Which substances are solids at room temperature?

Which substance could be a metal?

Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

Which substance is an ionic compound?

Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

Explain the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory. The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures.

Explain the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory. A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the container but it does not have a fixed volume.

Which three substances are solids at room temperature?

Which one is an ionic compound?

Which one is a gas at room temperature?

Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?

Which one substance is a metal?

Which one is an impure substance?

Give the name of the process that occurs when a gas turns into a liquid.

Give the name of the process that occurs when a solid turns into a gas without first forming a liquid.

Explain these observations.

Complete Table 1.1 about solids, liquids and gases.

Name the change of state taking place between A and B.

Name the two physical processes taking place.

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in: Liquid bromine: Bromine gas:

Describe how the volume of the bromine gas changes with temperature.

What is the physical state of calcium at 1600 °C?

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in: Solid chlorine: Chlorine gas:

Describe how the pressure of the chlorine gas changes with temperature.

What is the physical state of pure S at 100 °C? Explain your answer.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.

Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.

At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that point.

Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.

Describe how the white solid could be tested to show it contains: Ammonium ions.

Describe how the white solid could be tested to show it contains: Chloride ions.

State the type of bonding in ammonia.

Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine, showing only outer shell electrons.

Name the linkages found in the polymers of nylon and protein.

Describe one difference in the structures of nylon and protein.

What is the general name given to the products of hydrolysis of proteins?

Suggest the structure of the monomer used to make the polymer shown.

Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.

What is the significance of temperature t °C?

What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?

What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?

What is the percentage of hydrogen in the compound?

Calculate the empirical formula of X. Show your working.

What is the molecular formula of compound X?

Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C?

Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC.

Name the change of state which occurs in region DE.

Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used.

Name the change that occurs in the region D to E.

What would be the difference in the region B to C if an impure sample had been used?

Complete the following table that compares the separation and movement of the molecules in regions C to D with those in E to F.

Complete the word equations for the reactions of ethanoic acid.

Complete the word equations for the reactions of ethanoic acid. calcium + ethanoic acid → ................................................ + ......................................... ................................................ + ethanoic acid → zinc ethanoate + water

Write the symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.

Name each of the numbered physical changes shown in Figure 1.

State one other difference between boiling and evaporation.

Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state. Separation: .................................................. Arrangement: .................................................. Motion: ..................................................

Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation between the molecules and the type of motion of the molecules in: Solid iodine: Iodine gas:

Describe how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure.

What is the physical state of sulfur dioxide at -20 °C? Explain your answer.

Describe the arrangement and movement of the molecules in the region A-B.

Name the change that occurs in the region B-C.

Explain how these oxides are formed.

How are they removed from the exhaust gases?

Describe how lead(II) nitrate crystals could be prepared from dilute nitric acid and lead(II) oxide.

Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.

Complete the following explanations. Diagram 2. ................................ Diagram 3 ................................

In terms of proton transfer, explain what is meant by the term weak base.

Given aqueous solutions of both bases, describe how you could show that sodium hydroxide is the stronger base. How could you ensure a 'fair' comparison between the two solutions?

Complete the equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ethylamine. Name the salt formed.

Suggest a reagent that could be used to displace the weak base, ethylamine, from its salt ethylammonium chloride.

Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.

Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?

Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?

Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?

Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane.

Suggest why this would not be a suitable method to obtain the helium.

Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be separated from the mixture of gases in natural gas.

What is the melting point of pure Z?

Explain, in terms of attractive forces, why there was no increase in the temperature of the sample of pure Z between 2 minutes and 5 minutes.

Describe how the motion of particles of pure Z changed from 0 minutes to 2 minutes.

Suggest the differences, if any, in the melting point and boiling point of the sample of impure Z compared to the sample of pure Z. melting point: boiling point:

Sketch on the grid how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed between 0 minutes and 8 minutes.

Draw the electronic structure of a nitrogen molecule. Show only the outer electron shells.

Compare the movement and arrangement of the molecules in solid nitrogen to those in nitrogen gas.

Use the kinetic theory to explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is increased.

Explain why nitrogen gas diffuses faster than chlorine gas.

Explain why the nitrogen gas diffuses faster at the higher temperature.