A 72-year-old woman is being examined. Densitometry of the femur is performed to assess bone density. The T- criterion is minus 2.7. The blood analysis reveals an increased calcium content. Violation of bone tissue metabolism may be associated with excessive oduction of the following biologically active substance:

A patient has had bilateral chronic pyelonephritis for many years. After 17 years from the onset of the disease, he has a persistent increase in blood pressure. What type of arterial hypertension has developed in the patient?

Pseudoallergic reactions differ from allergic reactions:

Patient B., 9 years old, complains of general weakness, pain in bones and joints. He is registered with the diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia. Erythrocytes instead of normal discoid shape have the shape of sickle and crescent. The preservation of the shape of red blood cells and their ability to undergo significant deformations and recover their shape depend on:

The patient has proteinuria more than 3 g/day, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, dysproteinemia, edema, dyslipoproteidemia. What syndrome has developed in the patient?

On examination of a newborn premature baby from a complicated pregnancy, cyanosis, dyspnea with involvement of accessory muscles are observed. What is the leading pathogenetic factor in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome of newborns?

A man works in a factory and comes into contactwith nickel- plated products. 2-3 months ago he developeditchy rashes on the skin of both hands. The man became irritable, his sleep became disturbed. An examination was carried out. No pathology on the part of internal organs was revealed. Application test with nickel sulphate was positive. The test for inhibitiof macrophage migration with a preparation containing nickel was also positive. What type of hypersensitivity does the patient's allergy belong to?

Frank-Starling heterometric mechanism is important in the compensation of heart failure occurring in:

A patient has been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during an examination. Which immune cells are damaged by HIV?

What disorders may occur in partial hypofunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland:

Hypoglycemia with insulin excess occurs due to:

A patient with severe bradycardia associated with sinus node dysfunction and accompanied by pathological prolongation of QT interval had syncope. ECG showed the following cardiac rhythm disturbance:

Pulmonary hypoventilation compensates for acidbase disturbances in:

A leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve occurs when:

The myocardial form of heart failure occurs when:

A 27-year-old woman notes weight gain, oligomenorrhea for 6 months. Wide purple striae on the skinof the thighs and abdomen. BP - 150/100 mm Hg. Fasting plasma glucose - 7.3 mmol/l. MRI of the pituitary gland revealed an adenoma with endo-, supra-, parasellar growth. Cortisol and ACTH levels are elevated. Most probable diagnosis:

Patient M., 20 years old, came to the clinic with complaints of weakness, dyspnea on physical exertion, feeling of paresthesia in the extremities. During examination, the patientwas found to have worm infestation. Blood analysis: hemoglobin content 100 g/l, erythrocytes 12 microns in diameter, large hypersegmented neutrophils are detected in the blood smear. What kind of anemia is present in this patient?

Within 2 days the patient noted increasing weakness, vomiting "coffee grounds", black-colored stools. From anamnesis: he has= been suffering from peptic ulcer disease for 10 years. 2vweeks ago pain in the epigastric region appeared 30 minutes after eating. He relieved the pain with heat. During examination the presence of Helycobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa was found. Objectively: skin was pale. BP 90/55 mm Hg. Pulse 120 pe minute. Abdomen is soft, moderately painful in the epgastric region. What is the role of Helycobacter pylori in the development of peptic ulcer disease?

A 46-year-old man, no consciousness, no reflexes, systolic pressure 40 mmHg, diastolic pressure 0 mmHg. Name the stage of the terminal condition:

Increased excretion of urine with low specific gravity is seen with decreased production of the hormone:

A 30-year-old female patient has a heart defect. Her condition worsened 2 weeks ago after angina. Pulse 96 per min, arrhythmic. HR 130 beats per min. BP 90/60 mm Hg. I tone at the apex of the heart is weakened, a descending systolic murmur is heard behind it. In blood leukocytes 9.6×109/L, ESR 25 mm/hour, C-reactive protein +++. ECG showed frequent supraventricular extrasystoles. What is the leading pathogenetic factor underlying the development of arrhythmia in the patient?

A 43-year-old man complains of dyspnea on physical exertion, pain in the heart area of a pressinature, a feeling of heart palpitations. To determine the nature of pathological changes in the heart, it is necessary to know the structural and functional features of the cardiovascular system of a healthy person. What factor can reduce cardiomyocyte stretching?

Patient N., 33 years old, with complaints of increased anxiety, sleep disturbance, dyspeptic disorders, for which she has been treated by a gastroenterologist without results. Over the last six months she has lost five kilograms. What is the leading pathogenetic factor underlying this mental health disorder in the patient?

Patient G. was admitted with a complaint of pain in the lumbar region, thirst, swelling under the eyes, headache, elevated body temperature. The symptoms appeared 14 days after tonsillitis. Objectively: swellings on the face and lumbar region, BP - 180/90 mm Hg. Pasternatsky's symptom (+). Urine analysis: color - yellow; microscopy of urine sediment: transparency - turbid; erythrocytes - 12-17 in a field of view; specific gravity - 1,029; cylinders - hyaline 3-44 in a field of view;

The patient has hypovolemic shock. Lactate level is 6.6 mmol/l. What ABS disorder develops in this case?

The ECG shows a significant increase in the PQ interval. This indicates that the conduction of excitation is slowed in:

Myocardial hypertrophy, as an unbalanced form of growth in chronic heart failure, manifests:

The stage of completed myocardial hypertrophy and relatively stable hyperfunction (according to F.Z.Meerson) is characterized by:

A woman with a 4.5-year-old child came to the urology department of the hospital. The boy complained of difficulty urinating. During examination, the urologist revealed phimosis of the penis and testicular cryptorchidism on the left side. What disorder can be caused by the left testicle not descending into the scrotum?

A 45-year-old woman came to the polyclinic. She complains of symmetrical pain in the wrist joints of both hands, swelling, morning stiffness. In the blood test leukocytosis, C-reactive protein is elevated, ESR is accelerated. Anticitrulin antibodies are detected. Radiologically, erosions of the articular surfaces are detected. What are the immune defense?

A patient is seen by an endocrinologist. Age 27 years, height 227 cm. Intense growth has been noted since early childhood. Currently, the patient has complaints of severe headaches, joint pain, and difficulty walking. The size of the body and limbs are proportional, facial features are enlarged. Radiography of the upper and lower extremities revealed the presence of thin neocostenised metaphyseal plate, bones are deformed, there are signs of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of action of the hormone, violation of synthesis and secretion of which

A patient has a brain tumor accompanied by dyspnea. pH 7.48; pCO2 23 mmHg; SB 23.6 mmol/I; BB 50.5 mmol/I; BE - 1.8 mmol/l. Determine the type of acid-base disturbance:

A patient with kidney disease has swelling of the face, legs, and elevated blood pressure. Which hormone increases the absorption of sodium and water from the tubules of the nephron?

Oxyhemoglobin content in arterial blood -70%, carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood - 48 mmHg, MVB-4I/min, LVC (lung vital capacity)-1.8 l. These changes are charadteristic of hypoxia:

In Fallot's tetrad, right ventricular hypertrophy occurs due to:

Sex hormones can be produced in:

1 type of allergic reactions according to the Jell and Coombs classification is called:

A 45-year-old man was admitted to the cardiac surgery department with acute myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Endovascular thrombectomy was performed, the thrombus was removed. Blood flow was restored, but left ventricular contractility remained reduced. That's because the cardiomyocytes in the affected area are showing

A 70-year-old patient was hospitalized with decompensation of CHF (chronic heart failure). Objectively: acrocyanosis, marked edema on the lower extremities, ascites, moist rales in the lungs, hepatomegaly. Blood gas composition: PaO2 = 75 mmHg, SaO2 = 90%, PvO2 = 15 mmHg, SvO2= 29%, a/v difference O2 = 9.8 vol%, MVB = 2.8 l/min. What type of hypoxia has developed in the patient?

The patient is being examined. He has chanted speech, horizontal nystagmus, unsteady gait, constant shaking of the trunk and limbs, unsteadiness in the Romberg pose, lack of commo movements of the limb muscles. In which pathology of the nervous system can these symptoms be observed?

A 6-year-old child developed hives after drinking Mango juice. Which of the following are mediators of thistype of allergic reaction:

Gastric resection leads to the development of:

Which hormone is involved in the reabsorptiof water by the distal tubules and in the collecting tubules?

The patient has acute blood loss. pH 7.19; pCO230 mmHg; SB 14.0 mmol/l; BB 35.0 mmol/I; BE - 12.0 mmol/l. Determine the type of acid-base disturbance:

Initial link in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, toxic, and allergic edema:

Patient I., 45 years old, complains of pronounced facial swelling, dull pain in the lower back, decreased urine output, and increased BP up to 175/110 mmHg. These complaints have been bothering her for 15 years. The most probable mechanism of blood pressure increase in the patient:

Patient R., 57 years old, miner, complains of dyspnea on exertion and at rest with difficulty in breathing, severe weakness. On examination: pO2 - 45 mm Hg; pCO2 - 55 mm Hg. What pathogenetic factor is the leading one in the development of respiratory failure in the patient?

Patient K., 13 years old, complains of "hungry", night and late pains, which are helped by taking a solution of baking soda or a small amount of food. The patient also complains of heartburn, vomiting at the height of pain, unstable stools. The patient has been ill for 3 years, exacerbations occur in late fall. In the intervals betweexacerbations feels satisfactory. Objectively: the abdomen is slightly tense and painful in the right half of the epigastric region. What factoris more important in the pathogenesis of this type of digestive system pathology?

Hemodynamics of the small circle of circulation in tetrad of Fallot is characterized by:

A rightward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve occurs when:

Patient B., 7 years old, complains of itching, redness and dryness of the skin, especially in the area of the folds of the hands and feet. Exacerbations 3-4 times a year, especially after ingestion of milk, eggs, peanuts, fish. Serum levels of total and specific Ig E are high. Father has bronchial asthma, nother has allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. In the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process in this form of skin pathology is important:

A 62-year-old woman complains of increasing dyspnoea. Orthopnoea position. History of arterial hypertension for many years. What caused the patient's heart failure?

B12-deficiency anemia develops in:

Patient N., 57 years old, came to the hospital with complaints of headaches, nausea, vomiting. He has been suffering from chronic pyelonephritis for 30 years. Objectively: edemas on legs and face. Persistent increase in BP up to 220/130 mm Hg. Indicate the leading pathogenetic factor of BP increase:

A 37-year-old patient was admitted to thospital with complaints of dyspnea and tachycardia. Patient's medical history includes rheumocarditis, combined mitral valve defect. What pathogenetic factor underlies respiratory dysfunction in the patient?

Patient complains of general weakness, heaviness in the left subcostal area. In the general blood analysis: hemoglobin - 85 g/l, erythrocytes - 2.7×1012/l; leukocytes - 68×109/l: eosinophils - 9%, basophils - 12%. myeloblasts - 3%, promyelocytes - 5%, myelocytes - 10%, metamyelocytes - 12%, band neutrophils - 10%, segmented neutrophils - 30%, lymphocytes - 8%, monocytes - 1%; platelets - 90×109/l. Bone marrow cytogenetic study: t (9;22). The patient has the following typical form of disorders of the hematopoiesis system:

In rheumatoid arthritis, pannus formation leads to:

The patient has massive blood loss. Respiration is shallow, with a rate of 28 per 1 minute. HR - 120 per 1 minute, blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg. Hemoglobin 67 g/l, erythrocytes 2,0×1012/l. Blood gas composition: PaO2 - 55, Va02 - 12 vol%, a/v difference in oxygen content - 10.2 vol%, BOC - 8.9 vol%. What type of hypoxia developed in the patient?

A boy, 8 years old, with early secondary sexual characteristics was admitted to the endocrinological department. He has pronounced musculature, facial and pubic hair. Which gland of internal secretion is disturbed in the patient?

A boy has consumed 5 tablets of phenobarbital. Which type of respiratory failure will develop?

Patient I., 36 years old, has been suffering from inflammation of mucous membranes of maxillary sinuses for more than a year. Over the last two weeks, his general condition worsened: body temperature fluctuated between 37.5 and 38.50C, headaches increased, breathing through the nose became difficult. The mucous membrane of the nasal passages is sharply hyperemic and edematous. On the blood side, neutrophilic leukocytosis and elevated sedimentation rate were noted. What causes the development of swelling of nasal passages in the patient?

A 25 year old woman approached a gynecologist about infertility. Which hormone deviation can lead to infertility?

An elderly patient with hypertensive crisis was admittedto the emergency room. In the emergency room blood pressure - 200/100 mmHg, HR - 100 per 1 minute, although during transport to the hospital the woman's pulse rate increasedto 200 per 1 minute. ECG: sawtooth F waves, equal duration of RR intervals, shortered QRST. In AVL lead, bifurcated R teeth, in V5, V6 leads - T inversion. What cardiac rhythm disorder does the patient have?

A 58-year-old man is admitted to the cardiac surgery department with severe pressing pain behind the sternum lasting more than thre hours. Taking nitroglycerin was ineffective. On ECG:ST segment elevation in leads II, III, V. Total number of leukocytes in blood - 9.9×10°/1, ESR - 27 mm/h. Which of the biological markers is the mos reliable for diagnostics of cardiomyocyte damage?

The patient has coma of the 2nd degree. Objectively: no consciousness, arterial hypotension (BP 65/30 mm Hg), temperature 39.70C, marked tachypnoea and tachycardia. The patient's general condition gradually worsened due to a long-standing tonsillopharyngitis complicated by follicular sore throat. Laboratory examination revealed: respiratory alkalosis, non-gaseous metabolic acidosis, hypercalcaemia, hyperkalemia, bacteraemia. State the characteristic acute phase response index:

Patient K. has impaired fine voluntary movements. What structures of the central nervous system are associated with these disorders?

Adrenal cortex hormone deficiency can be caused by:

Hypoosmolar hyperhydration develops when:

In immunocomplextype allergic reactions, antibodies of the type synthesized:

Laboratory analysis of pleural cavity fluid revealed: opaque, pH - 5.5. protein content - 5%, microscopy revealed a large number of neutrophils. What exudate is characterized by these changes:

A 32-year-old man was admitted to the clinic two years after a spinal cord injury. He complains of leg muscle spasticity. On examination: lower spastic paraplegia. Moderate hypotrophy of muscles. Bilateral Babinski's symptom. What pathogenetic factor underlies the formation of leg muscle spasticity in the patient?

During Iron deficiency anemia is observed:

A 53-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit in a state of confused consciousness, with marked pallor of the skin, cold sticky sweat. BP 60/40 mm Hg. ECG showed ST segment elevation in I, III, aVL, V5-V6 leads. In blood analysis, Alanintransferase, Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, troponin T are incresed. What type of shock has developed in the patient?

The presence of small and sparse islets of Langerhans with sclerosis and lymphocytic infiltration in the pancreas is characteristic of:

Increased blood pressure - impaired oxygen supply to tissues -> cerebral hypoxia -> activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system -> secretion of catecholamines - vasospasm -> increased blood pressure. This is an example of one of the essential features in pathogenesis:

In traumatic surgical interventions, septic shock with hyperproduction of endotoxins, obstetric DIC syndrome, the development of thrombinemia with the appearance of a large number of loose microthrombi in blood vessels is initiated:

Identify the patient's syndrome: arterial hypertension, proteinuria less than 3 g/day, hematuria:

A 46-year-old woman has been working for more than 10 years in a weaving mill, dyeing shop, where aniline dyes are used. She complained of frequent urination, macrohematuria. On examination, a tumor of the bladder. What group of carcinogens do these dyes belong to?

A patient with diabetes mellitus has loss of consciousness. Cussmaul's breath with the smell of acetone in the exhaled air, sharp dryness of the skin, tongue, lips, oral mucosa, skin turgor and elasticity are sharply reduced. These signs indicate the development of the following type of coma:

Patients with chronic heart failure have an increased sensitivity to exercise. This is an example

In the occurrence of pathologic gastroesophageal reflux is significant:

Left ventricular heart failure is characterized by the development of:

A patient with poliomyelitis is on artificial ventilation. the doctor mistakenly set the ventilation rate high. Howill PO2, PCO2, pH change?

The patient complains of constant headaches, frequent heart palpitations, high blood pressure (BP). BP at rest is 150/100 mm Hg, pulse rate is 85 per min. However, when performing physical exertion or emotional stress, the patient has increased sweating, BP rises to 210/140 mm Hg and more, pulse increases to 130-140 per min, blood glucose rises to 8.8-10 mmol/l. Biochemical blood analysis: insulin, T3 and T4 levels are normal; norepinephrine level is increased. These signs are in favor of:

The patient is given detoxification infusion therapy. He was infused with 3500 ml of 5% glucose. Blood plasma osmolality is 265 mosmol/I. What type of water-salt metabolism disorder has developed?

A young man was injured in a car accident. Objectively: on the right arm muscle tone and amplitude of movements are reduced, flaccid reflexes; on the right leg reflexes are increased, positive Babinski reflex. Reflexes on the left arm and leg are not changed. Where is the centre of the lesion presumably located?

During ragweed blooming people experience sneezing, runny nose, bundant liquid nasal discharge, swelling of the mucous membrane. Patients have difficulty in nasal breathing, the sense of smell becomes worse. What are these manifestations associated with?

A patient with excessive circulating blood volume and hypervolemia developed edema syndrome. What pathogenetic factor plays the leading role in the development of edema in this case?

A patient was brought to the emergency department with prolonged crush syndrome that developed as a result of a building construction accident. On examination, there was mard weakness, pallor of the skin, tachycardia, arterial hypotension. In the patient's history, the absence of chronic kidney disease. Laboratory studies: blood creatinine level - 318.5 umol/l, blood urea level - 18.9 mmol/l, urine analysis - oliguria, urine color red-brown, a large amount of myoglobin and protein was found. What condition has the patient

Blood examination revealed increased activity of ALT, AST, CFC (creatinphospokinase), troponins, myoglobin was detected. What cells are damaged?

A three-year-old child has had extensive hematomas and nosebleeds after injuries since early childhood. He was admitted to the hospital with complaints of pain in the right knee joint after a fall on the asphalt. The joint is enlarged in volume, sharply painful, the volume of movements is significantly limited. What is the mechanism of hemostasis disorder in the child?

In Itsenko-Cushing's disease and Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, the development of osteoporosis is due to the fact that excessive glucocorticosteroids:

Acute phase response protein, an indicator of inflammation indicating the acuteness and severity of inflammatory disease:

The hemodynamic essence of tthe open ductus arteriosus is:

Indicate the type of respiratory failure that occurs after a snake bite:

The patient complains of headache, irritability, rapid fatigability, pain in the right subcostal region, itching of the skin. Examination revealed: jaundice of skin and mucous membranes, liver enlargement, pain on palpation, BP - 80/40 mmHg, HR - 46 beats/min. Blood showed: increase in direct bilirubin, stercobilin was absent in feces. What is the mechanism of bradycardia development in this case?

In the later stages of rheumatoid arthritis, the leading role is played:

Patient A., 38 years old, was found to have diffuse kidney damage accompanied by massive edema, marked polyuria, proteinuria, and hyperlipidemia. The most probable cause of hyperlipidemia:

Patient K., 13 years old. Excretes up to 15 liters of urine per day. Urine is light-colored, density 1.002-1.005, no sugar in the urine. Blood glucose is 5.5 mmol/l. What is the mechanism of polyuria in the child?

A young man, 18 years old, is admitted to the hospital with croup pneumonia. There are chills, gooseflesh skin. Temperature has risen to 38.5 degrees. Name the stage of fever:

The patient complains of pain in the epigastrium, which usually occurs 1.5-3 hours after a meal. During oral contrasting of of the digestive canal, a "niche" symptom was detected on the radiograph. This is characteristic of:

Type 1 allergic reactions according to the Jell and Coombs classification develop when:

Increased filtration in the renal glomerules is seen in:

Patient K. A 48-year-old patient complains of severe pain in the joints of the lower extremities at night. Examination over the knee joints and in the cartilage of the ear shells revealed painless nodular masses of different sizes. Blood analysis: increased uric acid. What pathology does the patient have?

A high arterio-venous oxygen difference is characteristic of:

Examination of the patient's eye by an ophthalmologist revealed a pronounced inflammatory reaction: reddening of the conjunctiva, dilation and hyperemia of mucosal capillaries, edema. The patient's visual function is impaired, there is decrease of vision and presence of 'shroud before the eyes'. What contributes to the process of exudation in the patient?

A patient after an ischemic stroke has signs of motor aphasia (understands everything but cannot speak). Post-ischemic changes are localized in the temporal lobe. Which center is affected in the patient:

A 26-year-old patient underwent coronary angiography. Hemodynamically significant stenosis of the left descending coronary artery was detected. Total cholesterol content - 20 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol - 8.6 mmol/l. Parents and older brother have hypercholesterolemia. What can be associated with lipid metabolism disorder in this patient?

A patient has multiple rib fractures: on the left 4-8 ribs, on the right 8-12 ribs. Breathing is difficult. What type of hypoxia has developed?

A patient has follicular sore throat. Which immunoglobulins are usually the first to be activated in the immune response to an antigen and activate complement?

The patient has pronounced edema. On examination, the total protein content is 40 g/l, albumin content is 16 g/l. What pathogenetic factor led to the development of edema in this case

A 60-year-old patient has been seeing a cardiologist for 15 years for arterial hypertension. Recently, he has noticed deterioration of his general well-being. He has heart palpitations, it has become more difficult for him to reach the target level of blood pressure when taking antihypertensive drugs. What pathogenetic factor contributes to the stabilization of arterial hypertension?

A patient in a psychiatric clinic has pronounced anxiety disorders and insomnia. What pathogenetic factor (disturbances of interneuronal interactions) causes the development of this condition?

Hyperglycemia is seen in:

Increased residual lung volume, normal total lung capacity, decreased forced vital capacity, and decreased Tiffno index are characteristic of respiratory failure:

At an appointment with an endocrinologist, a woman B., 59 years old, complained of weight gain, swelling of the face, arms and legs. On examination: glucose - 4.1 mmol/l; cholesterol - 9.5 mmol/l, TTG level - 8.3 μIU/ml. What disorder of function and which endocrine gland are the patient's vital signs associated with?

An example of group reactivity is that newborn babies usually do not get measles, chickenpox, mumps and scarlet fever. This is due to the fact that at this age in children:

Which class of immunoglobulin has the ability to fixate on basophils and mast cells?

Women are more likely to develop heart failure. Specify the type of reactivity:

Patient A., 35 years old, was brought to the hospital unconscious, in a state of diabetic coma. Noisy deep breathing is observed. What is the cause of Kussmaul's respiration in the patient?

The patient has high blood pressure for a prolonged period. In the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is important:

Which of the following refers to anticellular mechanisms of anti-blastoma resistance?

A patient with severe influenza has acute laryngeal edema. pH 7.30; PaCO₂ 69 mmHg; SB 28.9 mmol/l; BB 60.1 mmol/l; AB 39.7 mmol/l; BE + 5.0 mmol/l. Determine the type of ABS disturbance:

The patient is given detoxification infusion therapy. He was infused with 3500 ml of 5% glucose. Blood plasma osmolality is 265 mosmol/l. What type of water-salt metabolism disorder has developed?

Patient M., 36 years old, complains of pain when swallowing, weakness, sweating, headache. Body temperature is 38.80C. The pharyngeal mucosa is hyperemic, edematous, covered with grayish plaque. Leukocytes in blood 15× 109/l, leukocytic formula: Basophils-0%, Eusinophils-2%, metamyelocytes-4%, band neutrophils-10%, segmented neutrophils-68%, Monocytes-2%, ESR -20 mm/h. Pulse 98/min, HR-26/min. What causes the development of arterial hyperemia in inflamed tissue?

Patient G., 30 years old, has mitral valve insufficiency with regurgitation fraction of 73%. The skin is pale, acrocyanosis, edema on the lower extremities. Respiratory rate - 24 min-1, heart rate - 110 min-1, blood pressure - 95/70 mm Hg, hepatomegaly. These objective signs are in favor:

In type 2 allergic reactions, antibodies are produced to:

Patient N., 42 years old, was admitted to the clinic with an attack of clonic convulsions and vomiting. Convulsive contraction predominantly in flexor muscles, sardonic smile on the face. Blood calcium content is reduced to 2mmol/l, blood phosphorus content is elevated. Pulse 112 beats/min. BP 130/80 mmHg. Traces of thyroidectomy are visible on the patient's neck. What gland dysfunction can be assumed?

A hiker ascending a mountain began to feel worse (headaches, dizziness). What do you attribute these changes to?

Patient, 55 years old, body mass index - 37.7 kg/m². Voice is quiet, speech is slowed down. The face is amicable, with smoothed folds. The skin is pale, dry, edematous. HR - 50 min-1, BP - 90/50 mm Hg. Total cholesterol - 5.97 mmol/l, LDL cholesterol - 4.7 mmol/L, free T3 - 1.9 pmol/L, T4 - 5.1 pmol/L, TTG - 10.125 μIU/mL. Determine the type of obesity:

The development of lymphoedema is facilitated by:

A 45-year-old man, gastric cancer, 10% weight loss. What stage of carcinogenesis does this patient's condition correspond to?

A patient has a decreased prothrombin index (PTI), increased international normalized ratio (INR), and increased fibrinogen level. What type of peripheral circulation disorder may develop?

Ischaemia was simulated in the experiment. As a result, swelling of cells and pycnosis of nuclei were detected in the affected tissue. The mechanism of cell swelling is related to:

A 35-year-old patient was brought by an ambulance team with blood loss. He traumatized soft tissues of the thigh while working with a chainsaw. Objectively: the patient is restless, skin is cold and moist to the touch; HR - 26/min, HR - 110 beats/min. BP - 80/50 mm Hg. What pathologic condition of the cardiovascular system has developed in the patient?

Cell swelling and membrane damage occurs in:

The coagulogram of a patient with acute pancreatitis revealed signs of increased activity of the fibrinolytic system, decreased prothrombin index (PTI), increased international normalized ratio (INR). This indicates a violation:

Patient R., 37 years old, suffering from Crohn's disease for 3 years, complains of pain along the course of the large intestine, general weakness, stools with mucus, weight loss, increased body temperature up to 37.2°C. General blood analysis: erythrocytes - 4.0× 1012/l, Hb - 120 g/l, CI - 0.85, leukocytes - 10.8× 109/l, ESR - 29 mm/h. What causes the development of pain along the course of the large intestine?

Patient K., 65 years old, came to the outpatient clinic with complaints of pain and morning stiffness in the symmetrical joints of the hands. From anamnesis it is known that the patient has been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 7 years. The examination revealed swelling and increase of local temperature in the area of the joints of the hands. What is the pathogenetic factor of local temperature rise in inflammatory reaction?

The essence of the promotion stage of carcinogenesis:

A 40-year-old man was found to have hyperhomocysteinemia. This metabolic disorder is a factor predisposing to the development of:

vPatient A., 38 years old, was found to have diffuse kidney damage accompanied by massive edema, marked proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, dysproteinemia. What is the mechanism of proteinuria in this syndrome?

The patient complains of frequent palpitations, which especially increase with physical and emotional load. On ECG the rhythm is correct, P teeth are determined before each QRS complex, the shape of QRS complexes is not changed, duration of PQ interval is 0.14 sec. HR is 110 per 1 minute. What arrhythmia has developed in the patient?

A boy, age 4 years, is seen with a diagnosis of Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia. He often suffers from various infectious diseases. Over the last year he has been sick 3 times with pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis. What cells and antibodies are decreased in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia?