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WorksheetsUNIT 4 overview
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 41mins
What are the three parts of signal transduction pathway?
reception, transduction, response
confirmation, transduction, transcription
reception, amplification, transcription
confirmation, amplification, response
Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?
secondary messengers
protein modification
phosphorylation cascade
ligands
Describe what occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor.
confirmation change in shape of receptor
phosphorylation of ligand
ligand passes through the membrane
receptor binds additional ligands
Which of the following is NOT a response by the cell from a signal transduction pathway?
cell growth
gene expression
secretion of molecules
all of the above are responses
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the cell cycle?
interphase
cytokinesis
mitosis
apoptosis
Which of the following is the stage where the cell no longer divides?
G0
G1
G2
S
Which of the following describes the order of the steps in mitosis?
metaphase, telophase, anaphase, prophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.
cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase
cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed
cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized
cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication
Mitosis results in...
2 identical diploid cells
4 unique diploid cells
2 unique haploid cells
4 identical haploid cells
Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -
gap junctions
thylakoids
stomata
plasmodesmata
Glucagon causes the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose for cells. What conditions would trigger the release of glucagon?
High blood sugar
Low blood pH
High heart rate
Low cellular ATP concentration
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
What would happen is protein phosphatases were defective?
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
Which type of feedback loop would mammals use to maintain a constant body temperature or say 124.6 C?
Homeostatic
Postive
Negative
Isotonic
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
Which of these is a common type of final response in a signal transduction pathway?
Activation of a G-protein receptor
Transcription of a desired mRNA sequence
Formation of cAMP
Phosphorylation cascade
A mutation in a cell membrane receptor would most likely have what effect on a signal transduction pathway?
Reduce the response of the pathway
An alternative response will be expressed
Increase ligand binding
Increase ligand release from the effector cell
A person with an insulin deficiency would have trouble regulating what condition in their body?
Blood calcium
Blood pH
Blood sugar
Blood temperature
Glucagon causes the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose for cells. What conditions would trigger the release of glucagon?
High blood sugar
Low blood pH
High heart rate
Low cellular ATP concentration
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?
All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released
A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected
A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response
Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene
Secondary messengers that can activate or deactivate enzymes in a cell are typically part of which step of cell signaling?
Reception
Transduction
Response
Why do mutations in receptor proteins affect cell signaling?
The receptor needs the proper sequence of amino acids to interact with the cell membrane
The receptor needs a specific shape to bind to it's ligand
The receptor must have the right polarity to interact with it's ligand
All of the above
Which of these cellular components are most directly involved with density dependent inhibition in the cell cycle?
Membrane proteins
Spindle fibers
Nucleus
Centrioles
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
When we are dehydrated, ADH is released which causes more water to be absorbed into our bloodstream. What type of feedback does this represent?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Insulin lowering blood sugar
Immune cells releasing inflammatory cytokines
Breathing faster to release excess CO2
Shivering to increase blood temperature
How is negative feedback different from positive feedback?
Negative feedback harms the body
Negative feedback works to reverse a change in a system
Negative feedback is rarer than positive
Negative feedback is slower than positive feedback
What important event happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle?
The mitotic spindle forms
The nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA replication
Sister chromatids separate
After metaphase what phase occurs next in mitosis?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
How much DNA should a daughter cell at the end of cytokinesis have when compared to the original parent cell?
Half the amount
The exact same amount
Double the amount
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Evenly divide the cytoplasm of the cell
Creating an exact copy of a cell's genetic material
Protect an organism from mutations
Ensure genetic material is properly transferred to daughter cells
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the greatest amount of time in?
S phase
Interphase
M-phase
Cytokinesis
Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle will most likely lead to what disease?
Cancer
Apoptosis
Meiosis
Diabetes
How are cyclins and CDKs involved with the cell cycle?
Cyclins stop the cell cycle from proceeding
Cyclins and CDKs make up a protein ring used to perform cytokinesis
Cyclins activate CDKs, which perform the work of cell division
CDKs are secreted from cells to trigger division in neighboring cells
The order of events involved with signal transduction in cells is
stimulus - response - signal transduction
reception - stimulus - response
reception - signal transduction - response
transduction - reception - stimulus
Signal transduction is best defined as
carrying a signal from outside a cell to the inside of that cell
a detectable change in a cell's environment
transmission of an electrical signal across a synapse
gene expression in response to active transcription factors in the nucleus
Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?
secondary messengers
protein modification
phosphorylation cascade
ligands
DNA is replicated during ______ of the cell cycle.
Gap 1
Synthesis (S phase)
Gap 2
Gap 0
In prophase of mitosis, chromosomes
form and the nuclear envelope disappears.
are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.
chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
chromosomes begin to decondense and the two new nuclei begin to form.
After mitosis, the cytoplasm and organelles are divided between the two new forming cells in a process called
centriole
chromatin
cytokinesis
centromere
The cell cycle is regulated by this
cyclins
stem cells
cyclin-dependent kinases
both cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
A disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth.
growth factor
human growth hormone
cancer
tumor
Proteins that direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle.
growth factor
human growth hormone
cancer
tumor
Cyclin is a family of proteins that regulates what?
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cell Cycle
Interphase
What is shown here?
DNA
Nucleosome
Chromosome
Sister chromatids
What is shown here?
Sister Chromatids
Chromatid
Chromosome
Chromatin
What is shown here?
Chomatin Sisters
Chromatin
Chromosome
Sister chromatids
Match the following cell cycle stages to what they do
Resting Phase (G0)
the cell has left the cell cycle and has stopped dividing
Interphase Phase (G1,S,G2)
Cell grows and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles
Mitotic (M) Phase
Replications of chromosomes and organelles, and cytoplasm separate into 2 new daughter cells.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitotic (M) Phase
Which of the following are true about p53?
Is the main regulating tumor supressor in G2 check point
p53 can repair DNA damage
p53 can trigger apoptosis
mutations/dysfunction of p53 lets cells with damaged DNA continue through the cell cycle --> causing cancer
Which of the following are key classes of regulatory molecules?
Cyclins
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs)
Kinesin
IL-Alpha
Prophase
Interphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Anaphase
Cytonkinesis
Interphase
Prophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Metaphase
Cytokinesis
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Identify letter "a" in the image.
prophase
G1
interphase
telophase
What pulls the chromosomes apart?
Spinner wheels
Spiral windows
Spindle fibers
Spiral fibers
Identify the following stage of the life cycle of the cell in the picture.
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Identify the following stage of the life cycle of the cell in the picture.
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
What stage of mitosis is depicted here
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What phase of Mitosis is the picture showing?
Interphase
Prophase
Telophase
Metaphase
Check the two correct boxes:
Plant Cell - cell plate; Animal Cell - cleavage furrow
Plant Cell - cleavage furrow; Animal Cell - cell plate
PMAT helps us remember the correct order of the phases of Mitosis. Which of the following has the phases of Mitosis in the correct Order
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase
Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase, Telophase
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the correct order of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Cytokinesis, Mitosis
Interphase, Mphase
Cytokinesis, Mitosis, Interphase
Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
