In creating a program, the basis for logical decision is called Selection.

Example: E -> E + T { E.value = E.value + T.value }

The right part of the CFG contains the semantic rules that specify how the

grammar should be interpreted.

The semantics help interpret symbols, their types, and their relations with

each other.

The term ________________ help interpret symbols, their types, and their relations with each other.

The Semantics of a language provide meaning to its constructs, like tokens

and syntax structure.

If an SDT uses only synthesized attributes, it is called as S-attributed SDT.

The synthesized attributes get values from the attribute values of their child

nodes.

Selection is generally in the form of if or case statements.

In general, loops are more common in imperative languages, while recursion

is more common in functional languages.

The term loops in programming are considered as ________________.

An expression such as A * (B + C) / D is usually taken to mean something

like: "First add B and C together, then multiply the result by A, then divide

by D to give the final answer."

Recursion has no special syntax required.

Iteration consists of loops and recursion are not considered powerful

component of programming.

The Attribute grammar is a special form of-context-free _____________ where

some additional information

In programming, the other term for selection.

The symbol & is an operator for _________

The symbol ^ is an operator for _________

In programming, the symbol: I I is an operator for ____________.

In a given program, the symbol (+) are operators use for

In programming language, the other term for alternation.

Even if not initially tail recursive, simple transformations can often produce

tail-recursive code known as

In creating a program, the basis for logical decision is called Selection.

___________________ is a program transformation technique, which tries to improve the code by making it consume less resources and deliver high speed.

Even if not initially tail recursive, simple transformations can often produce

tail-recursive code known as continuation-passing

The term ____________ allows program takes one of two courses of action

with certain condition.

The multiple declaration of variable in a scope and accessing an out of scope variable are not consider part of semantic errors.

The attribute grammar can help specify the syntax and semantics of a programming language.

The typical compiler had two phases: semantic analysis and code __________.

The semantic misunderstandings arise when people give different meanings to the same words or phrases.

The term _______ is generally in the form of if or case statements

The different selection type: if or _________ statements

The following symbols: << = > > = are operators use for _____________.

In programming, the == != are operators use for ___________.

In particular language the && is an operator for __________.

The following symbols: () [] - > . ++ -- are operators use for ________.

Iteration is probably more efficient than naively written recursion

Iteration is the most powerful component of programming

Recursion equally powerful to iteration

Enumeration-Controlled loop is executed once for every value in a finite set.

Tail recursion is a special kind of recursion where the recursive call is the very last thing in the function and it's a function that does not do anything at all after recursing.

A system type which is countable and one dimensional.

A violation of the rules is called a ______.

An approach use in collection of values from a domain.

A type that defines what fields of data will be stored and how that data will be stored.

A ________ typing means that the compiler can do all the checking at compile time types are computed and checked at compile time

An approach that includes data contained in relational databases and spreadsheets.

Ada is statically typed.

Java is ____ typed, with a non-trivial mix of things that can be checked statistically and things that have to be checked dynamically.

The ______ are ideally suited to programming in functional and logic languages.

The ____ generally refer to off-line storage implemented by the operating system.

The strings are really just ___ of characters.

In Programming Language, several languages restrict pointers to accessing things in the heap.

The problems with dangling pointers are due to explicit deallocation of heap objects.

The term ____ are used with a value model of variables.

The row pointers avoid multiplication

The C++ distinguishes that Private class members is accessible just to members of this class.

The term Default as one of the type of visibility protection in Java programming means that they are visible to classes in same module.

The visibility protection in Java is Private when the method is only accessible within the class where it is declared.

One of the visibility protections called default which is accessible only within the package.

The SMALLTALK is the canonical object-oriented language.

In Object Oriented programming it supports data hiding and/or protection.

The kinds of visibility protection in Java programming: Public, Default, Protected, Private

The visibility protection in Java is Protected when variable and method are not accessible from each class

The two reasons to put things in the declaration: programmers can get them and the compiler can understand them.

One of the visibility protections in Java programming is called Private protection

The language that has a single inheritance, all methods virtual and has no constructors or destructors is called ___________.

Common Lisp is strongly typed, but not statically typed

Pascal is almost statistically typed

An approach use in internal structure of a bunch of data, described down to the level of a small set of fundamental types

Collection of values from a "domain"

Collection of well-defined operations that can be applied to objects of that type

A ____________ typing  means that the language prevents you from applying an operation to data on which it is not appropriate

______ semantics is concerned with finding mathematical objects called domains that represent what programs do

A system type which is used to represent exact fractions (Scheme, Lisp)

typically 64 bit (double in C); sometimes 32 bit as well (float in C)

A ________ equivalence is based on some notion of meaning behind those declarations

the process of ensuring that a program obeys the type system's type compatibility rules

conversion of a value into another of a different data type

A ______ equivalence is based on declarations

is more fashionable these days

_____ is strong dynamic typed

_____ is strongly typed, but not statically typed

_____ is almost statically typed

Type checking is the process of ensuring that a program obeys the type system's type compatibility rules

Computers are naturally

Create a set of equivalence classes of declaration of elements and expression that must have exactly the same type is an example of Implementer's approach

Structured data refers to any data that resides in a fixed field within a record or file

The contiguous elements and Row pointers are the two layout strategies for arrays

Row Pointers are an option in Java and allows rows to be put anywhere - nice for big arrays on machines with segmentation problems

Files may be further categorized into temporary and persistent

Interactive I/O generally implies communication with human users or physical devices

Input/Output (I/O) facilities allow a program to communicate with the outside world

Arrays are the most common and important composite data types

Unlike records, which group related fields of disparate types, arras are usually heterogeneous

A slice or section is not a rectangular portion of an array

In array, global lifetime, statistic shape - If the shape of an array is known at compile time, and if the array can exist throughout the execution of the program, then the _______ can allocate space for the array in static global memory

in array, local lifetime, static shape - if the shape of the array is known at compile time, but the array should not exist throughout the execution of the program, then space can be allocated in the subroutine's stack frame at run time.

if the shape of the array is known at compile time, but the array should not exist throughout the execution of the program, then space can be allocated in the subroutine's stack frame at run time.

If the shape of an array is known at compile time, and if the array can exist throughout the execution of the program, then the compiler can allocate space for the array in static global memory

A slice or section is a rectangular portion of an _____

The lists can also be used in non-imperative programs

The lists can also be used in imperative programs

A list is defined recursively as either the empty list of a pair consisting of an object (which may be either a list or an atom) and another (shorter) list

In Lisp, in fact, a program is a list, and can extend itself at run time by constructing a list and executing it

The problems with dangling pointers are due to implicit deallocation of elaborated objects.

The visibility protection in Java is Public when the variable and method is accessible from all class.

The language that has mix-in inheritance and all methods virtual are called _____

A C++ structure (struct) is simply a class whose members are private by default

A C++ structure (struct) is simply a class whose members are public by default

In Object Oriented Programming, the sample of Java programming, it is correct that:

class circle : public shape {......

anybody can convert (assign) a circle* into a shape*

A language needs a way of defining a class: Name, Superclasses , Fields, and Methods.

In Object Oriented Programming, the sample of Java programming, it is correct that:

class circle : protected shape {......

only members and friends of circle or its derived classes can convert (assign) a circle* into a shape*

In Object Oriented Programming, the sample of Java programming, it is correct that:

class circle : private shape {......

only members and friends of circle can convert (assign) a circle* into a shape*

The Imperative Object-Oriented Languages: C++, Java, C#, and Python programming languages

OOP is currently ruling. It cross-cuts paradigms: Imperative OO, Functional OO, and Logical OO

In Object Oriented programming: Fields + Methods = Members of the Class

The language that has a single inheritance, tagged types, and has no constructors or destructors is called __________.

The visibility protection in Java where variable is only accessible within the class where it is declared.

order of execution

expression is defined in terms of (simpler versions of) itself

Ada puts and & or at same level

Postfix operators are written before their operands and evaluated left-to-right

Commutativity, in Expression Evaluation, is assumed to be safe while Associativity is known to be dangerous

In programming languages, the associativity of an operator is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses; i.e. in what order each operator is evaluated.

In programming languages, the commutativity of an operator is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses; i.e. in what order each operator is evaluated.

In C programming language, any enumeration-controlled loop can be written as a logically-controlled loop.

According to Iteration, the term for the type of loop that allows to execute until some Boolean condition depends on value altered in the loop.

C, Pascal, and Ada are value-oriented languages

C, Pascal, and Ada are reference-oriented languages

Lisp, Scheme and ML are reference-oriented languages

__ is halfway in-between of value-oriented languages and reference-oriented languages

Expressions always produce a value, and may or may not have a

side effect.

The Modula-3 allows methods static by default can define a parameter or pointer that grabs the object-specific version of all methods.

In Ada 95, it has single inheritance, no constructors or destructors and class-wide parameters:

A language needs a way of defining a class: Name, Superclasses , Fields, and Methods.