Speeds up a reaction

the random molecular motion

in what reaction will the reactants contain less free energy than the products

what type of energy is the energy that is available in a system to do work?

the loss of an electron by a molecule

what law states that

-energy can be converted

-the total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved

-energy can be transferred from place to place or transformed in different forms, it cannot be created or destroyed

What describes the concept of energy flow?

all the chemical reactions that take place within the cell is called

-require energy

-building polymers

-synthesis

-produce energy

-breaking down polymers

-degradation

What is this?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -----> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter

what is the term for matter relevant to a particular case of energy transfer

(ex. stove, pot, water)

what is the term for everything outside to that matter?

What type of system states that energy can be exchanged with its surrounding (stove top)?

what type of system cannot exchange energy with its surroundings?

the ability to do work

What law states that energy will always be lost as heat as energy transfers?

disorder within a system

energy of motion

energy of position

-aerobic

-takes place in the mitochondria

-produces 2 ATPs, NADH, FADH₂

-acetyl-coenzyme A

-aerobic

-takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria

-32-34 ATPs

What is the process called when energy-depleted elements associated with a proton are accepted by an organic molecule?

what is the end product of glycolysis?

stacks of thylakoids are called

6CO₂ + 6H₂O -----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

makes their own food

uses sunlight and carbon

food from other organisms

requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water

chloroplast

stacked, disk-shaped structure that contains chlorophyll- pigment responsible for photosynthesis

-thylakoid membrane

-chlorophyll absorbs energy

-releases oxygen

-energy drives both the capture of carbon in carbon dioxide

-give green color

-absorbs wavelength from either end of light spectrum (green is reflected)

-absorbs blue and red

-orange, carotenoids

the light-dependent reaction begins in a group of molecules and proteins called

-exit in membranes of thylakoids

packet of energy

two carriers of energy are

reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reaction to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules is called

catalyze the fixative reaction

cell's complete complement of DNA

in prokaryotes, the region in the cell containing the genetic material

how many chromosomes do humans have?

sex cells are

what type of cell is a somatic cell

two matched sets of chromosomes

what letter is used to represent a single set of chromosomes?

what number and letter is used to represent a diploid organism

another word for sex cells is

half the number of chromosomes is called

matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism

-nucleotide segments

-the functional units of chromosomes

what is the name of the location of a gene

different forms of a characteristic is called

The cell grows and DNA is replicated
- Chromosomes are not visible
- chromatin is found in the nucleus
- the nucleus begins to fade from view
- cytokinesis is complete
- the organization phase
- occurs when the cell is preparing to divide
- characterized by non-dividing cells

First gap the cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA. Also first checkpoint, the restriction point- determines if all conditions are favorable for cell division, and checks for damage to genome DNA

- Synthesis phase
- DNA replicates

Second gap, the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes the proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation (chromosomal replication). 2nd checkpoint- bars the entry to the miotic phase if certain conditions are not met. Ensures that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged

what are the phases that occur during mitosis

- chromosomes condense and become visible
- Spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes (Spindles are formed)
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
- centrosomes move toward opposite poles
- Nuclear membrane fades from view
- chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

- Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell
- Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite side
- last phase that chromatids are together

- centromeres split in two
- sister chromatids are moving together
- cytokinesis begins
- centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles

- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
- Nucleolus reappears
- nuclear membrane reappears (forms around the chromosomes)
- cleavage furrow forms
- two new daughter cells are formed
- cytoplasm is being divided
- animal cells begin to pinch in
- chromosomes become invisible
- cell plate is complete
- reverse of prophase

second part of the miotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic into two daughter cells

what are the names for the checkpoints during the phases?

occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of mitosis
- known as the spindle checkpoint
- determines if all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

normal genes are called

genes that cause a cell to become cancerous

genes that code for the negative regulator proteins

cell division process of prokaryotes

the starting point of replication

what is formed between the nucleoids from the periphery towards the center of the cell

the sister chromatids are moving apart

the nucleolus begins to fade from view

a new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes

the cytoplasm of the cell is being divided

the chromosomes become invisible

the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell

the nuclear membrane begins to fade from view

the division (cleavage) furrow appears (for animals)

the chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell

chromatids line up along the equator

the spindle is formed

chromosomes are not visible

cytokinesis is completed

the cell plate is completed (for plants)

chromosomes are replicated

the reverse of prophase

the organization phase

cells A and F show an early stage of the same phase of the cell cycle.

what phase is it?

which cell is in metaphase?

list the diagrams in order from first to last in the cell cycle

in cell A, what structure is labeled X?