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WorksheetsUnit 6 AP Biology Review 2
Total questions: 77
Worksheet time: 39mins
What is the process called where sections of the pre-mRNA, called introns, are removed and exons are joined together?
RNA Splicing
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
Cell Division
What do introns do in the RNA splicing process?
Do not code for amino acids
Code for amino acids
Create proteins
Form ribosomes
What are exons responsible for in the RNA splicing process?
Code for amino acids
Do not code for amino acids
Create lipids
Form cell walls
Why does splicing occur in RNA processing?
A single gene can code for more than one kind of protein
To create more DNA
To destroy RNA
To form carbohydrates
What must first bind to the DNA for RNA polymerase to start transcription?
Transcription factors
Ribosomes
DNA polymerase
Helicase
What is the repeating sequence known as in the promoter region?
TATA box
GC box
CAAT box
ATCG box
In which direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA strand?
5' to 3'
3' to 5'
2' to 4'
4' to 2'
What is the mRNA known as before it undergoes processing?
Pre-mRNA
Post-mRNA
Mature mRNA
Processed mRNA
What is the first step in the transcription process for a prokaryotic cell?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.
RNA polymerase binds to the terminator region.
RNA polymerase binds to the ribosome.
RNA polymerase binds to the cytoplasm.
In which direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA strand during transcription?
5' to 3' direction
3' to 5' direction
Left to right direction
Top to bottom direction
What happens when RNA polymerase transcribes through a terminator sequence?
RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA.
RNA polymerase starts translation.
RNA polymerase binds to the ribosome.
RNA polymerase continues transcription indefinitely.
What is a key player in translating mRNA to an amino acid sequence?
DNA
tRNA
Protein
Lipid
Where does translation occur?
Nucleus
Ribosome
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
What does tRNA carry that the mRNA codes for?
Amino acid
Sugar
Lipid
Vitamin
How many subunits do ribosomes have?
One
Two
Three
Four
What is the site on the large ribosomal subunit that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?
A site
P site
E site
D site
How does the tRNA interact with the mRNA?
By binding to the ribosome
By carrying amino acids
By matching its anticodon with the mRNA codon
By forming a peptide bond
What codes for the amino acid?
Ribosome
Codon
Anticodon
Subunit
What are the three sites on the large ribosomal subunit?
E, P, A
A, B, C
X, Y, Z
L, M, N
What starts when the next tRNA comes into the A site?
Elongation
Termination
Initiation
Replication
What does each mRNA codon code for?
An amino acid
A sugar
A lipid
A vitamin
What occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome?
Termination
Elongation
Initiation
Replication
What is the role of a stop codon?
Signals for a release factor
Starts the process
Binds amino acids
Replicates DNA
What is the first level of protein structure called?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Which level of protein structure involves the coiling and folding of the polypeptide chain?
Secondary
Primary
Quaternary
Tertiary
What is the term for the final shape of a protein?
Tertiary structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Quaternary structure
What type of virus is an exception to the standard flow of genetic information?
Retrovirus
Bacteriophage
Influenza
Rhinovirus
What does an allosteric activator bind to?
Active site
Inactive site
Substrate site
Promoter site
What happens to the enzyme shape when an allosteric inhibitor binds?
Active sites become inactive
Enzyme shape becomes unstable
Active sites remain active
Enzyme shape is unchanged
What does the trp operon control the synthesis of?
Tryptophan
Glucose
Lactose
RNA
What happens to transcription when the trp operon is switched off?
It is repressed
It is activated
It is unchanged
It is enhanced
What binds to the operator when tryptophan is present?
Trp repressor
RNA polymerase
Promoter
Substrate
What does the lac operon control the synthesis of?
Lactase
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
What happens to transcription when the lac operon is inactive?
It is stopped
It is enhanced
It is unchanged
It is doubled
What binds to the lac repressor to make it inactive?
Allolactose
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Where is the lac repressor bound when it is active?
Operator
Promoter
Enhancer
Terminator
Compare and contrast the bacterial lac operon and trp operon.
Both are involved in gene regulation but differ in their response to environmental changes.
Both are identical in function and structure.
Lac operon is only found in plants, while trp operon is found in animals.
Lac operon and trp operon are unrelated to gene expression.
What are the three parts of an operon?
Promoter, operator, and structural genes
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome
DNA, RNA, and protein
Chromatin, histone, and nucleosome
Diagram showing stages of eukaryotic gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA stability, translation, and post-translation.
mRNA stability
Chromatin remodeling
RNA processing
Transcription
Translation
What do chromatin modifications not alter in the DNA?
The sequence
The color
The size
The shape
What can chromatin modifications be passed on to?
Future generations
Past generations
Present generations
No generations
What allows DNA to be more accessible for transcription factors to bind?
Chromatin modifications
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Cell division
What can gene expression be controlled by?
Activators or repressors
Water or air
Light or darkness
Heat or cold
What is a mutation in the genetic material of a cell?
A change that can alter characteristics
A process that creates new cells
A method of cell division
A way to increase cell size
What is the primary source of genetic variation?
Mutations
Cell growth
Photosynthesis
Respiration
What can any disruption in cellular function cause?
Different phenotypes
Faster cell growth
Increased energy
More nutrients
What are the two types of changes in mutations?
Large scale and small scale
Fast and slow
Visible and invisible
Temporary and permanent
What is a point mutation?
A change in a single nucleotide of a gene
A change in the entire DNA sequence
A change in the cell membrane
A change in the protein structure
What does a silent mutation result in?
The same amino acid
A different protein
A new cell
A larger gene
What does a missense mutation result in?
A different amino acid
No change at all
A new cell type
A larger protein
What does a nonsense mutation result in?
A stop codon
A start codon
A longer protein
A new gene
What is a frameshift mutation?
When the sequence of genetic information is altered
When a chromosome is duplicated
When a nucleotide is inserted
When a segment is deleted
What happens during nondisjunction?
Chromosomes do not separate properly
A segment of one chromosome moves to another
A segment is inverted
A nucleotide is deleted
What is translocation in genetics?
A segment of one chromosome moves to another
A segment is duplicated
A nucleotide is inserted
A segment is deleted
How can prokaryotes exchange genetic material?
Through transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Through deletion, inversion, and duplication
Through insertion, deletion, and frameshift
Through nondisjunction, translocation, and inversion
What can both DNA and RNA be manipulated through?
Biotechnology
Chemistry
Physics
Mathematics
What is gel electrophoresis used to separate?
Proteins by color
DNA fragments by size
Cells by shape
Atoms by weight
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are charged in which way?
Positively
Neutrally
Negatively
Not charged
What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
To make several copies of a specific DNA segment
To change the color of DNA
To separate proteins by size
To measure the weight of DNA
What does DNA sequencing determine?
The color of nucleotides
The size of nucleotides
The order of nucleotides
The weight of nucleotides
What is cystic fibrosis?
A genetic disease affecting mucus production
A type of cancer
A bacterial infection
A viral infection
How long is the CFTR gene?
27 exons
15 exons
10 exons
5 exons
How would you classify the delta F508del mutation?
Deletion of three base pairs
Insertion of three base pairs
Substitution of one base pair
Duplication of two base pairs
In which net direction does chloride travel through the channel proteins?
Into the cell
Out of the cell
Sideways
In circles
Is the movement of chloride passive or active transport? Why?
Active, because it requires energy
Passive, because it follows the concentration gradient
Active, because it moves against the gradient
Passive, because it uses ATP
Why is water needed to clear out mucus from the lungs?
To dry out the mucus
To hydrate the cell surface and move mucus away
To make the mucus thicker
To stop the cilia from moving
What effect does the mutated CFTR channel have on the cell?
It improves chloride ion transport
It blocks chloride ion transport
It has no effect
It speeds up mucus production
What is the function of the CFTR protein?
It acts as a channel within the cell membrane.
It produces energy for the cell.
It stores genetic information.
It breaks down waste products.
What happens in Class 1 mutations of the CFTR protein?
The protein is produced normally.
The protein production ends prematurely.
The protein is overproduced.
The protein is unaffected.
Which class of CFTR mutation involves mis-processing in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
What is the result of gating mutations in the CFTR protein?
The protein becomes more flexible.
The protein loses its ability to allow ions to flow.
The protein becomes more stable.
The protein increases its size.
What do conduction mutations in the CFTR protein affect?
The protein's color
The protein's ability to store energy
The shape and function of the channel
The protein's ability to replicate
What is a characteristic of Class 5 and 6 mutations in the CFTR protein?
They produce no protein at all.
They produce normal proteins in reduced quantities.
They produce proteins that are too large.
They produce proteins that are too small.
What is the purpose of potentiators in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF)?
To open the CFTR channel and increase chloride transport
To adjust the shape of CFTR proteins
To correct mutations that stop protein synthesis
To provide a correct copy of the gene
What do correctors do in the treatment of CF?
Open the CFTR channel
Adjust the shape of CFTR proteins
Provide normal RNA to the cell
Repair defects in the CFTR gene
What is the role of RNA therapies in CF treatment?
To open the CFTR channel
To adjust the shape of CFTR proteins
To correct defective RNA or provide normal RNA
To increase the rate of chloride transport
What do gene-editing techniques aim to do in CF treatment?
Open the CFTR channel
Provide a correct copy of the gene
Adjust the shape of CFTR proteins
Correct mutations that stop protein synthesis
