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WorksheetsBI 206 Midterm II
Total questions: 131
Worksheet time: 1hrs 18mins
Which group of animals evolved from a common ancestor with all animals and Choanoflagellates?
Poriferans
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Arthropods
What type of symmetry do Cnidarians exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry
Radial symmetry
Asymmetry
No symmetry
Which group of animals is characterized by having a blastopore that becomes the mouth?
Deuterostomes
Protostomes
Cnidarians
Poriferans
What is the main characteristic of bilaterally symmetrical animals?
They have no symmetry.
They have radial symmetry.
They have a single plane of symmetry that runs from mouth to tail.
They have multiple planes of symmetry.
Which of the following groups is NOT a protostome?
Arthropods
Mollusks
Annelid worms
Echinoderms
What is the significance of the blastopore in deuterostomes?
It becomes the mouth.
It becomes the anus.
It becomes the stomach.
It becomes the heart.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the group that includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones?
Bilateral symmetry
Radial symmetry
No symmetry
Asymmetry
What is the main difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
Protostomes have a blastopore that becomes the mouth, while deuterostomes have a blastopore that becomes the anus.
Protostomes have radial symmetry, while deuterostomes have bilateral symmetry.
Protostomes are multicellular, while deuterostomes are unicellular.
Protostomes have a single plane of symmetry, while deuterostomes have multiple planes of symmetry.
Which group of animals is known for having a nervous system and muscles but lacking complex organs?
Poriferans
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Arthropods
What is the primary feature that distinguishes bilaterally symmetrical animals from other groups?
They have no symmetry.
They have radial symmetry.
They have a single plane of symmetry that runs from mouth to tail.
They have multiple planes of symmetry.
What is the main difference between deuterostome and protostome development?
Deuterostomes exhibit determinate development, while protostomes exhibit indeterminate development.
Deuterostomes exhibit indeterminate development, while protostomes exhibit determinate development.
Deuterostomes form the mouth from the blastopore, while protostomes form the anus from the blastopore.
Deuterostomes and protostomes both form the mouth from the blastopore.
In deuterostome development, what structure forms from the blastopore?
Mouth
Coelom
Anus
Blastula
Which type of cleavage is associated with deuterostome development?
Spiral cleavage
Radial cleavage
Bilateral cleavage
Asymmetrical cleavage
In protostome development, what structure forms from the blastopore?
Mouth
Coelom
Anus
Blastula
What is a negative feedback loop?
A signal that causes a system to output and that output lowers the signal.
A signal that causes a system to output and that output increases the signal.
A signal that has no effect on the system.
A signal that causes a system to output and that output remains constant.
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
Oxytocin stimulating uterine contractions.
Insulin lowering blood sugar levels.
Thermostat regulating room temperature.
Muscles shivering to generate heat.
What happens to oxytocin levels after birth?
They remain the same.
They decrease.
They increase.
They fluctuate randomly.
What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?
It increases blood sugar levels.
It decreases blood sugar levels.
It has no effect on blood sugar levels.
It fluctuates blood sugar levels.
What is the effect of insulin on the liver?
It makes the liver convert glucose in the bloodstream to glycogen.
It makes the liver release more glucose into the bloodstream.
It has no effect on the liver.
It makes the liver convert glycogen to glucose.
What hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar spikes up?
Glucagon
Insulin
Adrenaline
Cortisol
What happens to glucose when insulin is released?
It is converted into fat
It is stored in the liver as glycogen
It is excreted from the body
It is converted into protein
Which tissue type provides lining for spaces inside and outside the body?
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Simple or stratified layering
Extensive extracellular matrix
Flat, round, or cuboidal shape
Presence of cilia in some cases
What is the role of glucagon in blood sugar regulation?
It converts glucose into glycogen
It releases glucose from the liver into the bloodstream
It stores glucose in muscle cells
It breaks down proteins into glucose
Which of the following is a specialized connective tissue?
Skin
Blood
Muscle
Nerve
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle tissue?
To provide lining for spaces inside and outside the body
To store fat
To contract and relax for movement
To transmit nerve impulses
Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscles?
They are primarily made of neurons.
They attach to bones and make voluntary movements possible.
They send electrical impulses from one end of the cell to the other.
They are responsible for sending signals to help us move.
What are the filaments in muscle fibers made of?
Actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments
Collagen and elastin
Keratin and melanin
Tubulin and actin
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To attach muscles to bones
To send electrical impulses and process sensory information
To produce hormones
To store energy
What are neurons primarily responsible for?
Producing hormones
Communicating with each other at specialized junctions called synapses
Storing energy
Attaching muscles to bones
Explain how an action potential is generated in a neuron.
By the release of neurotransmitters
By the opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels
By the contraction of muscle fibers
By the production of hormones
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
-40 mV
0 mV
+30 mV
What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Na+ channels open and Na+ ions enter the cell
K+ channels open and K+ ions leave the cell
The cell membrane becomes hyperpolarized
The cell returns to resting potential
What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?
Na+ channels close and K+ channels open
Na+ channels open and Na+ ions enter the cell
The cell membrane becomes depolarized
The cell returns to resting potential
Which type of neuron transmits information about an animal's environment or internal physiological state?
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Interneuron
Synaptic neuron
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
To transmit signals away from the cell body
To receive signals from other neurons
To store neurotransmitters
To release neurotransmitters
Where are action potentials initiated in a neuron?
Dendrites
Axon hillock
Synaptic cleft
Cell body
What is the role of myelin in neurons?
To produce neurotransmitters
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission
To connect neurons to muscles
To store calcium ions
What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?
The neuron stops functioning
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
The axon terminal disintegrates
The neuron becomes hyperpolarized
What is the critical depolarization voltage required for an action potential?
-70 mV
-55 mV
-40 mV
-30 mV
What role does the myelin sheath play in the propagation of nerve signals?
It decreases the speed of conduction.
It insulates the axon membranes and increases the speed of conduction.
It prevents the opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels.
It has no effect on the propagation of nerve signals.
What is the process called that allows the action potential to jump the nodes, increasing the response to a stimulus?
Continuous propagation
Saltatory propagation
Synaptic transmission
Axonal transport
What happens in the case of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) that affects nerve signal propagation?
T-cells attack the axon directly.
T-cells attack the myelin sheath, slowing the signals that travel down the nerve cells.
T-cells increase the speed of signal transmission.
T-cells do not affect nerve signal propagation.
What role does calcium play in the propagation of a signal in a synapse?
It acts as a neurotransmitter.
It opens voltage-gated channels.
It blocks synaptic transmission.
It degrades neurotransmitters.
What is acetylcholine?
A type of enzyme.
A chemical messenger.
A structural protein.
A type of hormone.
Which of the following is an example of a mechanism for blocking synapsis?
Calcium ions.
Acetylcholine.
Nerve toxins like Cyanide.
Sodium ions.
Describe the major parts of the nervous system.
Forms and functions.
Types of neurotransmitters.
Mechanisms of synaptic transmission.
Types of nerve toxins.
Which of the following actions is stimulated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Dilates pupil of eye
Accelerates heart
Stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
Inhibits activity of pancreas
What effect does the sympathetic division have on the heart?
Slows heart
Accelerates heart
Stimulates heart
Inhibits heart
Which division of the autonomic nervous system promotes voiding from the bladder?
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the adrenal medulla?
Stimulates adrenal medulla
Inhibits adrenal medulla
No effect on adrenal medulla
Stimulates gallbladder
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic division?
Constricts bronchi in lungs
Stimulates salivary gland
Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines
Promotes erection of genitals
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the liver?
Stimulates glucose release from liver
Inhibits glucose release from liver
Stimulates gallbladder
Inhibits gallbladder
Which division of the autonomic nervous system constricts the pupil of the eye?
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
What is the effect of the parasympathetic division on the heart?
Accelerates heart
Stimulates heart
Slows heart
Inhibits heart
What is the initial action that triggers the patellar reflex?
A. A physician strikes the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer.
B. The motor neuron sends an excitatory signal.
C. An inhibitory interneuron inhibits contraction.
D. The sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron.
What role does the stretch receptor play in the patellar reflex?
A. It sends a signal along the sensory nerve.
B. It inhibits the contraction of the flexor muscle.
C. It synapses with the motor neuron.
D. It contracts the extensor muscle.
Where does the sensory neuron synapse with the motor neuron in the patellar reflex?
A. In the spinal cord.
B. In the extensor muscle.
C. In the flexor muscle.
D. In the brain.
What is the function of the inhibitory interneuron in the patellar reflex?
A. It inhibits contraction of the opposing flexor muscle.
B. It sends an excitatory signal to the extensor muscle.
C. It responds by contracting.
D. It sends a signal along the sensory nerve.
What happens when the motor neuron sends an excitatory signal to the extensor muscle?
A. The extensor muscle responds by contracting.
B. The flexor muscle contracts.
C. The sensory neuron is activated.
D. The inhibitory interneuron is activated.
What are hormones?
Chemical signals that influence physiology and development in plants and animals
Structural proteins that form the cell membrane
Enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions
Genetic material that carries hereditary information
Which of the following is a characteristic of peptide hormones?
Derived from cholesterol
Single aromatic amino acid
Several amino acids
Last longer because it affects RNA
What is the source of steroid hormones?
Several amino acids
Single aromatic amino acid
Derived from cholesterol
Derived from carbohydrates
What is positive feedback in the context of hormone response?
Returning to homeostasis
Decreasing the response
Increasing the response
No change in the response
What is the role of the sensor in the endocrine system?
Releases the hormone that causes the response
Receives the stimulus
Returns the system to homeostasis
Increases the response
Which type of hormone is described as a single aromatic amino acid?
Peptide hormone
Amine hormone
Steroid hormone
Protein hormone
What is the effect of negative feedback in hormone regulation?
Increasing the response
Returning to homeostasis
Continuing to create the response
No change in the response
Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?
Glucagon
Insulin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Releasing hormones
What is the target gland/organ for the hormone released by the hypothalamus?
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Anterior pituitary gland
Liver
What is the action of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Decrease blood glucose levels
Stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
Increase blood glucose levels
Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low?
Insulin
Glucagon
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Releasing hormones
What is the response of the body when insulin is released?
Increase in blood glucose
Decrease in blood glucose
No change in blood glucose
Increase in thyroid hormones
Which hormone stimulates the maturation of eggs in females and sperm production in males?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
What is the primary function of the hormone oxytocin?
Stimulates protein synthesis and body growth
Stimulates uterine contraction and release of milk; influences social behavior
Stimulates production and release of cortisol
Stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production and secretion of sex hormones in ovaries and testes?
Prolactin
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Calcitonin
Which gland produces the hormone cortisol?
Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Parathyroid glands
What is the function of the hormone insulin?
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen and glucose release into blood
Inhibits insulin and glucagon release; decreases digestive activity
Stimulates uptake of blood glucose and storage of glycogen
Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts to increase blood Ca2+ levels
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of skin and scale pigmentation?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Somatostatin
Which hormone stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Cortisol
What is the primary function of the hormone epinephrine?
Stimulates uptake of water from the kidneys; involved in pair bonding
Stimulates heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and elevations of blood glucose levels as part of "fight or flight" response
Stimulates development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates reproductive behavior
Stimulates milk production
Which of the following animals has external gills?
Dog
Fish
Aquatic Salamander
Grasshopper
What structure in fish is responsible for gas exchange?
Trachea
Gills
Alveoli
Bronchi
In terrestrial animals like grasshoppers, what structure is used for respiration?
Gills
Tracheole
Alveoli
Lamellae
In dogs, which part of the respiratory system contains alveoli?
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
All of the above
What is the function of the operculum in bony fishes?
To filter food particles
To protect the gills
To aid in swimming
To sense the environment
What is the key mechanism in tidal ventilation in humans?
Diffusion
Pressure differences
Osmosis
Active transport
In tidal ventilation, what does negative pressure indicate?
Exhale
Inhale
Resting state
Maximum lung capacity
What role do the different muscles play in breathing?
They create a vacuum to draw air in.
They increase lung volume to draw oxygen-rich air in and decrease lung volume to expel oxygen-poor air.
They filter the air entering the lungs.
They store oxygen for later use.
What happens during the first inhalation in birds according to Figure 38.9?
Air moves out of the anterior air sacs.
Air moves into the posterior air sacs.
Air moves into the anterior air sacs.
Air moves out of the posterior air sacs.
What is the function of the air capillaries in the bird's respiratory system?
To store oxygen
To filter air
To facilitate gas exchange
To humidify the air
What is the function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
Contracts to expand the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
Depresses to decrease the thoracic cavity volume
Elevates the ribs during an exhale
Contracts to push air out of the lungs
What is the role of intercostal muscles during an inhale?
Depress the ribs
Elevate the ribs
Contract the diaphragm
Increase lung tissue recoil
How do intercostal muscles help during high levels of physical activity?
By decreasing the volume within the thoracic cavity
By increasing the volume within the thoracic cavity
By contracting the diaphragm
By reducing lung tissue recoil
What is the relationship between hemoglobin and oxygen dissociation curves?
Hemoglobin has no affinity for oxygen
The association of oxygen to hemoglobin is irreversible
The association of oxygen to hemoglobin is reversible and influenced by blood pH
Hemoglobin binds oxygen only at high pH levels
What does a shift in pH in blood and body tissues indicate?
The body needs less oxygen
The body needs more oxygen
The body needs more carbon dioxide
The body needs less carbon dioxide
What does the left-shifted curve in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
Increased oxygen affinity
Reduced oxygen affinity
Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
High temperature
What does the right-shifted curve in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
Increased oxygen affinity
Reduced oxygen affinity
Low temperature
High pH
Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure and function of arteries?
Arteries transmit blood away from the heart and have high pressure due to their thick walls.
Arteries bring blood to the heart and have low pressure due to their thin walls.
Arteries have thin walls and a large radius, resulting in low pressure.
Arteries have a single layer of endothelial cells and facilitate diffusion of materials.
What is the role of one-way valves in the lower limbs?
To prevent blood from pooling or sinking to the bottom.
To increase blood flow by constricting arteries.
To facilitate the exchange of materials between blood and tissues.
To decrease blood pressure by dilating veins.
How do hormones regulate blood pressure according to the provided text?
ADH causes arteries to constrict, decreasing blood flow and increasing pressure.
ADH causes arteries to dilate, increasing blood flow and decreasing pressure.
ADH causes veins to constrict, increasing blood flow and decreasing pressure.
ADH causes veins to dilate, decreasing blood flow and increasing pressure.
What is PHYLOGENY?
The study of physical appearance of organisms.
The study of evolutionary relationships.
The classification of organisms based on behavior.
The study of genetic mutations in organisms.
What is the significance of homologous structures in understanding evolutionary relationships?
They indicate that organisms with homologous structures are not related.
They suggest that organisms with homologous structures have adapted to different environments.
They provide evidence that organisms with homologous structures share a common ancestor.
They are used to determine the age of fossils.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system in animals?
To digest food
To circulate blood
To exchange gases
To excrete waste products
birds
Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering blood in mammals?
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
What is the process by which birds maintain a constant internal body temperature?
Homeostasis
Metamorphosis
Photosynthesis
Fermentation
Which hormone regulates the blood sugar level in animals?
Adrenaline
Insulin
Estrogen
Testosterone
Which type of animal is an ectotherm?
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles
Amphibians
What is the primary role of the myelin sheath in neurons?
To transmit neurotransmitters
To insulate the axon and speed up signal transmission
To store ions for action potentials
To provide structural support to the neuron
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Where are proteins digested
stomach
mouth
small intestines
Where are carbohydrates digested?
mouth
stomach
small intestines
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of water and solutes?
Bowman's capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
What hormone regulates the concentration of urine by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Adrenaline
Insulin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Glucagon
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?
Amylase
Lipase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Esophagus
What is a defining characteristic of ruminants?
They have a single-chambered stomach.
They have a multi-chambered stomach.
They are carnivorous.
They lay eggs.
Which of the following animals is a ruminant?
Horse
Dog
Cow
Cat
What is the primary function of the rumen in ruminants?
To store food temporarily
To break down cellulose through microbial fermentation
To absorb nutrients directly into the bloodstream
To produce digestive enzymes
What is a hindgut fermenter?
An animal that ferments food in the foregut.
An animal that ferments food in the hindgut.
An animal that does not ferment food.
An animal that ferments food in the stomach.
Which of the following animals is an example of a hindgut fermenter?
Cow
Sheep
Horse
Goat
What is the primary advantage of hindgut fermentation?
It allows for the digestion of fibrous plant material.
It increases the absorption of proteins.
It enhances the digestion of fats.
It improves the digestion of sugars.
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment
hyperosmotic; freshwater
hyperosmotic; seawater
isoosmotic; seawater
hypoosmotic; seawater
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
ammonia
ammonium ions
urea
uric acid
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that________.
urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste
urea is less toxic than ammonia
urea does not affect the osmotic gradient
less nitrogen is removed from the body
The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates ________.
secretion
absorption
filtration
temperature regulation
In the digestive system, peristalsis is ________.
a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle____________.
are autotrophic
re-ingest their feces
manufacture all fifteen amino acids out of sugars in the liver
have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs
To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must ________.
excrete large quantities of electrolytes
consume large quantities of water
excrete large quantities of water
take in electrolytes through simple diffusion
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment
hyperosmotic; freshwater
hyperosmotic; seawater
isoosmotic; seawater
hypoosmotic; seawater
