Water has a density of ____ g/cm³.

Anything that "floats" is ____ dense than another material.

Anything that "sinks" is ____ dense than another material.

True shape of the Earth (flattened sphere)

Run horizontally, measured ^oN and ^oS of the Equator, go to 90^o max, parallel

Run vertically, measured ^oE and ^oW of the Prime Meridian, go to 180^o max, connect at the Poles

Altitude, or angle, you look to see Polaris equals your _____

Polaris is on the horizon (0^o) where?

Polaris is at the zenith, directly above you (90^o) where?

Polaris will be at an angle of 43^o where?

Earth's rate of REVOLUTION

Earth's rate of ROTATION

Every time zone is ___ of longitude apart

Another name for gradient (change in elevation / distance)

Closer the contour lines on a topographic map are, the _____ the slope.

Closer the isobars on an air pressure map are, the greater the pressure change, and that means

Contour lines measure points of equal

Isobars measure points of equal

Isotherms measure points of equal

When contour lines cross a river or stream, they will

All minerals are made of

Mineral properties (luster, color, streak, hardness, etc.) are all determined by

Most Earth minerals are

Limestone and Marble are made of calcite which means these rocks will

Mineral have flat sides

Mineral have uneven, jagged sides

Luster of a mineral

Streak test

Hardness test

Previously existing rock undergoes intense heat and pressure

Magma or lava cool/solidify

Deposition and burial of rock pieces, then compaction and cementation

Only rock type to ever contain fossils

Magma cools slowly underground causing ____ crystals to form (intrusive igneous rock)

Magma cools rapidly on Earth's surface causing ____ crystals to form (extrusive igneous rock)

Crystalline sedimentary rock, like Rock Salt, forms

Bioclastic sedimentary rock, like Bituminous Coal, forms from

Theory of Continental Drift is supported by what main fact?

Made of continental crust, oceanic crust, rigid mantle...outermost layer of the Earth

Convection of magma here moves plates around, partially molten, "plastic mantle"

ONLY LIQUID LAYER, made of iron and nickel, S waves get absorbed

Solid iron and nickel, super hot, most dense layer

Thicker, granite composition, 2.7 g/cm³ density

Thinner, basalt composition, 3.0 g/cm³ density

Plates move apart, creates mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, seafloor spreading, new oceanic crust formed

Plates slide past one another, creates shallow earthquakes (San Andreas Fault)

Plates collide/come together, creates trenches, subductions zones, mountains, recycles crust

Why does oceanic crust always get subducted under the continental crust?

The symmetry in magnetic polarity of rocks and age of the sea floor being a mirror image on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is proof that

Where is NEW, younger oceanic crust found?

Iceland, Hawaii, Yellowstone

Scientists study _____ to learn more about the composition and properties of Earth's interior.

Primary waves, travel faster, recorded first, travel through ALL of Earth's layers, compressional waves

Secondary waves, travel slower, recorded second, only travel through solid layers - absorbed by the Outer Core, shear waves

Difference in arrival times between P and S waves will tell you

Earthquake Safety

Hurricane / Tsunami Safety

Tornado Safety

Breakdown of rock at Earth's surface without any chemical reactions taking place (plant root growth, frost wedging, abrasion, animals burrowing)

Breakdown of rock at Earth's surface with chemical reactions taking place (rust, acid rain, acidic groundwater, caves and sinkholes)

Climate that is best for rapid chemical weathering

What is the #1 force that aids in all processes on Earth and in Space??!

Sand dunes, sand-blasted bedrock, beach erosion, smaller sediments shaping the landscape

Beach erosion, sand bars, barrier islands, rounds sediments due to abrasion

U-shaped valleys, striations in bedrock, drumlins, kettle lakes, braided streams, Finger Lakes

Sediments rounded due to abrasion, V-shaped valleys, flood plains, meandering streams

Any geographic area/region where all the water drains to one single point

Rock Falls, Mudslides, Landslides, Soil Creep, Avalanches

Meandering Streams: Water moves faster and there is erosion taking place, creating a cut bank

Meandering Streams: Water moves slower and there is deposition taking place, creating a point bar

What type of sediment is deposited CLOSEST to shore, when a river meets an ocean?

Triangular shaped depositional feature that forms where a river empties into a bigger body of water

Sediments deposited as sorted, rounded, and layered

Sediments deposited as unsorted, angular, and not layered

Stream drainage patterns are dependent on

Dry (arid) landscapes have ____

Humid landscapes have ____

Horizontal sedimentary bedrock, low elevation, gentle slope

Horizontal sedimentary bedrock, medium-high elevation, flat topped valleys with steep sides

Distorted/deformed metamorphic bedrock, high elevation, steep slope

Layers of rock are originally deposited as horizontal layers of sediment

Bottom layer in an outcrop is the oldest, top layer is the youngest

Buried surface that represents a gap in geologic history, formed through uplift, weathering and erosion

When correlating outcrops, what are you doing?

Intrusions, faults, folds, tilts are all ____ than the rock they affect (rock needed to be there first in order to be changed)

Geologic history is broken in eras, periods, epochs based on

When magma moves through rock layers, causing contact metamorphism, changing the rock it touches

Index fossils and volcanic ash layers are good geologic time markers becuase

Earth's early atmosphere was TOXIC due to

How did Earth begin to have an oxygen-rich atmosphere?

Dinosaur extinction 65.5 millions of years ago, climate shift, extinction of majority of species

Isotope with a half life time of 4.5 billion years, used to date rocks as old as Earth

Isotope with a half life time of 5,700 years, used to date anything once living of organic remains and relatively "young"

Finish the half-life pattern... 100%, 50%....

Universe began from some unknown amount of energy in a process called

How old is the Universe?

How old is the Earth, Moon, and our Solar System?

We know the age of the Universe and can study its history by observing

Objects in space moving away from Earth, Universe expanding/growing in size, exhibits a longer wavelength of energy

Objects in space moving towards Earth, exhibits a shorter wavelength of energy

Shape of the Milky Way Galaxy

Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars. Smaller diameter. More dense. Closer to Sun. Rocky crust.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Larger diameter. Less dense. Farther from the Sun. Gaseous.

Planets closer to the Sun have _____ than planets farther from the Sun.

Modern model of the Solar System - states all planets revolve around the Sun in slightly elliptical orbits

Earth rotates on its axis AND revolves around the Sun (when looking down on the North Pole)

Foucault's Pendulum, Coriolis Effect (curvature of winds and ocean currents), day/night, setting and rising of the Sun and Moon

Seeing different constellations and night sky patterns throughout the year, Earth being tilted and giving us different seasons

Angle of Earth's tilt on its axis

Duration of insolation means

Intensity (strength) of insolation varies with the angle of the Sun. More intense sunlight will happen when

Two locations on the same line of _____ will have the same intensity of insolation

When would you have your SHORTEST shadow?

When would you have your SHORTEST shadow?

When would you have your LONGEST shadow?

When would you have your LONGEST shadow?

Sun is always in the ____ part of the sky for observers in the Northern Hemisphere

June 21st - For someone in NY: Sun rises NE, sets NW, 15 hrs day, 9 hrs night, Sun takes longest path in the sky. Sun's vertical rays are directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer (23.5^oN). Northern Hemisphere tilted towards the Sun

Dec 21st - For someone in NY: Sun rises SE, sets SW, 9 hrs day, 15 hrs night, Sun takes shortest path in the sky. Sun's vertical rays are directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5^oS). Northern Hemisphere tilted away from the Sun

March 21st/Sept 23rd, 12 hrs of day and night, Sun's vertical rays directly overhead the Equator (0^o), Sun rises E and sets W

The closer objects are to each other in space, the _____ the gravitational pull between them.

An object will travel slightly faster in its orbit around the Sun when it's closer.

The large the mass of objects in space, the greater the gravitational pull between them.

Around January 3rd, Earth is closest to the Sun

Around July 4th, Earth is farthest from the Sun

Moon's rate of rotation and revolution (which is why we only see 1 side of the Moon!)

How much times does it take to complete one full cycle of Moon phases (from Full Moon back to Full Moon)?

Approximately how much times does it take to complete half a cycle of Moon phases (from Full Moon to New Moon)?

What causes ocean tides on Earth?

How many hours are between each HIGH to HIGH tide? (and LOW to LOW tide)

When the Moon passes in front of the Sun, blocking light from reaching Earth's surface, happens during a New Moon phase

When the Moon falls into Earth's shadow, happens during a Full Moon phase

This process creates light energy in a star, by combining Hydrogen atoms to form Helium and energy

When the Sun-Earth-Moon are all lined up in a straight line, this will create the highest high tides and lowest low tides

Temperature is measured using a

Air Pressure is measured using a

Wind Speed is measured using a

Dew Point and Relative Humidity are measured using a

Wind Direction is measured using a

All weather systems move across the United States, and specifically in NY, from

Transfer of energy through space

Transfer of energy from molecular contact in solids

Transfer of energy through fluids (air, water, magma) due to density differences. Warm material rises while cooler material sinks back to the heat source.

Wind is caused by differences in

Finish the rhyme... "Winds blow..."

Isobars close together indicate a steep change in air pressure. This means

Occurs when there are cooler air temperatures over water and warmer air temperatures over land, blowing air from SEA to LAND, in the afternoon

Occurs when there are cooler air temperatures over land and warmer air temperatures over water, blowing air from LAND to SEA, during the night

Air is sinking to the surface, dry conditions, little clouds, sunshine, cooler temps, winds blow clockwise and outward from the center

Nickname "cyclones", hurricanes, air is rising, humid conditions, many clouds, rain/snow, warmer temps, winds blow counter clockwise and inward toward the center

If a front passes over a city, that means

Faster cold air moves in to push warm air up and out of the way, causing clouds to form. Air behind front is colder.

Slower moving warm air moves in to rise over colder air, causing clouds to form. Air behind front is warmer.

Advancing very cold air moves in to push warm air up, while that warm air rises over cooler air

Hurricanes follow similar paths due to

What fuels hurricanes to strengthen and become devastating storms?

In order for a tornado to form along a Cold Front, two differing air masses must meet. These air masses are WARM and MOIST, DRY and COOL.

Amount of empty space between sediment particles

Ability of a substance to transmit fluids (allow water to pass through)

Movement of water upward through the soil, better with tinier particle sizes

Water will pass through sediments faster if they are

Impermeable means

COOL and DRY air mass

WARM and DRY air mass

HUMID and COOL air mass

WARM and HUMID air mass

DRY and FRIGID COLD air mass

Characteristic of an air mass depend on

Water evaporating off plants, trees, grass

Process of cloud formation when air rises, expands, cools to the dew point

When water leaves the surfaces of other bodies of water (lakes, puddles, ocean)

Water falling back to Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, freezing rain

Water seeping into the soil and moving down into the Zone of Aeration

Water staying on Earth's surface and moving over roads and grass, causes flooding

Major greenhouse gases

Water has a ______ specific heat value compared to land - meaning it requires more energy to heat up/cool water

Higher latitudes (closer to the Poles), higher elevation (in the mountains)

Large bodies of water moderate the temperature making coastal locations have _____ ranges in temperatures throughout the year

0^o, 60^oN, 60^oS

90^oN, 90^oS, 30^oN, 30^oS

"Windward" side of a mountain range is closer to water. The climate of these locations are

"Leeward" side of a mountain range is farther from water. The climate of these locations are

The Ozone Layer is in the

Incoming Solar Radiation (insolation) is in the form of mostly

Energy that the Earth emits is in the form of

Global warming can be attributed to greenhouse gases ____ energy and heat, trapping in within the atmosphere, raising Earth's average temperature.

When air temperature and dew point are equal

When air temperature and dew point are close (or equal) you have a better chance of

If the air or soil are completely (100%) filled with water, that means they are

Energy always moves from areas of ____ to ____ concentration.

Albedo refers to the amount (%) of sunlight reflected off a surface. For example - snow and ice covered areas of the world would have a

A good absorber of energy is also a good

Which material will absorb the most sunlight?

When warmer than normal ocean waters flow to the western coasts of North and South America, causing warmer temperatures and more precipitation

All Earth's weather takes place in the

Humans represent ___ of Earth's history!

0^o latitude

0^o longitude

Rocks and minerals with weaker compositions will weather

Eccentricity value closer to 1 means the planet is

Cold/cool air meets warm air and neither air mass moves

Ozone layer absorbs harmful

Station Model Air Pressure: If the first digit is less than 5, add a _ in front and then a decimal. Example "087"

Station Model Air Pressure: If the first digit is equal to or greater than 5, add a _ in front and then a decimal. Example "961"

INcoming SOLar radiATION (insolation)

Abrasion creates______ through repeated collisions