the number of protons in an atom

(a)  

vertical columns of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number on the periodic table

(a)  

horizontal rows of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number on the periodic table

(a)  

elements in groups 1, 2, and 13–18

(a)  

elements in groups 3–12

(a)  

one of the three main classifications of the periodic table

(a)  

group 1 elements, except hydrogen

(a)  

group 2 elements

(a)  

elements in groups 3–12, except lanthanide and actinide elements

(a)  

lanthanide and actinide series of elements

(a)  

one of two sets of inner transition metals located along the bottom of the periodic table

(a)  

the second of two sets of inner transition metals located along the bottom of the periodic table

(a)  

a gas or dull, brittle solids that are poor conductors of heat and electricity

(a)  

a highly reactive group 17 element

(a)  

extremely unreactive group 18 element

(a)  

has properties of both metals and nonmetals

(a)  

electron in an atom’s outermost orbital; determines the chemical properties of an atom

(a)  

something made up of more-or-less interdependent elements or parts

(a)  

the major energy level of an atom

(a)  

the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom

(a)  

states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

(a)  

relative ability of atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond

(a)  

the force that holds two atoms together

(a)  

a positively charged ion; formed when one or more electrons are removed from an atom

(a)  

a negatively charged ion; formed when one or more electrons are added to an atom

(a)  

a chemical combination of two or more different elements

(a)  

the electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound

(a)  

a compound that contains ionic bonds

(a)  

a three-dimensional geometric arrangement of particles

(a)  

an ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current

(a)  

the energy required to separate one mole of the ions of an ionic compound

(a)  

the simplest ratio of the ions represented in an ionic compound

(a)  

a one-atom ion

(a)  

ions made up of more than one atom

(a)  

a polyatomic ion composed of an element, usually a nonmetal, bonded to one or more oxygen atoms

(a)  

a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without altering the sample’s composition

(a)  

model in which all metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute their valence electrons to form a “sea” of electrons, which can move freely between atoms in the metal

(a)  

electrons present in the outer energy levels of the bonding metallic atoms that are free to move between atoms because they are not held by any specific atom

(a)  

the attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons

(a)  

a mixture of elements that has metallic properties

(a)  

chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons

(a)  

forms when two or more atoms bond covalently

(a)  

an electron-dot diagram that is used to show how electrons are arranged in molecules

(a)  

a single covalent bond between two atoms that share an electron pair in an area centered between the two atoms

(a)  

covalent bond formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons

(a)  

a reaction in which more energy is required to break the bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the product molecules

(a)  

a reaction in which more energy is released when new bonds form in the product molecules than is required to break the bonds in the reactants

(a)  

any acid that contains hydrogen and an oxyanion

(a)  

a molecular model that uses letter symbols and bonds to show relative positions of atoms

(a)  

a condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule or ion

(a)  

a covalent bond that forms when one atom donates a pair of electrons to be shared with an atom or ion that needs two electrons to become stable

(a)  

the abbreviation for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model, in which the arrangement of atoms in a molecule is such that the repulsion of shared and unshared pairs of electrons around the central atom is minimized

(a)  

a process in which atomic orbitals are mixed together to form new, identical orbitals, called hybrid orbitals

(a)  

a covalent bond formed by the unequal sharing of the electron pair because there is a difference in electronegativity

(a)  

a rearrangement of the atoms in one or more substances to form different substances

(a)  

the starting substance(s) of a chemical reaction

(a)  

the substance(s) formed during a chemical reaction

(a)  

a statement that uses chemical formulas to show the identities and relative amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction

(a)  

number written in front of a reactant or product that is used to balance chemical equations

(a)  

a chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to produce a single product

(a)  

a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance and releases energy in the form of heat and light

(a)  

a chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds

(a)  

a chemical reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound

(a)  

a chemical reaction in which ions are exchanged between two compounds

(a)  

a solid produced during a chemical reaction in a solution

(a)  

a solution in which the most plentiful substance is water

(a)  

substance dissolved in a solution

(a)  

the most plentiful substance in a solution

(a)  

ionic equation that shows all the particles in a solution as they realistically exist

(a)  

ion that does not participate in a reaction

(a)  

equation that includes only particles that participate in a reaction

(a)  

the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance

(a)  

the number 6.0221367 × 10^23, which is the number of representative particles in a mole

(a)  

the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance

(a)  

the percent by mass of each element in a compound

(a)  

the formula with the smallest whole-number mole ratio of the elements

(a)  

specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule or formula unit of a substance

(a)  

a compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to its atoms.

(a)  

the study of quantitative relationships between amounts of reactants used and products formed by a chemical reaction

(a)  

a ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation

(a)  

limits the extent of the chemical reaction and, thereby, determines the amount of product

(a)  

leftover reactant in a chemical reaction once the reaction stops

(a)  

in a chemical reaction, the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant

(a)  

the amount of product actually produced during a chemical reaction in an experiment

(a)  

the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield (from stoichiometric calculations) expressed as a percent

(a)  

isotope of an atom that has an unstable nucleus

(a)  

a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation

(a)  

the ability of radiation to pass through matter

(a)  

the production of artificial nuclear reactions

(a)  

a proton or a neutron, especially as part of an atomic nucleus

(a)  

a force that acts only on subatomic particles that are extremely close together

(a)  

area on a graph of neutrons versus protons within which all stable nuclei are found

(a)  

a radioactive decay process that involves the emission of a positron from a nucleus

(a)  

a particle with the same mass as an electron but with opposite charge

(a)  

a process that occurs when the nucleus of an atom draws in a surrounding electron, usually one from the lowest energy level

(a)  

a series of nuclear reactions that begins with an unstable nucleus and results in the formation of a stable nucleus

(a)  

time required for one-half of a radioisotope’s nuclei to decay into its products

(a)  

the process that is used to determine the age of an object by measuring the amount of a certain radioisotope remaining in the object

(a)  

process in which nuclei are bombarded with high-velocity charged particles in order to create new elements

(a)  

element with an atomic number of 93 or greater in the periodic table

(a)  

the difference in mass between a nucleus and its component

(a)  

the splitting of a nucleus into fragments to release energy

(a)  

a sample size large enough to sustain a nuclear chain reaction

(a)  

nuclear reactions able to produce more fuel than they use

(a)  

the combining of atomic nuclei to create energy

(a)  

an alternative term for nuclear fusion

(a)  

radiation energetic enough to ionize matter with which it collides

(a)  

a radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substance

(a)