A graph of water flow in the river is shown below. Which statement describes the availability of water for growing vegetables and for the plants and animals in the environment?

Read the passage - 'Plastic Bag Recycling Program' - and answer the following question: What is composite lumber, as mentioned in the passage?

Fossil fuels that are used to make plastic bags are collected through either mining or drilling. Mining involves digging or scraping to expose and excavate natural resources. Drilling reaches resources which are deep within the ground and allows those resources to flow to the surface. Both methods result in disruptions to the local habitat and emit large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Based on this information, which statement BEST identifies one advantage and one disadvantage of the "It's in the Bag" program?

Read the passage: 'Climate Change and Sea Ice'. The effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperatures can be observed in sea ice. Sea ice plays an important role maintaining Earth's energy balance and global temperature. It helps keep polar regions cool because it reflects more sunlight back to space. It also acts as an insulation barrier between the cold air above it and the warmer water below it. The graph shows a trend line for Earth's Arctic sea ice cover.

Climate Change and Sea Ice

Scientists build climate models to predict future changes to Earth's climate. They look at several sources of data to build their models, including average global temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations. Human activities have introduced additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels. The graph shows the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere over past decades and the global average temperature.

The effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperatures can be observed in sea ice. Sea ice plays an important role maintaining Earth's energy balance and global temperature. It helps keep polar regions cool because it reflects more sunlight back to space. It also acts as an insulation barrier between the cold air above it and the warmer water below it. The graph shows a trend line for Earth's Arctic sea ice cover.

What are TWO limitations of the climate models described in the passage?

How does the melting sea ice act as a feedback loop in the environment?

Which conclusion can be made from the data shown?

Read the passage - 'Topsoil Erosion and Cover Crops' - and answer the question below: In March, Braxton and Huang visit two farms for a plant biology class. Farm A grows soybeans from May to late September. After the beans are harvested, the fields are tilled and left as bare soil for the remainder of the year. Farm B also grows soybeans from May to late September but they plant winter wheat after harvest. Winter wheat grows in the fall into a small plant that requires a cold winter to be able to be harvested in the spring. Farmer A notes that he experiences a large amount of topsoil loss and erosion over the winter from wind, and his nearby streams are very muddy in the spring. Farmer B says that she only has minimal soil losses, and her streams are clear in the spring. Braxton and Huang measure topsoil depth at each farm (just after the harvest of winter wheat at Farm B) and note the kind of soil they see at each farm. They also walk to streams that receive snowmelt and runoff from the farms and note what they see. This is what they write in their lab notebooks: From their observations, Braxton and Huang realize that Farm A experiences topsoil erosion from the wind and from soil runoff caused by precipitation. Farm B does not experience the same loss. Which conclusion or conclusions can Braxton and Huang draw from their data? Select ALL that apply.

Read the passage - 'Earthquake Impacts on Humans' - and answer the question below:

Earthquake Impacts on Humans In 2010, the island nation of Haiti experienced a strong earthquake that directly and indirectly resulted in the deaths of 230,000 to 300,000 people. Some people died because of injuries or trauma that occurred during the earthquake or soon after, while many others died from long-term effects of the earthquake. Long-term negative effects include damage to the fundamental facilities and services in the area stricken by an earthquake. The following lists the types of facilities and services that can be damaged in an earthquake: • Loss of sewers, sanitation, and clean water sources • Loss of power stations, airports, and railways • Loss of homes and businesses • Loss of farm crops, fertile soils, and cattle • Loss of fishing boats and equipment • Loss of forest and freshwater habitats

Earthquake Impacts on Humans In 2010, the island nation of Haiti experienced a strong earthquake that directly and indirectly resulted in the deaths of how many people?

Long-term negative effects include damage to the fundamental facilities and services in the area stricken by an earthquake. The following lists the types of facilities and services that can be damaged in an earthquake: • Loss of sewers, sanitation, and clean water sources • Loss of power stations, airports, and railways • Loss of homes and businesses • Loss of farm crops, fertile soils, and cattle • Loss of fishing boats and equipment • Loss of forest and freshwater habitats

Which pair of statements is BEST supported by the information in the passage?

Which claim is correct based on the information in the passage?

After some natural disasters, people are forced to leave the area and relocate to a new area. Why were the people of Haiti less likely to relocate as a result of the 2010 earthquake?

What is human migration described as?

According to the passage, what is the difference between immigration and emigration?

If more people enter an area than leave it, what type of net migration rate does the area have?

Refer to the map showing the annual anticipated net migration of humans on Earth between 2015 and 2020. Which regions have the highest positive net migration rates?

Scientists have been able to determine the climate of Earth for the last how many years?

According to the table, what has happened to the thickness and area covered by Arctic sea ice due to climate change?

Which statement BEST summarizes how climate change can affect the mass migration of humans on Earth?

Choose THREE agricultural activities that humans perform to minimize their impact on climate change.

Select TWO effects of climate change in an area that would MOST LIKELY cause humans to migrate to different areas permanently.

The Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest is a natural resource that is vital to the entire world. It is often referred to as the "lungs" of Earth because its vegetation affects the atmosphere's oxygen amount. The Amazonia region, which includes the rainforest and the water-rich Guiana Shield, is home to 30 million people. It contains 4,220 species of animals, making it the most biodiverse region on the planet. It also contains one-fifth of the planet's fresh water. Scientists conduct many studies in this region to preserve vital areas. They map where the forests are, the protected and indigenous areas, and the hot spots of deforestation. These studies show evidence that various relationships affect the rainforest. There is often a direct relationship between some factors and the size of the Amazon rainforest. This direct relationship is represented by a straight line going up to the right or down to the right on a coordinate plane. Direct relationships can be graphed using the linear formula y = mx + b, where y = vertical axis, the dependent variable, the number of acres of rainforest in an area being studied; m = slope, or the rate of change; x = horizontal axis, the independent variable, the variable that changes and affects the dependent variable; b = the amount of rainforest at the start of the study, the location on the y-axis where the graph would start.

What data should scientists collect to understand how changes in the variable (x) affect the size of the rain forest in acres (y)?

An increase in agriculture (x) would most likely have what effect on the biodiversity in the rainforest (y)?

The Amazon Rainforest The Amazon Rainforest is a natural resource that is vital to the entire world. It is often referred to as the "lungs" of Earth because its vegetation affects the atmosphere's oxygen amount. The Amazonia region, which includes the rainforest and the water-rich Guiana Shield, is home to 30 million people. It contains 4,220 species of animals, making it the most biodiverse region on the planet. It also contains one-fifth of the planet's fresh water. Scientists conduct many studies in this region to preserve vital areas. They map where the forests are, the protected and indigenous areas, and the hot spots of deforestation. These studies show evidence that various relationships affect the rainforest. There is often a direct relationship between some factors and the size of the Amazon rainforest. This direct relationship is represented by a straight line going up to the right or down to the right on a coordinate plane. Direct relationships can be graphed using the linear formula y = mx + b, where y = vertical axis, the dependent variable, the number of acres of rainforest in an area being studied; m = slope, or the rate of change; x = horizontal axis, the independent variable, the variable that changes and affects the dependent variable; b = the amount of rainforest at the start of the study, the location on the y-axis where the graph would start.

Read the passage - 'The Amazon Rainforest' - and answer the question below: Which TWO statements describe a relationship between variables in the rainforest? Pick up to 5 answers.

What could happen if the Amazon rainforest was destroyed?

No specific question is provided in the image for this passage, so no extractable question here.

The Dust Bowl In the 1930s, the Great Plains of the United States and Canada experienced widespread soil erosion and subsequent dust storms. Severe drought and faulty farming practices combined with high winds, causing huge clouds of dirt to blow across the region. This time and place would come to be known as the Dust Bowl. The economic impact on the continent's farming communities exacerbated the Great Depression and led to widespread poverty and migration. Agricultural impacts included the loss of field fertility, permanent changes to the landscape due to extreme soil erosion, and property damage. Impacts to human health included malnutrition and pneumonia. In the time leading up to the Dust Bowl, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, people migrated to the Great Plains of the United States and Canada to farm. Huge herds of cattle, hogs, and goats grazed pasture land heavily. Mechanized inventions such as tractors and combines were used to rapidly plow millions of acres of grassland. Topsoil was loosened, but rainfall was scarce. As temperatures rose, the soil became increasingly dry. The fine, unanchored dirt was easily picked up by strong winds and coalesced into huge clouds that blew across the continent. The dust storms were so bad that people could no longer grow crops or maintain their farms, especially in extremely hard-hit areas such as Oklahoma. The loss of income for farmers also led to many families losing their land to bank foreclosures. This forced many families out of the Dust Bowl region in search of work in more plentiful lands. The desperate situation led to several government interventions. The U.S. Forest Service helped private landowners plant trees in order to create windbreaks along the edges of fields. Agricultural extension agents also taught contour tilling methods to farmers, which recommended tilling at angles to avoid prevailing winds. Continuous rotational farming was facilitated through government subsidies and provision of seed. No-till farming was encouraged to prevent the disruption to topsoil and the resulting water loss. Cattle and hog farmers reduced animal herds as the United States government bought excess animals and distributed the meat to the poor.

Based on the passage, which statement describes a cause-and-effect relationship that occurred during the Dust Bowl?

How were the strategies implemented to improve conditions in the Dust Bowl designed to work?

Read the passage - 'The Dust Bowl' - and answer the question below: Which TWO methods were introduced to reduce soil erosion in the Dust Bowl?

Read the passage - 'Kepler's Laws of Motion' - and answer the question below:

Based on Kepler's laws, which statement is MOST LIKELY correct about comets?

According to the nebular theory, what caused the material in the solar nebula to gather in dense regions?

Read the passage - 'The Nebular Theory' - and answer the question below: 28. Which statement about planetary impact craters in the early formation of the solar system is BEST supported by this theory?

Read the passage - 'The Nebular Theory' - and answer the question below: Select the THREE features of the solar system that are explained by the nebular theory. Pick up to 6 answers.

Which characteristics of the solar system are BEST explained by the shape and motion of the flattened, spinning disc that came from the solar nebula?

Which piece of evidence would provide the greatest support for this theory?

What happens to gamma rays by the time they reach the surface of the Sun?

Which statement BEST compares the energy released by fusion to the energy released by chemical reactions?

Which statement BEST explains why nuclear fusion only occurs in one part of the Sun?

Earth's tectonic plates are constantly moving due to which process in Earth's interior?

What are the TWO energy sources that power the rock cycle?

What can be said about the appearance of Mount Everest?

Which BEST describes what the rock cycle model demonstrates?

Before geologists identified features like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, what was the ocean floor believed to be like?

According to the passage, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is part of an underwater ridge system nearly _______ km long that is found throughout all of Earth’s oceans.

Some of the tallest peaks in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are located on which island?

What phenomenon, discovered by geologists studying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, provided evidence for Wegener’s continental drift theory?

What is the overarching theory used today to explain the movements of Earth’s crust and the landform changes that occur when plate boundaries interact?

Diagrams A through D below show the movement of Earth's plates. Using information from the passage and analysis of the diagrams, select the model that best illustrates the movements of the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate that formed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The Andes Mountains along the western coast of South America formed at an oceanic-continental convergence. At this boundary, the Nazca plate collides with the South American plate. Whale fossils have been discovered in this mountain range at elevations greater than 5,000 feet. Use the information shown in the picture to choose one of the following answer choices that BEST describes the reasons behind this fossil location.

What are TWO effects of an increase in carbon emissions?

According to the graphs, in which year did carbon emissions first raise the global heat content of the oceans above the 1971-2000 average?

Which statement BEST explains the trend in atmospheric temperature between 1950 and 2000?

One factor that explains an increase in Earth's temperature is an increase in the amount of energy that Earth receives. Which of the following would result in an increase in energy received by Earth?

According to the graph, between 1970 and 2000 the average temperature of Earth increased. Select ALL of the following that were the MOST LIKELY causes of the increasing temperature during that period.

According to the table, what was the average February temperature in 2000?

Based on the table, which year had the lowest average February temperature?

According to Figure 1, what was the approximate global carbon dioxide level in 1980?

Which of the following best describes the trend in global carbon dioxide levels from 1900 to 2000 as shown in Figure 1?

According to the table, which year had the highest average February temperature?

If warming trends continue, which of the following could happen to the glacial ecosystem? Choose ALL that apply.

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Fishes: Carbon dioxide levels decrease:

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Fishes: Carbon dioxide levels remain the same

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Fishes: Carbon dioxide levels increase

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Temperature: Carbon dioxide levels decrease:

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Temperature: Carbon dioxide levels remain the same:

Coldwater fishes (fishes that live in glacial ecosystems) require the amount of oxygen carried by cold water to survive. The population of coldwater fishes has dropped in the last 100 years. Use this information and the information in Table 1 and Figure 1 to classify each scenario described below. Assume all other environmental factors remain the same. Effect on Temperature: Carbon dioxide levels increase:

Based on the Carbon Cycle Model, carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants and then to animals through which of the following processes?

Which BEST describes the process represented by the letter Y in the diagram?

Which label would BEST complete the model to represent a human activity that has increased over the past century to result in increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere?

Which of the following describes what is represented by letter Z?

Read the passage: 'Climate and the Carbon Cycle' - and answer the following statement. Before the presence of fungi and land plants, Earth's atmosphere contained high levels of which gas, which kept Earth's surface temperature higher than it is today?

Which TWO statements are correct about interactions described in the passage?

Read the passage - 'Climate and the Carbon Cycle' - and answer the question below: Which TWO descriptions of plants explain how they contributed to the carbon cycle?

What are the two types of processes described in the carbon cycle on Earth?

Which organisms play a major role in the fast carbon cycle by using carbon from the atmosphere to create food?

The slow carbon cycle generally involves Earth's natural processes over a period of 100–200 million years.

What happens when rainfall increases according to the passage?

Refer to the diagram. Which process moves the most carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere each year?

Drag and drop the choices to complete the table to describe the movement of carbon. Each answer may be used once. Carbon flows from: Atmosphere | Carbon flows to: Biosphere | Process: Gap 1 Carbon flows from: Geosphere | Carbon flows to: Gap 2 | Process: Volcanic eruption Carbon flows from: Gap 3 | Carbon flows to: Atmosphere | Process: Cellular respiration Carbon flows from: Geosphere | Carbon flows to: Gap 4 | Process: Chemical weathering Carbon flows from: Biosphere | Carbon flows to: Geosphere | Process: Gap 5 Choices: Photosynthesis, Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Fossilization of carbon What is the correct way to fill the gaps in the table?

Which TWO ways does carbon directly enter the atmosphere?

Based on the information in the passage, how are humans affecting Earth's carbon storage?