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Ecology Unit Review

Total questions: 131

Worksheet time: 2hrs 37mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which category of organisms is correctly described in this table?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

2.

What are characteristics of species?

a)

I and II

b)

I and III

c)

II and III

d)

I, II and III

3.

Which of the following is an acceptable unit for energy in a food chain?

a)

J m-2 yr-1

b)

J m-2 yr2

c)

J2 m-2 yr-1

d)

J m-2 min-1

4.

Define trophic level

a)

show the energy being passed from one organism to another

b)

the position an organism occupies in a food chain

c)

the position a population occupies in a food chain

d)

the position an organism occupies in a mesocosm

5.

Which of the following represents the actual mode of existence in which a species can be found?

a)

ecological niche

b)

fundamental niche

c)

realised niche

d)

zone of intolerance

6.

Which of these is the total amount of organic matter produced by plants in an ecosystem?

a)

gross production

b)

net production

c)

feed conversion ratio

d)

realised niche

7.

In a pyramid of energy, what unit is typically used to label the bars?

a)

kcal m² year⁻¹

b)

kJ m² year⁻¹

c)

J m² year⁻¹

d)

cal m² year⁻¹

8.
What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a biological community?
a)
energy path
b)
food web
c)
trophic level
d)
food pyramid
9.

Which statement best describes the relationship between species A and B?

a)

Species A is the prey of Species B

b)

Species A is a parasite of Species B

c)

Species A is a consumer and B is a producer

d)

Species A and B has a mutualistic relationship

10.
The scientific name for an organism is made from the:
a)
class and family name
b)
genus and species name
c)
domain and kingdom name
d)
kingdom and phylum name
11.

A dichotomous key for trees is provided. Hikers found a tree that has large brown cones and single sharp needles. What species of tree have the hikers found?

a)

Juniper

b)

Pine

c)

Spruce

d)

Fir

12.

A dichotomous key for insects is given. To what order does an insect with two pairs of scaly wings belong?

a)

Coleoptera

b)

Heteroptera

c)

Diptera

d)

Lepidoptera

13.

Using this dichotomous key for vertebrates, which group of animals has no fur, no feathers, and dry scales?

a)

Fish

b)

Birds

c)

Amphibians

d)

Reptiles

14.

Scientists would refer to this animals as:

a)

Mountain lion

b)

Cougar

c)

Panther

d)

Puma concolor

15.

Why do we classify living things?

a)

To organize them into similar groups.

b)

To make it easier to study their similarities and differences.

c)

To understand the relationships between different groups.

d)

All of the above.

16.

Group of populations in an area.

a)

Organism

b)

Ecosystem

c)

Community

d)

Biosphere

17.

Organisms who are members of the same species in an ecosystem.

a)

Organism

b)

Population

c)

Organ

d)

Community

18.

A biological community that includes various species and their physical environment (Biotic and Abiotic Factors).

a)

Organism

b)

Community

c)

Biosphere

d)

Ecosystem

19.

Where life is found on earth.

a)

Community

b)

Habitat

c)

Ecosystem

d)

Biosphere

20.

A large number of ecosystems in a geographic region is known as a:

a)

Continent

b)

Country

c)

Habitat

d)

Biome

21.

What would happen if the zebra population declined due to a disease?

a)

There would be more competition among the lions, hyenas, and cheetahs

b)

The grass population would decrease

c)

The giraffe population would decrease

d)

Baboons would have a food shortage

22.

Species distribution around specific resources, such as a desert oasis or a watering hole, would be known as...

a)

Uniform

b)

Clumped

c)

Random

d)

Niche

23.

Which ecological concept is illustrated by this graph?

a)

Oscillations

b)

Cascade Effect

c)

Mutualism

d)

Intraspecific Competition

24.

Which of the following would represent a density-dependent limiting factor?

a)

Wildfire

b)

Earthquake

c)

Flood

d)

Availability of Food

25.

The entire habitat space where an organism COULD live is referred to as its...

a)

Realized Niche

b)

Fundamental Niche

c)

Optimal Habitat

d)

Species Density

26.

What ecological concept is indicated by the dotted line in this diagram?

a)

Carrying Capacity

b)

Ecological Niche

c)

Overshoot

d)

Predation

27.

The environment in which an organism lives in order to access food, water, cover, and space

a)

Community

b)

Habitat

c)

Density

d)

Competition

28.

Competition between members of the same species for resources within a particular habitat

a)

Interspecific Competition

b)

Parasitism

c)

Intraspecific Competition

d)

Mutualism

29.
What effect will an invasive species have on the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
a)
The carrying capacity will increase
b)
The carrying capacity for everyone will decrease
c)
The carrying capacity will only decrease for those in competition for same resource
d)
The carrying capacity for all animals will stay the same
30.
If a blue catfish is introduced and eats the large fish who eat the smaller fish, what will happen to the population of the smaller fish?
a)
Increase
b)
Decrease
c)
Stay the same
d)
No affect on smaller fish
31.
_______ is when 2 or more species live in close association. 
a)
predation 
b)
competition 
c)
symbiosis 
d)
food web 
32.

The range of all  conditions in which a species lives and how it gets what it needs to survive and reproduce.
a)
population
b)
ecosystem
c)
niche
d)
biology
33.
Every species has its own range of ________, the ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances.
a)
tolerance
b)
niche
c)
population
d)
ecosystem
34.

18H2S + 6CO2 + 3O2 → C6H12O6 (carbohydrate) + 12H2O + 18S

This equation is showing:

a)

water and carbon dioxide combine to create hydrogen sulfide

b)

hydrogen sulfide fuels a reaction between carbon dioxide and oxygen to produce carbohydrates (food). Sulfur and water are byproducts.

c)

Carbohydrates react with water and sulfur to create hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

d)

Carbon dioxide and oxygen changes into carbohydrates

35.

H2S + 6CO2 + 3O2 → C6H12O6 (carbohydrate) + 12H2O + 18S is the equation for:

a)

Calvin cycle

b)

cellular respiration

c)

chemosynthesis

d)

photosynthesis

36.

Which environment(s) is most likely to have chemosynthesis occur? Choose all that are correct.

a)
b)
c)
d)
37.

What do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common? Select all that apply.

a)

They both use carbon dioxide

b)

They both make organic (carbon molecules) that can be used for energy

c)

they both use sunlight

d)

They both use water

38.

Why take a sample of a population?

a)

It's not possible to count the whole population

b)

The researchers need information quickly

c)

It's more economically feasible

d)

All of the Above

39.

What can be best determined with transect sampling?

a)

Population Size

b)

Population Density

c)

Percentage or number of population affected by something

d)

How a population varies over a space or gradient

40.

When sampling a population of cardinals, you catch ten birds and tag them. The next weekend, you catch ten more birds, five of which were previously tagged. What is the total population of cardinals in that area?

a)

(10 x 10) / 5 = 20

b)

5 / (10 x 10) = .05

c)

(5 x 10) / 10 = 5

d)

(10 x 5) / 5 = 10

41.

Oak trees drop acorns (seeds) every 2-3 years. What is the most likely dispersion pattern for oak trees?

a)

uniform dispersion

b)

random dispersion

c)

clumped dispersion

42.

A dandelion whose seeds disperse by wind most likely has a ____ dispersion pattern.

a)

random

b)

uniform

c)

clumped

43.

The image shows

a)

clumped dispersion

b)

uniform dispersion

c)

random dispersion

44.

The image shows

a)

clumped dispersion

b)

uniform dispersion

c)

random dispersion

45.

The image shows

a)

clumped dispersion

b)

uniform dispersion

c)

random dispersion

46.

European Mouflon sheep were introduced in Tasmania in year 1813. According to this graph, around which year did the population of European Mouflon sheep reach their carrying capacity?

a)

1894

b)

1874

c)

1854

d)

1844

47.

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between mark recapture and quadrat sampling?

a)

Quadrat sampling is used for mobile populations and mark recapture is used for stationary populations

b)

Quadrat sampling is used for stationary populations and mark recapture is used for mobile populations

c)

Quadrat sampling can only be used for small populations

d)

Mark recapture sampling can only be used for small populations

48.

Which point in this graph represents exponential growth?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

49.

Which point on the graph best represents the carrying capacity?

a)

B

b)

C

c)

E

d)

D

e)

A

50.

If a town has a population of 50,000 people and covers an area of 100 square kilometers, what is the population density?

a)

500 people per square kilometer

b)

50 people per square kilometer

c)

0.002 people per square kilometer

d)

5,000,000 people per square kilometer

51.

What are some density-independent limiting factors that may affect population size? Mark all that apply

a)

drought

b)

flood

c)

predation

d)

disease

52.
The graph of logistic growth can be described as...
a)
S-shaped
b)
J-shaped
c)
U-shaped
53.
Which of the following will increase the size of a population?
a)
emigration and births
b)
immigration and deaths
c)
immigration and births
d)
emigration and deaths
54.
Which of the following lists the levels of organization in an ecosystem from the smallest unit to the largest?
a)
population, organism, community, ecosystem
b)
organism, population, ecosystem, community
c)
organism, community, population, ecosystem
d)
organism, population, community, ecosystem
55.

What conditions may occur when a population is in exponential growth? Check all the correct answers.

a)

birth rate is greater than death rate

b)

birth rate is less than death rate

c)

immigration rate is greater than emigration rate

d)

immigration rate is less than emigration rate

56.

Last year in a habitat of elephants, there were more births than normal and there was more immigration of elephants into the area. How does this affect population size and density?

a)

Both population size and density increase

b)

Both population size and density decrease

c)

The population size and density remain the same

d)

Population size decreases but the density increases

57.

If a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem which of the following is true?

a)

Other organisms will have a better chance of survival

b)

The ecosystem will become healthier and more diverse

c)

The ecosystem would change drastically

d)

None of the above

58.

An antelope population has a negative population growth rate. Which of the following conditions must also be true for the population growth rate to be negative?

a)

births + deaths < immigrations + emigrations

b)

births + deaths > immigrations + emigrations

c)

births + immigrations < deaths + emigrations

d)

births + immigrations > deaths + emigrations

59.

How is a clumped population distribution beneficial for prey animals?

a)

Being a member of a larger group provides protection for each individual from predators.

b)

Prey animals rely on each other to acquire food.

c)

Prey animals live in small family groups to raise young.

d)

Clumped population distributions ensure that at least one member of the population knows how to identify the seasonal migration route.

60.

Many fish die due to a drastic change in water temperature.

a)

Density-Dependent

b)

Density-Independent

61.
Which species are often pioneer species?
a)
cattails and algae
b)
pinetrees and oaks
c)
sagebrush and tumbleweed
d)
lichen and moss
62.

Which of the following images shows a community?

a)
b)
c)
d)
63.

Detritovores get their energy...

a)

by consuming living organisms

b)

by converting energy in their surroundings in chemical energy.

c)

by internally digesting deceased organisms.

d)

by externally digesting deceased organisms.

64.

Which of the following is NOT a type of heterotroph?

a)

Saprotroph

b)

Detritovore

c)

Autotroph

d)

Consumer

65.

Which of the following is an example of "amensalism"?

a)

A monkey climbs up a tree.

b)

A bird lives in the hollow of a tree.

c)

A wasp lays its larvae in a caterpillar.

d)

Humans often step on bugs while walking outside.

66.

Which of the following is an example of "neutralism"?

a)

A monkey climbs up a tree.

b)

A bird lives in the hollow of a tree.

c)

A wasp lays its larvae in a caterpillar.

d)

Humans often step on bugs while walking outside.

67.

Which of the following can NOT be recycled in an ecosystem?

a)

Minerals

b)

Water

c)

Nutrients

d)

Energy

68.

Which off the following BEST explains why it's important to choose your samples randomly during an experiment?

a)

It prevents you from choosing the same sample more than once

b)

It prevents implicit bias from affecting your results

c)

Doing so will give your samples more variety

d)

Doing so will force you to think more carefully during your experiment.

69.

In which situation would the Chi-Square test be most the useful?

a)

When trying to determine whether the average size of a certain starfish population has significantly decreased over time

b)

When trying to determine whether there's a significant difference in the sizes east coast starish and west coast starfish

c)

When trying to determine whether there's a correlation between the pH level of ocean water and starfish size

d)

When trying to determine whether a certain species of starfish lives in the same place as a certain species of seaweed

70.

You obtain a X2 value of 2.5. Your data has 3 degrees of freedom. What is the critical X2 value you should use to assess your data? (Use the critical value table above)

a)

16.266

b)

11.345

c)

7.815

d)

5.991

71.

You obtain a X2 value of 2.5. Your data has 3 degrees of freedom. Is your data significant? (Use the critical value table above)

a)

Yes

b)

No

72.

You obtain a X2 value of 2.5. Your data has 3 degrees of freedom. Which hypothesis do you accept? (Use the critical value table above)

a)

The null hypothesis

b)

The alternate hyothesis

73.

When a population grows past the ecosystem's carrying capacity, what happens to the population?

a)

The population continues to grow

b)

The population will go extinct due to limited resources

c)

The population starts to die off to return to carrying capacity

d)

The population grows, then finds a new carrying capacity

74.

Which of the following is an example of a living organism interacting with an abiotic factor?

a)

Cows eating grass.

b)

Sun warming and melting ice into liquid water.

c)

Rocks adding nutrients to the soil.

d)

Plants absorb water from the ground

75.
In 1975 how would you describe the Wolf Population
a)
Above Carrying Capacity
b)
Below Carrying Capacity
c)
At carrying Capacity
d)
Mr. Samuelson's Mom
76.
Introduced or invasive species are often difficult because:
a)
They contribute to habitat fragmentation
b)
They do not adapt well to new environments
c)
They increase biodiversity
d)
They often lack natural predators
77.

Claim: species A and B compete for the same food (I - grown separately, II - grown together). Which supports claim?

a)

Species B group 1 growth rate is faster then Species B group 2 growth rate

b)

Species B group 1 growth rate is slower than Species B group 2 growth rate

c)

Species A group 2 growth rate is faster than Species B group 1 growth rate

d)

Species A group 1 growth rate is slower than Species B group 2 growth rate

78.

Where do photosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?

a)

Inorganic molecules

b)

Moonlight

c)

Organic molecules

d)

Sunlight

79.

What are all secondary consumers?

a)

Carnivores

b)

Decomposer

c)

Herbivore

d)

Producer

80.

When you control producer level, what type of model does this describe?

a)

Bottom-Up Model

b)

Top-Down Model

81.

A reduction in ___ would cause a decrease in entire chain.

a)

Decomposer

b)

Primary Consumer

c)

Primary Producer

d)

Sunlight

82.

Net loss of energy results in…

a)

Decay & Energy Storage

b)

Gain of Mass & Death

c)

Growth & Energy Storage

d)

Loss of Mass & Death

83.

Net gain of energy by organism causes…

a)

Decay & Energy Storage

b)

Gain of Mass & Death

c)

Growth & Energy Storage

d)

Loss of Mass & Death

84.

Where do chemosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?

a)

Inorganic molecules

b)

Moonlight

c)

Organic molecules

d)

Sunlight

85.

If a secondary consumer population decreases, what would happen to the producers?

a)

Decrease

b)

Increase

c)

Stay the Same

86.

When a plant produces chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants:

a)

abiotic

b)

allelopathy

c)

commensalism

d)

parasitism

87.

This graph explains:

a)

how temperature and precipitation affect biomes

b)

how a range of abiotic factors affects population numbers

c)

how energy flows through an food chain

d)

the hierarchy or ecological organization

88.

This graph explains:

a)

how temperature and precipitation affect biomes

b)

how energy flows through an food chain

c)

how a range of abiotic factors affects population numbers

d)

the hierarchy or ecological organization

89.

This graph explains:

a)

how temperature and precipitation affect biomes

b)

how a range of abiotic factors affects population numbers

c)

how energy flows through an food chain

d)

the hierarchy or ecological organization

90.

What are the two key things looked at in the study of ecology?

a)

Distribution and abundance

b)

Predation and competition

c)

Migration and hibernation

d)

Mutation and selection

91.

What is the difference between fundamental and realized niches?

a)

Fundamental niches are about competition, realized niches are not

b)

Realized niches are larger than fundamental niches

c)

There is no difference

d)

Fundamental niches are theoretical, realized niches are actual

92.
Succession involves what three processes?
a)
introduction, growth, carrying capacity
b)
discovery, exploration, exploitation
c)
pioneer, opportunist, climax
d)
colonization, establishment, extinction
93.
What shape is the curve on the Tolerance of Limiting Factors Graph?
a)
S-shape
b)
J-shape
c)
Straight line
d)
Bell-shape
94.

Which of these scenarios would lead to secondary succession?

a)

a glacier retreats over millions of years leaving cliffs of rock

b)

a camper cuts down one tree to use for firewood on a camping trip

c)

a tornado destroys a taiga forest in Canada

d)

a volcanic lava flow overtakes a rural farm leaving basalt rock

95.

Label the layers of a forest.

a)

Understory

b)

Emergent

c)

Canopy

d)

Floor

1
2
3
4
1)
2)
3)
4)
96.

Adaptations in the deep ocean might include

a)

the ability for plants to excrete salt water

b)

the ability to hold on to rocks against strong current

c)

strong swimming abilities

d)

glowing bacteria to signal in the dark

97.
_________ is the amount of salt dissolved in water.
a)
Temperature
b)
Salinity
c)
Nutrients
d)
Pressure
98.
Aquatic food webs begin with what?
a)
krill
b)
zooplankton
c)
phytoplankton
d)
plankton
99.

Organisms have evolved to survive the environment in this biome through adaptations such as spines for protection and the ability of photosynthesis to take place in stems as opposed to leaves.  What is the name of this biome?

a)

Tundra

b)

Chaparral

c)

Temperate grassland

d)

Desert

100.

Which is the result of the suppression of forest fires?

a)

Increase in succession in forest ecosystems

b)

Severe fires when wildfires do occur

c)

Increase in biodiversity in forest ecosystems

d)

Abundance of soil nutrients

101.

What trend would you expect to see in a predator-prey relationship?

a)

As the predator population decrease, the prey population increases

b)

As the predator population decrease, the prey population decreases

c)

Both predator and prey populations stay constant

d)

Predator population has no effect on prey population

102.

Which process is represented by the breakdown of sugar in the absence of oxygen?

a)

Anaerobic anabolism

b)

Aerobic anabolism

c)

Anaerobic catabolism

d)

Aerobic catabolism

103.

A bacterium thrives in an oxygen-free environment and derives energy from inorganic compounds. How would you classify it?

a)

Obligate anaerobe, autotroph

b)

Facultative anaerobe, heterotroph

c)

Obligate aerobe, autotroph

d)

Facultative anaerobe, saprotroph

104.

A plant species uses sunlight to produce its own food but can also absorb nutrients from insects. What is its classification?

a)

Mixotroph

b)

Herbivore

c)

Obligate aerobe

d)

Heterotroph

105.

A fungus decomposes organic matter and releases nutrients back into the environment. What is its classification?

a)

Obligate anaerobe

b)

Autotroph

c)

Herbivore

d)

Saprotroph

106.

A fish species can survive in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments, consuming plants and small insects. How would you classify it?

a)

Obligate anaerobe, autotroph

b)

Facultative anaerobe, omnivore

c)

Obligate aerobe, carnivore

d)

Facultative anaerobe, herbivore

107.

An organism lives in deep ocean vents, utilizing chemical reactions with sulfur compounds to obtain energy. What is its classification?

a)

Mixotroph

b)

Heterotroph

c)

Autotroph

d)

Obligate aerobe

108.

A bird primarily eats seeds but occasionally consumes insects. How would you classify it?

a)

Herbivore

b)

Omnivore

c)

Carnivore

d)

Saprotroph

109.

An organism can switch between using oxygen for metabolism and fermenting sugars when oxygen is scarce. What is its classification?

a)

Autotroph

b)

Obligate aerobe

c)

Obligate anaerobe

d)

Facultative anaerobe

110.

A mammal feeds exclusively on other animals. How would you classify it?

a)

Carnivore

b)

Herbivore

c)

Mixotroph

d)

Omnivore

111.

A microorganism found in soil can photosynthesize and also consume dissolved organic carbon. What is its classification?

a)

Obligate anaerobe

b)

Heterotroph

c)

Saprotroph

d)

Mixotroph

112.

A reptile eats both plants and other animals, depending on the availability of food. How would you classify it?

a)

Omnivore

b)

Autotroph

c)

Carnivore

d)

Herbivore

113.

A species of bacteria can only survive in aerobic conditions. What is its classification?

a)

Obligate aerobe

b)

Autotroph

c)

Obligate anaerobe

d)

Facultative anaerobe

114.

An aquatic plant performs photosynthesis and also absorbs nutrients from the surrounding water. What is its classification?

a)

Carnivore

b)

Herbivore

c)

Mixotroph

d)

Obligate anaerobe

115.

A large mammal in the savanna feeds primarily on grasses and leaves. How would you classify it?

a)

Saprotroph

b)

Carnivore

c)

Herbivore

d)

Omnivore

116.

A set of interacting components that allows both energy and chemical substances to transfer in and out is known as a ___________ system.

a)

Open

b)

Wide

c)

Closed

d)

Dynamic

117.

A mesocosm is a bottle or jar that is filled with rocks, soil, sand, water, a few plants, algae, and a decomposer. What is the main source of energy for the ecosystem, and is it a closed or open system?

a)

Main energy source: phosphorous
Open system

b)

Main energy source: Methane
Open system

c)

Main energy source:

phosphorus
Closed System

d)

Main energy source: light
Closed System

118.

Why does light travel deeper into the open ocean when compared to coastal water?

a)
Light is absorbed more in the open ocean because of its depth.
b)
Light travels deeper in the open ocean due to lower turbidity and fewer particles compared to coastal waters.
c)
Light travels deeper in coastal waters due to higher salinity.
d)
Light travels deeper in coastal waters due to increased sunlight exposure.
119.

Check all of the following that might rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis.

a)

Photosynthetic algae found in the top 50 m of the open ocean.

b)

Bacteria found in closed-off caves.

c)

Coral reefs that have many microorganisms living on them.

d)

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent organisms.

120.

List the following terms in order from smallest to largest: individual, community, ecosystem, population, biosphere, biome

a)

individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

b)

individual, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere, biome

c)

community, individual, population, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

d)

population, individual, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

121.

In a woodland ecosystem, each tree provides food for numerous aphids which feed on the sap of the tree. The aphids are eaten by carnivorous beetles, as shown in the food chain.

Oak Tree → Aphids → Beetles

Which pyramid of energy represents this relationship?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

122.

What is exchanged between a sealed mesocosm and the surrounding external environment?

a)

Energy

b)

Water

c)

Air

d)

Nothing can pass

123.

The diagram shows the energy flow between five “sinks” in a terrestrial ecosystem.

In a typical terrestrial ecosystem, which trophic level would have the highest biomass?

a)

Autotrophs

b)

Primary consumers

c)

Secondary consumers

d)

Detritus feeders

124.

The diagram shows the flow of energy through an ecosystem in kJm–2y–1. What percentage of the energy passed from primary producers to primary consumers is lost to cellular respiration by tertiary consumers?

a)

0.001%

b)

0.08%

c)

0.2%

d)

0.4%

125.

How can a chi-squared test be used in ecological research?

a)

To test the effect of an abiotic factor on one plant species

b)

To test whether two species tend to live together

c)

To test whether one population of plants is taller than another

d)

To test whether one species is more tolerant to heavy metals than another

126.

In the diagram, which of the processes labelled A to D transfers the largest mass of carbon per year in a woodland ecosystem?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

127.

The diagram shows interactions between food chains in an ecosystem in the African savannah.

Which arrows indicate the flow of chemical energy?

a)

I and II only

b)

I and III only

c)

II and III only

d)

I, II and III

128.

In 1789 Gilbert White, a naturalist, observed eight breeding pairs of swifts (Apus apus) in the English village of Selborne. On average, each pair of swifts produces two offspring per year. This would allow the population to rise to 1030 swifts over 200 years. A bird survey carried out in 1983 revealed only 12 breeding pairs in this village.

What could have prevented the numbers rising to 1030?

I.   The number of nesting sites remained the same.

II.  The food supply of the swifts remained constant.

III. Predatory birds in the area were exterminated.

a)

I only

b)

I and II only

c)

II and III only

d)

I, II and III

129.

Limpets are molluscs with conical shells that cling tightly to rocks on seashores. In a study of two species of limpets found on rocks along the Oregon coast, 30 randomly placed quadrats were used to determine how often the two species occurred together. The table shows the data that were collected.

Which statistical method will determine whether these two species occur together by chance or by some kind of interaction?

a)

Chi-squared test

b)

t-test

c)

Standard deviation

d)

Means and ranges

130.

n an area of forest measuring 100 m by 100 m, samples were taken to estimate the number of silver maple (Acer saccharinum) trees in the forest. The number of trees counted in each of five areas of 400 m2 was recorded.

Approximately how many silver maple trees are in the 10000m2 area of forest?

a)

5

b)

25

c)

125

d)

625

131.

What restricts the length of a food chain?

a)

Energy losses between the trophic levels

b)

A greater biomass at the higher trophic levels

c)

The number of species in the food web

d)

The consumption of waste by detritivores

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