Thermoregulation maintains the human body at about ​ (a)   . When the body is overheated, (b)   near the surface of the skin will dilate. When the body is cold, one way to generate heat is through ​ (c)   . Based on what you know about mechanisms for generating additional heat, you would expect someone living in a very cold environment to require ​ (d)   Calories than someone living in a moderate environment.

(a)   is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment while the external environment is changing.

A tissue in an animal body is an interaction of two or more types of (a)   .

The body’s thermostat is the (a)   .

The key difference between ectotherms (such as lizards) and endotherms (birds and mammals) is that ​ (a)   get the energy they need for thermoregulation from the environment while ​ (b)   generate heat metabolically from within their own bodies. A ​ (c)   is an example of an endotherm, and a ​ (d)   is an example of an ectotherm.

You notice a ​ (e)   sitting on a leaf sunning itself, you can conclude that butterflies are ectotherms.

Whale blubber represents a strategy for thermoregulation by ​ (a)   existing heat within the body. A ​ (b)   are most similar in function to whale blubber.

The study of an organism’s structure is called ​ (a)   . The study of the way a living organism’s physical parts function is known as ​ (b)   . An organ is composed of different ​ (c)   types that work together to carry out a common function. A cooperative group of organs makes up ​ (d)  

There are (a)   types of animal tissue.

(a)   are composed of specialized cells that work together.

A (a)   feedback loop tends to counteract a physiological stimuli and is common in physiology.

Classify the following under the terms of organ systems in the human body.

A structure in your body consists of epithelial cells that absorb nutrients, muscle cells that contract to move materials through the structure, nerve cells to coordinate the structure’s activities, and connective tissue holding everything together. This structure is a(n) (a)   .

A source of quick energy, (a)   is primarily stored in the liver and muscles.

Turning up the temperature setting in a room that feels cold, causing a heater to turn on is an example of the principle of: (a)   feedback.

The hormone that stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells is:

(a)  

The (a)   (which organ) regulates blood-glucose levels through hormones.

Which body system, besides nervous, regulates many body functions?

(a)  

Dehydration is associated with ​ (a)   osmolarity and ​ (b)   blood pressure.​

The organ that regulates the body’s water balance is the (a)   .

​ (a)   specifically refers to the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. In the small intestine, digested nutrients are absorbed by ​ (b)   , then pass into blood vessels for transport to the rest of the body. Tiny finger-like projections along the small intestine that are used to absorb nutrients are ​ (c)   The villi improve absorption by increasing ​​ (d)   and are found in the ​ (e)   .

Chemical breakdown of foods first begins in the ​ (a)   . In the mouth, ​ (b)   digestion occurs. The enzyme salivary ​ (c)   starts the breakdown of starch to glucose. In the esophagus, peristalsis moves food from the mouth to the ​ (d)   . In the stomach, peristalsis mixes food with acid and ​ (e)   .

The muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach is the (a)   .

The liver produces ​ (a)   which emulsifies fat for digestion. The ​ (b)   stores and secretes bile salts, which help break down fat.

People who cannot store or produce bile salts will most likely have more ​ (c)   ​ in their stool than people who can store bile salts.

The liquid mixture of food, water, acid, and enzymes in the stomach is called (a)   .

The stomach is part of the ​ (a)   digestive tract.

The longest organ of the digestive system is the (a)   .

Muscular rings called (a)   , control entry and exit from the stomach.

The main site of ​ (a)   and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the large intestine, but it does not absorb ​ (b)   . Another term for the large intestine is the ​ (c)   . The ​ (d)   is unique in the digestive tract in that it does not secrete ​digestive enzymes​.

Trypsin and pepsin function in the digestion of (a)   .

The acids made in the stomach are neutralized as the food moves onward by the secretions of the (a)   .

Dietary fiber is digested in the (a)   .

Chemical digestion of fats begins in the (a)   .

Which organ PRODUCES bile?

(a)  

The stomach's primary functions include storing ​ (a)   and breaking down proteins.​ (b)   ​ (c)  

A (a)   results when blood flow in a cranial artery is blocked therefore interrupting the blood supply to the brain.

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of the ​ (a)   . A normal value for blood pressure should be about ​ (b)   /80. ​ (c)   pressure reflects the contraction of the ventricles (top number). ​ (d)   pressure reflects the relaxation of the ventricles (bottom number). The highest blood pressure would be measured in the ​ (e)   .

Consistently elevated blood pressure is also called (a)   .

High cholesterol is a result of eating too many foods with (a)   . Cholesterol in the blood must be carried by LDL or HDL because it is a ​ (b)   . Some foods raise the cholesterol in the blood associated with development of atherosclerosis (LDL). ​ (c)   would be a good replacement so that HDL levels would be raised.

Heart (a)   keep blood flowing in one direction.

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells occurs through (a)   .

The (a)   pressure in the cardiovascular system represents pressure produced by a contracting heart.

(a)   are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Humans contains distinctly ​ (a)   pulmonary and systemic systems. Blood follows a double circuit (pass through the heart twice before moving out to the body). Blood must be ​ (b)   in the pulmonary circuit prior to moving to the systemic circuit where it moves out to the body. The ​ (c)   systems carry oxygenated blood. In the pulmonary circuit, the ​ (d)   contains the highest blood pressure. The ​ (e)   is a fist sized muscle that works as the pump of the cardiovascular system.

A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart is:

(a)  

The liquid matrix of blood is:

(a)  

Blood contains (a)   , which play a critical role in blood clotting.

The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the:

(a)  

The largest artery in the body is the: (a)   .

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful are the: (a)   .

The (a)   ventricle pumps highly oxygenated blood.

Which circulatory systems does blood pick up nutrients from the intestines?

(a)