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WorksheetsBiology semester 2 Final
Total questions: 125
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
The theory of evolution by natural selection requires that which three
conditions are met?
1. Phenotypic variation must exist in the population
2. This variation must lead to differences among individuals
in a lifetime reproductive success
3. Phenotypic variation among individuals must be
genetically transmissible to the next generation
What is industrial melanism?
Industrial melanism is a phrase that it is used to describe the
evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms
become dark as a result of natural selection environments.
Where is the most direct evidence that evolution has occurred found in?
Today, geologists can determine the exact age of rocks/fossils through isotopic dating,
How does this process work?
1. When a rock/fossil is newly formed, some of the elements exist as a particular isotope
2. Overtime, that element goes through radioactive decay, creating a brand new isotope
3. Scientists measure the ratio of the old isotope to the new isotope to get an accurate age
How do we still have a good understanding of the evolution?
because there are intermediate organism forms that can give us more
information about how the major transitions in life occurred.
similar structures that have the same
evolutionary origin are known as _
a morphological feature that has no
apparent current function and is thought to be an evolutionary
relic resembling structures that their ancestors possessed is known as _ structures
Obsolete structures
Outdated structures
Primitive structures
Vestigial structures
the study of the geographic distribution of
species is called _
Why does natural selection have favored parallel evolutionary adaptation
in similar environments?
Because parallel evolution is a random process with no specific reason for favoring similar adaptations.
Because selection has made changes that makes these two groups more alike, their phenotypes have converged
Because different environmental pressures lead to similar advantageous traits being selected for in different populations.
Because similar environments result in genetic mutations that are identical across different populations.
What two groups of mammals has the best known case
of convergent evolution occurred between?
marsupials and placentals
What is the difference between species and population?
Species is a group of organisms that are similar in appearance & able to interbreed. Population is a group of organisms of the same species living
in the same place
What is Sympatric speciation?
Sympatric speciation is the differentiation of populations within a common geographic area into specific species
The concept that defines species as
groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and
that are reproductively isolated from other groups is known as ?
The biological species concept focuses on the ability to exchange genes through which of the following? (select all that apply)
Ecological isolation
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation
Mechanical isolation
Prevention of gamete fusion
What is the ecological species concept?
An alternative species concept that
proposes that the distinctions among species are there due to natural selection
What are the two parts to the speciation process?
Initially identical populations must diverge, and Reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain the
differences
What is Allopatric population?
Populations that are identical in looks
A condition in which one or more entire sets of
chromosomes are added to the diploid genome is known as ?
What is allopolyploidy?
A polyploid organism that contains the genomes of two or more different species
A polyploid resulting from environmental factors
A polyploid resulting from asexual reproduction
A polyploid resulting from the mutation of a single species
How are prokaryotes fundamentally different from eukaryotes? (Select all that apply)
Unicellularity & Cell Size
Cell division and genetic recombination
Nucleoid & Flagella
Internal compartmentalization
Pili & Metabolic diversity
Archaeal membrane lipids are composed of glycerol which are
linked to hydrocarbon chains by _
What are the "Three domains of life"?
A cell wall, if present in bacteria, is complex and consists of many
layers of _
The structure of the bacterial cell wall separates all bacteria into
which two groups?
What is gram staining?
A staining technique that divides bacteria into gram-negative
or gram-positive based on retention of a violet dye
How does gram- positive bacteria stain?
A thicker peptidoglycan wall and will stain blue
A thicker peptidoglycan wall and will stain
purple
A thinner peptidoglycan wall and will stain yellow
A thinner peptidoglycan wall and will stain green
How does gram- negative bacteria show when stained?
More peptidoglycan and does not retain
the purple-colored dye, will appear blue or green
More peptidoglycan and does not retain
the purple-colored dye, will appear yellow or orange
Less peptidoglycan and does not retain
the purple-colored dye, will appear pink or black
Less peptidoglycan and does not retain
the purple-colored dye ,will appear dark pink or red
True or False: The difference between gram- negative and gram- positive bacteria is that Gram-positive bacteria will have a thick, complex network of peptidoglycan around the outer surface of the cell, while Gram-negative bacteria, there is only a thin layer of
peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and a
second outer membrane.
True
False
How do Prokaryotes reproduce?
Sexually
Asexually
What is conjugation?
Temporary union of two unicellular organisms, during which genetic material is transferred from one cell to the other
What is transformation in biology?
The uptake of DNA directly from the
environment
The process by which viruses can transfer
genetic material from one bacterial host to another is known as _
In order to grow, every organism needs:
Protein for “building”, A source of hydrocarbon to use in redox reactions, & Energy for anaerobic processes
Carbon for “building”, A source of electrons to use in redox reactions, & Energy for anabolic processes
Nutrient cycling involves what two processes?
Decomposition and fixation
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements present
in biological organisms come from the physical environment. When those organisms die, the elements are returned to the environment. This process is done by _
In order for bacteria to cause disease in humans, what few things have to
happen?
Establish an infection, Evade the immune system to proliferate, and cause direct tissue damage OR release toxins that cause harm, revoke an inflammatory response that causes harm
What three STI's are caused by bacteria?
A theory that suggests that at an important stage of
evolution, an energy-producing bacteria was living inside of a larger
bacteria or archaebacteria, evolving into
what we know as mitochondria is known as the _
What is the main type of movement among protists?
Flagellar rotation, or pseudopods
What is a sporophyte?
The spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations.
In plants, the haploid (n), gamete-producing
generation, which alternates with the diploid (2n) sporophyte. These are known as _
What produces gametes by
mitotic cell division and form at the
tips of the gametophytes?
What is an Archegonia?
Female gametangia,
produces a single egg on the swollen lower part
A male gametangia,
produces multiple, flagellated
sperm is called _
A seed plant with seeds not
enclosed in an ovary is known as a _
True or false: The male cones develop in clusters at the lower branches and
produce seeds, while the female cones can also develop in clusters, but at a much
lower number, on the higher branches and produce the pollen.
True
False
What are the three major regions of a carpel?
Angiosperms have ovules that are
enclosed in a diploid tissue at the time
of pollination. They also have a modified leaf that
encapsulates the seed, called the
carpel. What happens to this leaf?
It will develop into a fruit, which makes it a unique angiosperm feature.
The enlarged basal portion of a carpel that contains
the ovule(s); the ovary matures to become the fruit is called the _
What is the stigma ?
The part of the plant that produces nectar.
The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface
for pollen grains, usually sticky to trap the pollen
The male reproductive organ responsible for pollen production.
The outer protective layer of the petals.
The slender column of tissue that arises from the top of
the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows, connects
the stigma and the ovary is known as which part of the flower?
The fusion of the egg and sperm (resulting in a 2n
fertilized egg, the zygote) and the simultaneous fusion of the second
male gamete with the polar nuclei (resulting in a primary endosperm
nucleus, which is often triploid, 3n) is known as _?
What happens during double fertilization?
1. One sperm units with the egg and forms into a zygote
○ This will develop into an embryo sporophyte plant.
2. The other sperm and the two polar nuclei unite, forming a
triploid (3n) primary endosperm nucleus
○ Usually provides nutrients for the embryo
Seeds are an important adaptation in what four ways?
1. Seeds maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions and
can postpone development until better conditions arise.
2. Seeds provided maximum protection to the young plant at its most vulnerable stage.
3. Seeds contain stored food that allows a young plant to grow before it can do photosynthesis.
4. Seed are adapted for dispersal which helps migrate the plant genotypes into new habitats.
primarily the epidermis, usually one cell layer
thick in most plants, forms the outer protective covering for the
plant is known as the _
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Cells that function is storage, photosynthesis, and
secretion; can also form fibers for extra support and protection are known as _
Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
What is vascular tissue?
Vascular tissue conducts fluids and dissolved substances
throughout the plant
What is the Meristem?
Meristem is undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells
arise.
Apical meristems create which three primary meristem tissue systems?
Protoderm - forms the epidermis
Procambium - forms primary vascular tissue
Ground meristem - differentiates into ground tissue
The exterior primary tissue of leaves, young stems,
and roots are called the _
A waxy or fatty, noncellular layer on the outer wall
of epidermal cells to prevent excess water loss is called the _
What are guard cells?
Guard cells are one of a pair of sausage-shaped cells flanking a stoma; the guard cells open and close the stomata; contain
chloroplasts
What are Trichomes?
Trichomes are hair like outgrowth from an epidermal cell; glandular trichomes secrete oils or other substances that deter insects
What are root hairs?
Root hairs are area tubular extension from an epidermal cell located
just behind the root tip; root hairs greatly increase the surface area for absorption
What is the most common type of plant cell?
Collenchyma cells are the cells that form a supporting tissue
called collenchyma. What do these cells function in?
storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Sclerenchyma cells are tough, thick-walled cells that
strengthen plant tissues. What do these cells function in?
storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
support and protection
A tissue structure at the growing tips of roots that protects
the root apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil; cells of
the root cap are continually lost and replaced is called the _
What is the Zone of cell division?
The part of the young root that includes the root apical meristem and the cells just posterior to it; cells in this zone divide every 12–36 hr
What is the Zone of elongation?
Part of the young root that lies just posterior to the zone of cell division; cells in this zone elongate, causing the root to lengthen
What is the Zone of maturation?
The part of the root that lies posterior to
the zone of elongation; cells in this zone differentiate into
specific cell types
The primary ground tissue of a stem or root, can be
many cell layers wide, formed of parenchyma cells and function in
food storage is known as the _
A single layer of cells forming the innermost layer
of the cortex in roots and some stems, impermeable to water due
to casparian strips is known as the _
What is the stele?
The central vascular cylinder of stems and roots, all of the
tissues inside of the endodermis
What is the pericycle?
One or more cell layers surrounding the vascular
tissues of the root, bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem
What is the difference between nodes and internodes?
Node is the part of a plant stem where one or more leaves are attached, Internode is the region of a stem between two successive nodes
What is the Axillary bud?
An axillary bud is a bud found in the axil of a stem and leaf; an axillary bud may develop into a new shoot or may become a flower.
The broad, expanded part of a leaf is called the _
the stalk of a leaf is called the _
What are five key innovations can be noted in animal evolution?
Symmetry
Tissues
Body cavity
Various patterns of embryonic development
Segmentation, or repeated body units
What is radial symmetry?
Radial symmetry is a type of structural symmetry with a circular plan, such that dividing the body or structure through the midpoint
What is bilateral symmetry?
Bilateral symmetry is a single plane divides an organism into two
structural halves that are mirror images of each other.
What are the two main advantages that bilateral symmetry has over radially symmetrical ones?
Cephalization and directional movement
Why are Zygotes (fertilized eggs) are totipotent or “all powerful”?
Zygotes are totipotent because they can give rise to all other body cells.
Most animals have embryos that produce three germ layers, which
makes them triploblastic. What are the three germ layers?
Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system)
Middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles)
Inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)
What are the three basic kinds of body plans?
Acoelomates (No body cavity)
Pseudocoelomates (Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm)
Coelomates (Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm, called
the coelom)
What is an open circulatory system?
blood passes from vessels into sinuses
(open areas), mixes with body fluids, and reenters the vessels.
blood flows in a single direction.
blood is pumped directly into the heart.
blood is contained within closed vessels.
What is a closed circulatory system ?
blood is not contained within vessels.
blood directly comes into contact with the body tissues.
blood flows in an open environment.
blood moves continuously through
vessels that are separated from body fluids.
What are differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?
(select all that apply)
Pattern of locomotion
Formation of the coelom
Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells
Developmental fate of cells
Animals are divided into which two main branches?
sponges and eumetazoa
What are the three functional layers of “tissues” sponges have?
outer epithelium, mesohyl, choanocytes
Eumetazoans can either be diploblastic or triploblastic, what is the difference?
Diploblastic: Ctenophora and Cnidaria
Triploblastic: Bilateria
The body plan of a mollusk contains which of the following? ( select all that apply)
Mantle (the soft, outermost layer of the body wall in mollusks)
Secrete shell (if there is one), calcium carbonate
Foot (the primary means of locomotion in mollusks other than cephalopods)
What is the function of the Nephridia?
Removes nitrogenous waste from the mollusk body
Most mollusks are gonochoric. What does this mean?
Most mollusks have separate sexes, individuals are
either male or female
Most mollusks have the same apperance
Annelids have segments in their body plan.
Each segment also has chaetae or bristles of chitin on each body
segment, what do these help with?
They help anchor annelid worms during locomotion
Errantia have paired parapodia (paddles) with chaetae, on most
segments, what is this used in?
Used in locomotion or gas exchange by increasing the surface
area of the body
Used in swimming and flying
Used in digestion and respiration
Used in reproduction and communication
What are the three body regions of an insect ?
True or false: Echinoderms are bilateral as adults, but pentaradial as larva.
True
False
True or False: In Echinoderms oral surface defines mouth
True
False
What are ossicles?
Any of a number of movable or fixed calcium-rich plates that collectively make up the endoskeleton of echinoderms
Phylum Chordata can be divided into which three subphyla?
Urochordata (Nonvertebrates)
Cephalochordata (Nonvertebrates)
Vertebrata
True or false: Tunicates and salps are marine animals that are
immobile filter-feeders & Lack a major body cavity and any visible sign of
segmentation
True
False
Vertebrates are chordates with a spinal column or vertebrae. They are distinguished by nonvertebrates by which two features?
Vertebral column
(Encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord, can be bony or cartilaginous)
Head
(Distinct and well-differentiated possessing three pairs of sensory organs, and the brain is encased in the skull, either bony
or cartilaginous)
True or false: Fishes Provided the evolutionary base
for invasion of land by amphibians
True
False
"Their cartilage skeleton is “calcified” with granules of calcium
carbonate making it light and strong."
What class does this apply to?
True or false: Sharks were among the first vertebrates to develop teeth.
They evolved from rough scales on mouth’s skin so they are not
set into the jaw like human teeth are
True
False
What is the lateral line system?
A series of sensory organs under the skin
that detects changes in pressure waves
What is significant about bony fishes?
They have a heavy internal skeleton made completely of bone.
True or false: Class Amphibia, amphibians, were the
first vertebrates to walk on land
True
False
Regarding amphibians, The invasion of land required which adaptations?
(select all that apply)
Legs
Lungs to extract oxygen from air
Redesigned heart and circulatory system
Reproduction is still in water to prevent egg drying
System to prevent whole body desiccation
What are the 3 Modern Amphibian Groups?
Order Anura: frogs and toads
Order Caudata: salamanders
Order Apoda: caecilians
What is the difference between frogs and toads?
Frogs have smooth, moist skin and long legs, while toads have dry, bumpy skin and short legs
Why do frogs and toads lay eggs in water?
They lack watertight external
membranes
A highly specialized group of tropical, burrowing amphibians
known as legless, worm like creatures with small eyes and jaws with
teeth are known as which class?
Order Apoda/ Caecilians
All living reptiles exhibit which three key features?
Amniotic eggs
(which are watertight)
Dry skin
(which covers body and prevents water loss)
Thoracic breathing
(which increases lung capacity)
Modern reptiles developed which two important characteristics?
Internal fertilization
(Sperm fertilizes egg before protective membranes on the
egg are formed)
Improved circulation
(Oxygen is provided to the body more efficiently because the
septum in heart ventricle is extended to create partial wall)
What is the difference between ectothermic and endothermic?
Ectothermic obtain their heat for their bodies from external sources, while endothermic organisms generate heat internally.
Vascular tissue consists of two kinds of conducting tissues, the xylem and phloem.
What are their roles?
Xylem transports water and minerals, Phloem transports dissolved nutrients like sugars from photosynthesis
The tiny opening in the cuticle that allows for the absorption of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen and water vapor is known as the ?
stoma
True or False: Anginosperms have ovules that are enclosed
in a diploid tissue at the time of pollination
True
False
What is the angle between a leaf's petiole and the stem to which it is attached?
Axillary Bud
Stem
Axil
Node
What are the four chordate features?
1. Nerve chord
2. Notochord
3. Pharyngeal Slits
4. Postanal tail
What are the five key characteristics all fish exhibit?
1. Vertebral column
2. Hinged jaws
& paired appendages
3. Internal gills
4. Single- loop blood circulation
5. Nutritional deficiencies
What kind of heart do Crocodiles, birds, and mammals have?
