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History of Life: Phylogenetics and Intro to Diversity of Life

Total questions: 80

Worksheet time: 54mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The study of ancestor and descendant relationships...

(a)  

2.

The study of evolutionary history, the relationship of organisms or groups, and groups of organisms

(a)  

3.

A visual representation of phylogeny

Is a visual HYPOTHESIS

Has roots (outgroups) and unrooted groups

(a)  

4.

What is a root on a phylogenetic tree?

a)
The organism with the least descendants on the tree
b)
The common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree
c)
The organism that evolved last on the tree
d)
The organism with the most descendants on the tree
e)
The most recent organism added to the tree
5.

What is a branch on a phylogenetic tree?

a)
A type of fruit that grows on a tree
b)
A tool used for cutting wood
c)
A type of bird that lives in the forest
d)
A representation of the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups of organisms.
e)
A mathematical equation used in biology
6.

What is a sister taxa on a phylogenetic tree?

a)
Two taxa that are from the same species
b)
Two taxa that are from different kingdoms
c)
Two taxa that are not related at all
d)
Two taxa that are each other's closest relatives
e)
Two taxa that are from different phyla
7.

What is a basal taxa on a phylogenetic tree?

a)
A term used in computer programming
b)
The earliest diverging group or lineage in the tree
c)
A taxonomic category for plants only
d)
A type of leaf found at the base of the tree
e)
The most recent diverging group or lineage in the tree
8.

What does it mean to be polytomic on a phylogenetic tree?

a)
Referring to the color of the branches on the tree
b)
Having a node with more than two descendant branches
c)
Having a node with only one descendant branch
d)
Referring to the age of the tree
e)
Indicating the size of the leaves on the tree
9.

What are some limitations to a phylogenetic tree?

a)

Ancestral groups can still thrive

b)

Orders of traits are informative

c)

Close proximity does not equal look alike

d)

Branches are not time scaled

e)
Incomplete data, horizontal gene transfer, and convergent evolution
10.

Organize life based on evolutionary relatedness

(a)  

11.

An internationally/universally recognized way to organize organisms through unique and stable methods

(a)  

12.

Related Organisms

(a)  

13.

Who was the founder of the hierarchical system, binomial nomenclature, and scientific naming?

a)
Charles Darwin
b)
Isaac Newton
c)
Carl Linnaeus
d)
Gregor Mendel
e)

De Lemarck

14.

List the Hierarchical Classification System in Order:

a)
Genus, Family, Species, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
b)
Phylum, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
c)
Family, Genus, Species, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
d)
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
e)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

15.

What are some domains in taxonomy?

a)
Mammals, Reptiles, Birds
b)
Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Amphibians
c)
Plants, Animals, Rocks
d)
Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
e)
Fungi, Protists, Viruses
16.

What are some kingdoms in taxonomy?

a)
Apple, Orange, Banana, Grape
b)
Math, Science, History, English
c)
Europe, Asia, Africa, America
d)
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria
e)
Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia
17.

Why do we study phylogeny?

a)
To learn about the weather patterns of different regions
b)
To explore the geological history of the Earth
c)
To understand the social behavior of different animals
d)
To understand the evolutionary relationships between different species.
e)
To study the chemical composition of different species
18.

What is cladistics in phylogeny?

a)
A method of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics
b)
A method of classifying organisms based on their age
c)
A method of classifying organisms based on their habitat
d)
A method of classifying organisms based on their color
e)
A method of classifying organisms based on their size
19.

What is a Clade in phylogenetics?

a)
A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants
b)

Is polyphyletic

c)
A unit of measurement for distance
d)

Is paraphyletic

e)

Is often monophyletic

20.

What is the difference between monophyletic and paraphyletic?

a)
Monophyletic includes only mammals, while paraphyletic includes only reptiles.
b)
Monophyletic includes all birds, while paraphyletic includes all fish.
c)
Monophyletic includes all plants, while paraphyletic includes all fungi.
d)
Monophyletic includes all invertebrates, while paraphyletic includes all vertebrates.
e)
Monophyletic includes all descendants, while paraphyletic includes some but not all descendants.
21.

What is the difference between paraphyletic and polyphyletic?

a)
Paraphyletic groups include only mammals, while polyphyletic groups include only reptiles
b)
Paraphyletic groups include some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor, while polyphyletic groups do not include the most recent common ancestor of all members.
c)
Paraphyletic groups include all descendants of a common ancestor, while polyphyletic groups do not include any descendants
d)
Paraphyletic groups include all descendants of a common ancestor, while polyphyletic groups include some, but not all, descendants
e)
Paraphyletic groups do not include the most recent common ancestor of all members, while polyphyletic groups do include the most recent common ancestor
22.

What does it mean to be paraphyletic?

a)
A group of organisms that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor
b)
A group of organisms that only includes plants
c)
A group of organisms that are not related to each other
d)
A group of organisms that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor
e)
A group of organisms that only includes animals
23.

What does it mean to be polyphyletic?

a)
A type of weather phenomenon
b)
A group that does not share a common ancestor
c)
A type of plant species
d)
A group that shares a common ancestor
e)
A musical instrument
24.

What are some examples of paraphyletics?

a)
Mammals, birds, and amphibians
b)
Plants, fungi, and bacteria
c)
Reptiles, fish, and invertebrates
d)
Dinosaurs, mammals, and birds
e)
Insects, mammals, and birds
25.

What are some examples of polyphyletics?

a)
Mammals and reptiles
b)
Birds and fish
c)
Insects and arachnids
d)
Reptiles and amphibians
e)
Flying vertebrates and aquatic mammals
26.

What does it mean to be plesiomorphic?

a)
Having ancestral characteristics or traits
b)
Having unique and distinct characteristics
c)
Being a hybrid of two different species
d)
Having evolved from a common ancestor
e)
Having undergone rapid genetic mutations
27.

What does it mean to be synapomorphic?

a)
Having characteristics that are shared with a distant ancestor
b)
Having characteristics that are not shared with a common ancestor
c)
Having only one derived characteristic with a common ancestor
d)
Having shared derived characteristics with a common ancestor
e)
Having no characteristics in common with a common ancestor
28.

What are some examples of plesiomorphs?

a)
Feathers in birds, fins in fish, and fur in reptiles
b)
Scales in birds, feathers in mammals, and fins in reptiles
c)
Gills in fish, fur in mammals, and scales in reptiles
d)
Gills in mammals, feathers in birds, and fins in reptiles
e)
Fur in birds, scales in fish, and feathers in reptiles
29.

What are some examples of synapomorphs? (Is dependent on reference!)

a)
Scales in reptiles
b)
Fins in fish
c)
Wings in insects
d)
Leaves in plants
e)
Feathers in birds, hair in mammals, and the presence of a backbone in vertebrates
30.

What does it mean to be parsimonious in phylogenetics?

a)
Preferring the most complicated explanation with the most evolutionary changes
b)
Preferring the simplest explanation that requires the fewest evolutionary changes
c)
Preferring the middle ground explanation with an average number of evolutionary changes
d)
Preferring the explanation that is most controversial among scientists
e)
Preferring the explanation that is most popular among scientists
31.

List some characteristics or features of ANIMALS:

4 lines
32.

What is Radial symmetry in biology?

a)
Arrangement of parts in a checkerboard pattern
b)
Arrangement of parts in a random pattern
c)
Arrangement of parts in a spiral shape
d)
Arrangement of similar parts around a central axis
e)
Arrangement of parts in a straight line
33.

What is Bilateral Symmetry in biology?

a)
Arrangement of body parts in four equal halves
b)
Arrangement of body parts in two equal halves on either side of a central plane
c)
Arrangement of body parts in a random pattern
d)
Arrangement of body parts in three equal halves
e)
Arrangement of body parts in a single half
34.

What are some directional terms in bilateral symmetry in biology?

a)

Cranial (head)

b)

Caudal (tail)

c)

Dorsal (back) and Ventral (belly)

d)

Proximal (closer to point) and Distal (further from point)

e)

Medial (midline) and Lateral

35.

What are the planes of symmetry for bilateral symmetry in biology?

a)
Sagittal plane and transverse plane
b)
Vertical plane and diagonal plane
c)
Oblique plane and perpendicular plane
d)
Longitudinal plane and lateral plane
e)
Frontal plane and horizontal plane
36.

What does it mean to be a Acoelomate in biology?

a)
Has a body cavity
b)
Is a type of plant
c)
Lacks a body cavity
d)
Can fly
e)
Is a type of fish
37.

What does it mean to be a Pseudocoelomate in biology?

a)
An organism with a body cavity lined with ectoderm.
b)
An organism with a body cavity lined with endoderm.
c)
An organism with no body cavity.
d)
An organism with a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.
e)
An organism with a body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm.
38.

What does it mean to be a Eucoelomate in biology?

a)
Organism with a false coelom
b)

Organism with a true coelom or body cavity

c)
Organism with an exo-coelom
d)
Organism with no coelom
e)
Organism with a semi-coelom
39.

How are protostomes different from deuerostomes in embryonic development?

a)

They form the mouth first then the anus

b)

They form the anus first before the mouth

c)

They are formed from a spiral and determinate cleavage pattern

d)

The nerve cord is hollow

e)

The nerve cord is solid and ventral

40.

What are some examples of deuterostomes?

a)
Insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
b)
Plants, fungi, and protists
c)
Mollusks, annelids, and nematodes
d)
Vertebrates, echinoderms, and hemichordates
e)
Amphibians, reptiles, and birds
41.

What are some examples of protostomes?

a)
Birds, reptiles, and amphibians
b)
Arachnids, crustaceans, and echinoderms
c)
Fungi, algae, and lichens
d)
Insects, mollusks, and annelids
e)
Mammals, fish, and amphibians
42.

What does it mean to have an incomplete digestive system?

a)

They typically have ONE opening

b)

They typically have TWO openings

c)

They typically have a vascular nutrient transport system

d)

Their transport system is in congress with the cardiovascular system

e)

You have no digestive system

43.

What are characteristics of a Complete Digestive System?

a)

Vascular nutrient system

b)

One opening

c)

Nutrient transport system is in congress with cardiovascular system

d)

A tube within a tube

e)

Two openings

44.

The study of the fossil record and inferring life, climate, and environment from historical evidence

(a)  

45.

What is the Law of Superimposition in paleontology?

a)
The Law of Superimposition states that in any sequence of undisturbed strata, the youngest layer is at the bottom and the oldest layer is at the top.
b)
The Law of Superimposition is a theory that suggests fossils can be found in any layer of rock, regardless of its age.
c)
The Law of Superimposition states that in any sequence of undisturbed strata, the layers are randomly arranged with no specific order.
d)
The Law of Superimposition is a concept that claims the age of rock layers cannot be determined based on their position.
e)
The Law of Superimposition states that in any sequence of undisturbed strata, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest layer is at the top.
46.

What is continental drift?

Examples:

Pangaea - 252 mya

Laurasia and Gondwana - 135 mya

Current Continents - 66 mya

a)
The rotation of the Earth on its axis.
b)
The expansion of the Earth's atmosphere.
c)
The shifting of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust.
d)
The movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other.
e)
The movement of the Moon around the Earth.
47.

What are the four eons?

a)

Hadean

b)

Archaean

c)

Paleozoic

d)

Proterozoic

e)

Phanerozoic

48.

What are the four eras??

a)

Neo-Proterozoic

b)

Proterozoic

c)

Paleozoic

d)

Mesozoic

e)

Cenozoic

49.

What creates a geologic time boundary?

a)
The size of the mountains
b)

Catastrophic change

c)
The temperature of the Earth
d)
The number of fossils found
e)

Extinction Level Events

50.

The Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic Eons are best known for...

a)
invention of the wheel, discovery of fire, and development of agriculture
b)
formation of the Earth's crust, development of early life forms, and rise of oxygen in the atmosphere
c)
invention of writing, construction of pyramids, and development of mathematics
d)
formation of the moon, extinction of dinosaurs, and rise of mammals
e)
discovery of electricity, industrial revolution, and space exploration
51.

What eon is best known for the proliferation (diversity) of life?

a)
Paleozoic eon
b)
Phanerozoic eon
c)
Cenozoic eon
d)
Mesozoic eon
e)
Proterozoic eon
52.

The phanerozoic eon contains what eras?

a)
Jurassic, Triassic, and Cretaceous
b)
Precambrian, Archean, and Proterozoic
c)
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
d)
Neogene, Paleogene, and Quaternary
e)
Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
53.

Roughly, what time did the Earth form?

a)
1 million years ago
b)
4.5 billion years ago
c)
100 million years ago
d)
1000 years ago
e)
10,000 years ago
54.

During what eon did the first single-celled organism originate? (Hint: 3.5 bya)

a)
Archean eon
b)
Proterozoic eon
c)
Cenozoic eon
d)
Paleozoic eon
e)
Jurassic eon
55.

What eon did the oxygen revolution occur (2.7 bya) which was caused by cyanobacteria increasing photosynthesis?

a)
Mesozoic Eon
b)
Paleozoic Eon
c)
Proterozoic Eon
d)

Archaean Eon

e)
Jurassic Eon
56.

What eon did the first unicellular Eukaryotes arise (1.8 bya)?

It is also believed that endosymbiosis, the intake of mitochondria and chloroplasts, also occured during this period

a)
Paleozoic Era
b)

Archaean Eon

c)
Cenozoic Era
d)
Proterozoic Eon
e)
Mesozoic Era
57.

What eon saw the introduction of multicellular organisms (1.3 bya), sexual reproduction (1.2 bya), and protist diversification (1.0 bya)?

a)

Archaean eon

b)
Cenozoic eon
c)
Mesozoic eon
d)
Paleozoic eon
e)
Proterozoic eon
58.

What types of multicellular organisms were most prevalent during the Proterozoic Eon?

a)
Insects and reptiles
b)
Dinosaurs and mammals
c)
Flowering plants and trees
d)
Birds and amphibians
e)

Algae, sponges, and simple animals like cnidarians

59.

Define the Cambrian Explosion (535 mya)...

a)
Gradual disappearance of diverse animal fossils in the fossil record during the Cambrian period
b)
Sudden appearance of diverse plant fossils in the fossil record during the Cambrian period
c)
Rapid evolution of single-celled organisms during the Cambrian period
d)
Extinction of all life forms during the Cambrian period
e)
Sudden appearance of diverse animal fossils in the fossil record during the Cambrian period
60.

What was introduced during the Cambrian explosion that dramatically changed the course of evolution?

a)

The introduction of soft-bodied organisms

b)

The introduction of present-day phyla

c)

The introduction of larger species

d)

The introduction of prey

e)

The introduction of predators

61.

What eon did the cambrian explosion occur?

a)
Mesozoic eon
b)

Proterozoic eon

c)
Phanerozoic eon
d)

Archaean eon

e)
Cenozoic eon
62.

What major event also occurred during the Phanerozoic eon?

a)
Invention of the wheel
b)
Colonization of Mars
c)

Land colonization

d)
Extinction of all life
e)
Diversification of life
63.

What are some characteristics or events of the Cambrian period (541 mya)?

a)

Land colonization

b)

Marine algae flourish

c)

Adaptive radiation of all life

d)

The first invertebrates arise

e)

The first chordates arise

64.

What are some characteristics of the Ordovician (485 mya)?

a)

Jawed fish arrive

b)

Jawless fish arrive

c)

Nonvascular plants arrive

d)

First chordates

e)

Colonization of land

65.

What are some characteristics of the Silurian (444 mya)?

a)

Marine Algae flourish

b)

Nonvascular plants appear

c)

Seedless vascular plants arrive (Tree ferns and horsetails)

d)

Jawed fish appear

e)

Jawless fish appear

66.

What are some characteristics of the Devonian Period (419 mya)?

a)

Large insects and signs of flight appear

b)

First insects and amphibians appear in fossil record

c)

First reptiles appear

d)

Amphibians decline

e)

Known as the age of fish

67.

What are some characteristics of the Carboniferous period (359 mya)?

a)

Large insects and flight appear

b)

Reptiles diversify

c)

Known as the age of amphibians

d)

Known as the age of fish

e)

First reptiles appear

68.

What are some characteristics of the Permian period (299 mya)?

a)

Gymnosperms diversify (non-flowering trees)

b)

Flowering plants diversify

c)

Reptiles begin to diversify rapidly

d)

First mammals appear

e)

Amphibians start to decline

69.

What is the Mesozoic Era known for (252 mya - 66 mya)?

a)
Dominance of dinosaurs and the rise of mammals and birds
b)
The Mesozoic Era is known for the absence of any significant life forms
c)
The Mesozoic Era is known for the dominance of insects and arachnids
d)
The Mesozoic Era is known for the rise of reptiles and amphibians
e)
The Mesozoic Era is known for the extinction of all life forms
70.

What are some characteristics of the Triassic period (252 - 201 mya)?

a)

First mammals and dinosaurs appear

b)

Birds appear

c)

Corals and molluscs dominate oceans

d)

Gymnosperms dominante

e)

Flowering plants appear

71.

What are some characteristics of the Jurassic period (201 - 145 mya)?

a)

Flowering plants dominate

b)

Mammals dominate

c)

Dinosaurs dominate

d)

Birds Appear

e)

Flowering plants appear

72.

What is the Cretaceous period known for (145 - 66 mya)?

a)

Mammals dominate

b)

Flowering plants dominate

c)

Modern insects appear

d)

Amphibians dominate

e)

Placental mammals appear

73.

What is the Cenozoic Era (65 mya) best known for?

a)
Rise of reptiles dominance
b)
Diversification of mammals, birds, and pollinating insects
c)
Introduction of advanced technology
d)
Extinction of all life forms
e)
Decline of mammal population
74.

What is the Eocene epoch see for the first time (56 mya)?

a)

Canines

b)

Felines

c)

Reptiles

d)

Fish

e)

Primates

75.

What is the Miocene epoch best known for (23 mya)?

a)
Development of prehistoric animals and ancient types of plants
b)
Introduction of advanced technology and modern architecture
c)
Extinction of all mammals and plants
d)
Era of ice age and decline of vegetation
e)

The introduction of modern animal groups

76.

What is the Pliocene epoch best known for (5.3 mya)?

a)
Diversification of early hominids and expansion of grasslands
b)
Mass extinction of dinosaurs
c)
Discovery of fire by early humans
d)

Modern mammal diversification

e)

Species such as Megalodon and Livyatan

77.

What is the Pleistocene epoch best known for (2.6 mya)?

a)
Mass extinction of dinosaurs
b)
Rise of ancient civilizations
c)
Formation of the Grand Canyon
d)
Discovery of the first dinosaur fossils
e)
Extensive glaciations and appearance of modern humans
78.

What is the holocene known as (12,000 ya > Present)?

a)

Age of Amphibians

b)

Age of Fish

c)

Age of Reptiles

d)

Age of Mammals

e)

Age of Humans

79.

What are the Five Known Mass Extinctions?

a)
Jurassic-Cretaceous, Paleogene-Neogene, Neogene-Quaternary, Quaternary-Holocene
b)
Carboniferous-Permian, Triassic-Jurassic, Jurassic-Cretaceous, Cretaceous-Paleogene
c)
Silurian-Devonian, Devonian-Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic
d)
Ordovician-Silurian, Silurian-Devonian, Devonian-Carboniferous, Carboniferous-Permian
e)
Ordovician-Silurian, Late Devonian, Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, Cretaceous-Paleogene
80.

Would you consider the present-day to be the start of another mass extinction?

4 lines

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