron and Nickel
Silicon and oxygen
Why is Earth's magnetic field important for life on Earth?
Protects Earth from hurricanes
Protects Earth from tornadoes
Protects Earth from harmful solar winds
Protects Earth from meteors
What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?
Oxygen
Iron
Nickel
Magnesium
Compositional layers are grouped based on their
physical attributes
position
mechanical make-up
Chemical make up
Which theory states that Earth’s crust and rigid upper mantle move in different directions and at different rates over Earth’s surface?
ridge push and slab pull
seafloor spreading
convergence
plate tectonics
Tectonic plates interact at places called plate ________ .
reversals
boundaries.
regions
subductions
Places where tectonic plates move apart are called __________ .
convergent boundaries.
transform boundaries.
subduction zones.
divergent boundaries.
Where are most divergent boundaries found?
on the seafloor
at formative boundaries
along coastlines
at subduction zones
What happens along a divergent boundary?
Continental mountain ranges form.
New ocean crust forms.
Oceanic plates are subducted into the mantle.
Ocean basins become smaller.
Places where tectonic plates come together are called _______ .
divergent boundaries.
convergent boundaries.
transformative boundaries.
rift valleys.
The San Andreas Fault, a result of horizontal shear, is a ____ fault.
reverse
normal
strike-slip
thrust
Pangaea was an ancient supercontinent made up of _______
South Africa, India, Australia, and South America.
the North America, Greenland, and Europe.
Antarctica, India, and South America.
all of Earth’s continents.
What is the pulling of oceanic crust under another crust?
Convection
Subduction
Convection
Transformation
Where do most volcanoes form?
in the middle of continents
at plate boundaries
in the center of ocean plates
When magma reaches Earth’s surface, it is called
a pyroclastic flow.
calderas
lava
Most volcanoes are located around the ______________.
Great Wall of China
Ring of Fire
Atlantic Ocean
Asia
The most common dissolved gases in magma
water vapor and carbon dioxide
water vapor and sulfur dioxide
water vapor and methane
water vapor and oxygen
A Mid Ocean Ridge would be found along a _________ plate boundary.
convergent
divergent
transform
Which of the following features forms when two oceanic plates converge?
magnetic reversal patterns
divergent boundaries
subduction zones
rift valleys
What is a positive aspect associated with volcanism?
Fertile Soil
Geothermal Energy
New Land
All of these
The most explosive volcanoes are
composite volcanoes.
caldera volcanoes.
shield volcanoes.
lava dome volcanoes
What is a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume?
stress
strength
intensity
power
Where do most of the world's earthquake activity occur?
Ring of Fire
United States
Japan
Atlantic Ocean
What is the FINAL STEP when trying to find the epicenter of an earthquake?
Plot all the circles from all the stations
Find the distance from the epicenter using lag time
Find the difference in lag time between the p-wave and s-wave
Find the point where all three circles intersect
How many stations do you need to find the epicenter of an earthquake?
four
six
three
two
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different seismic wave arrivals from first to last?
L waves, P waves, S waves
P waves, S waves, L waves
S waves, P waves, L waves
L wave, S waves, P waves
Based on the lag time below, choose which city is the CLOSEST to the epicenter.
Pottstown - 11 minutes lag time
King of Prussia - 8 minutes lag time
Phoenixville - 6 minutes lag time
Stowe - 12 minutes lag time
What is a large water wave caused by an earthquake?
Focus
Tsunami
P wave
S wave
Which best describes a fossils that helps determine the relative age of a rock layer?
index fossil
trace fossil
mold fossil
cast fossil
Which statement is true?
The oldest layers of rock and soil are closest to the surface of Earth
The youngest layers of rock and soil are farthest from the surface of Earth
Absolute age dating and relative age dating are two methods used by scientists to determine age of geologic evidence
The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its...
era
age
half-life
eon
How old is the Earth?
1.4 billion years
4.6 billion years
4.6 million years
1.4 million years
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fossil?
a petrified dinosaur bone
an insect stuck in amber
a seashell found on the beach
an imprint of a dinosaur
Which method of radiometric dating can date some of the oldest rocks on Earth?
potassium-argon dating
helium-hydrogen dating
radiocarbon dating
uranium-lead dating
What types of fossil forms when the organism is slowly formed by rock forming minerals?
Original Remains
Replaced Remains
Trace Fossils
Mold Fossils
Which process would be most effective in determining the age of fossils embedded in rock?
absolute dating
relative dating
use of index fossils
match dating
What is the record of life forms and geological events in Earth's history?
Geologic Time Scale
Radioactive Dating
Relative Dating
Law of Superposition
What did scientists use to develop the geologic time scale?
Minerals
Rock layers and fossils
Live animals and plants
Weather patterns
What is the largest division of the geologic time scale?
Era
Eon
Period
Epoch
Eons are subdivided into ________ .
Periods
Eras
Epochs
Ages
What is the order of the geologic time scale from longest to shortest?
Era, Eon, Period, Epoch
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch
Eon, Era, Epoch, Period
Eon, Period, Era, Epoch
What is the oldest and longest time period?
Paleozoic
Precambrian
Cenozoic
Cenozoic
Which era do scientist know the most about?
Paleozoic
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Precambrian
Eras are subdivided into _________ .
Eons
Epochs
Periods
Ages
What is the ancient geographic setting of an area called?
Geography
Paleogeography
Mesogeography
Pangea
What supercontinent broke up at the beginning of the Paleozoic Era?
Rodinia
Pangea
Nuna
Laurentia
What is it called when the continents move?
Plate Adjustment
Continental Drift
Plate Sliding
Land Drift
What is it called when there is no tectonic activity along the edge of a continent?
Active Margin
Passive Line
Passive Margin
Shallow Edge
What type of rock inticates that the shoreline was there?
Limestone
Slate
Shale
Sandstone
At the beginning of the Paleozoic Era what was the rapid diversification of a large number of organisms called?
Cambrian Explosion
Cambrian Eruption
Organism Blast
Paleozoic Blast
What does the term orogeny refer to?
Ocean levels rising
Mountain building
Ocean levels falling
Valleys being born
What was the dominant species in the Mesozoic Era?
Birds
Mammals
Dinosaurs
Flowering Plants
What was the dominant plant during the Mesozoic Era?
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Flowering Plants
Ferns
What are the three periods of the Mesozoic Era from oldest to youngest?
Jurassic, Cretaceous, Triassic
Triassic, Cretaceous, Jurassic
Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
During the Mesozoic Era, how was the Atlantic Ocean formed?
Rifting tectonic plates
Converging tectonic plates
Subduction of the tectonic plates
Transformative tectonic plates
What are the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs called?
Ornithischians
Saurischians
Pterosaurians
Ichthyosaurians
What are the "bird-hipped" dinosaurs called?
Pterosaurians
Ornithischians
Saurischians
Ichthyosaurians
When did modern humans appear on Earth?
200,000 Years Ago
10 Million Years Ago
65 Million Years Ago
200 Million Years Ago
The Cenozic Era is know as the Age of the ______________ .
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
What does Cenozoic literally mean?
New Life
Recent Life
Ancient Life
First Life
What is the dominate plant during the Cenozoic Era?
Flowering Plants
Gymnosperms
Conifers
Ferns
What is the scientific name for the Flowering Plants?
Gymnosperms
Flowerosperms
Angiosperms
Seedosperms
What epoch did humans appear in the geologic time scale?
Miocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Eocene
Beech, elm, chestnut, magnolia, and maple trees are all what type of plant?
Conifers
Flowering
Gymnosperms
Cone-bearing
What epoch is called the "Age of the Human"?
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Holocene
Miocene
What is all the materials that we use from nature?
Earth Objects
Natural Resources
Basis Items
Animal Parts
What are resources that can be replaced or never run out?
Non-renewable
Renewable
Alternate
Complete
What are good examples of renewable resources?
Solar energy
Wind energy
Biomass
All of these
What is a natural resource that cannot be replaced?
Renewable
Non-renewable
Affective
Non-affective
How long does it take to make fossil fuels?
Millions of years
25 years
Hundreds of years
least than a year
Where does the movement of the wind come from?
The Moon
The turning of the Earth
The Oceans
The Sun
How is hydroelectric power constantly renewed?
the water cycle
heat from the Earth's core
through the solar winds
the carbon cycle
What is the process by which used and discarded materials are treated for reuse?
Changing
Recycling
Reducing
Absorbing
What is the main reason for the human negative impact on the Earth's natural resources?
Human over population
Recycling
Farming
Mining
What are some of the natural resources that are affected by humans?
Food
Water
Energy
All of these
Ways that humans adversely influences ecosystems are population growth, advancing technology, and ________ .
Recycling
Over consumption
Reusing
Farming
What causes greenhouse gases?
riding a bike
humans breathing
recycling
burning fossil fuels
What are species that are threatened to extinction?
Limited species
Broken species
Endangered species
Mobile species
These are all invasive species for Pennsylvania except.
Japanese beetle
Spotted lantern fly
White tail deer
Snakehead fish
Ecosystems will have the greater chance of maintaining equilibium over a long period of time if it has?
organisms that are imported by humans
a sudden change in climate
predators eliminated from the food chains
a diversity of organisms
What are resources that will eventually run out?
Finite Resources
Infinite Resources
Closed Resources
Interrelationship Resources
What is an ecological population?
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
part of earth in which life exists
community along with the non-living parts of the environment
area where an organism lives
What is an ecological community?
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
part of earth in which life exists
different populations living together
Group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms
What is an ecological ecosystem?
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
different populations living together
part of earth in which life exists
community along with the non-living parts of the environment
In ecology what does the term abiotic mean?
living factor
nonliving factor
area where an organism lives
role that an organism plays in the environment
In ecology what is a niche?
role that an organism plays in the environment
the role of nonliving things in the environment
living factor in the environment
area where an organism lives
In ecology what is a habitat?
living factor
area where an organism lives
nonliving factor
role that an organism plays in the environment
What is a herbivore?
a heterotroph that eats meat
a heterotroph that eats plants
a heterotroph that breaks down another organism to get nutrients
an organism that uses sunlight to make its own energy
In a food web the arrows point in the direction where the __________ .
organisms is eating.
larger organism is.
smaller organism is.
matter and energy is going.
What is an autotroph?
an organism that has to get its energy from another organism
an organism that has to get its energy from dead organisms
an organism that uses sunlight to make its own energy
an organism that has to get its energy from another organism in water
Who decides what the size of an ecosystem is?
the animals
the observer
the plants
the plants and animals
Example of abiotic factors of an ecosystem.
rocks
temperature
light
all of these
What is an ecological biosphere?
different populations living together
all parts of Earth in which life exists
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
community along with the non-living parts of the environment
What is the average temperature and rain of a particular place over a 30 year period?
Weather
Climate
Precipitation
Condensation
What is transpiration?
when plants give off water vapor
when water vapor comes together to form clouds
the changing from liquid water to a gas
when water is released out of clouds
What cycle goes from evaporation and transpiration to condensation then precipitation?
Carbon cycle
Water cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Oxygen cycle
What cycle goes from photosynthesis and respiration and back again?
Carbon cycle
Water cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Oxygen cycle
In ecology, what is competition?
Attacking each other
Species trying to obtain the same food, shelter, or mate.
The quickest at moving
The fastest runner
What is an ecological biosphere?
different populations living together
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
community along with the non-living parts of the environment
part of earth in which life exists
What is an aquatic biome?
only plants that live most of their lives in the water
plants and animals that live most of their lives in the water
only animals that live most of their lives in the water
the abiotic parts of an under water environment
What are the two categories of the aquatic biome?
Abiotic and Biotic
Freshwater and Abiotic
Freshwater and Marine
Marine and Abiotic
What are the stationary bodies of freshwater?
Estuaries and Oceans
Lakes and Ponds
Rivers and Streams
Mangroves and Oceans
What are the transition zone between the river and the sea?
Estuaries
Wetlands
Mangroves
Ponds
Scientists estimate that ______ percent of all marine species live in and around coral reefs.
75
50
25
5
What are short-tailed members of the crustacean order decapoda?
Octopuses
Seahorses
Seals
Crabs
What are the small marine fish in the genus Hippocampus?
Crabs
Octopuses
Seahorses
Seals
What percentage of the Earth is the aquatic biome?
25%
50%
75%
90%
What biome is all of Pennsylvania (where we live)?
Chaparral
Grassland
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tiaga
What is the world's largest land biome?
Grassland
Tundra
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tiaga
Which biome is called "The Bread Basket of the World"?
Grassland
Tundra
Tropical Rainforest
Tiaga
Which two biomes are found on every continent?
Grassland and Taiga
Tundra and Desert
Grasslands and Desert
Grasslands and Tropical Rainforest
What is permanently frozen soil called?
Permafrost
Fro-zo
Mulch
Soilfrost
What biome is the driest biome on Earth?
Chaparral
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Desert
Taiga
Which biome is known by these names; Prairie, Steppe, Pampas, Veldt, and Savanna?
Chaparral
Desert
Tropical Rainforest
Grasslands
During ecological succession what is the end community like a mature forest called?
Finished community
Climax community
End community
Stable community
What is the progress of change in a species structure of an ecological community over time?
Ecological Mixture
Ecological Succession
Ecological Movement
Ecological Habitation
What type of succession happens when a new patch of land is created for the first time?
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary
Quandary
What type of succession happens when a climax or intermedieate community is restarted by a disturbance like a forest fire?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quandary
Where does the plants come from during ecological succession?
the rain
by chance
the dew
seed dispersal
Which factor does not influence the rate of ecological succession?
Soil fertility
Human intervention
Temperature
Moon phases
A typical order of Primary Succession of plants in a ecosystem is _________ .
trees, shrubs, grasses, lichen
lichen, grasses, shrubs, trees
trees, grasses, lichen, shrubs
lichen, trees, shrubs, grasses,
Evolutionary ecology studies the relationship between ______.
weather and climate
ecology and evolution
chemistry and physics
rocks and minerals
Evolutionary ecology focuses on ______.
only plants
only animals
only genetics
survival and reproduction
A genotype is an organism’s ______.
environment
genetic makeup
behavior
physical appearance
Alleles are ______.
body organs
ecosystems
versions of a gene
chromosomes
A phenotype is an organism’s ______.
inherited mutation
blood type only
genetic code only
observable traits
Evolutionary fitness refers to an organism’s ability to better ______.
survive and reproduce
run fast
fight predators
grow larger
Which term means the variety of life in an ecosystem?
Adaptation
Population
Biodiversity
Evolution
