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WorksheetsPreguntas sobre el Sistema Linfático
Total questions: 89
Worksheet time: 45mins
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Transport nutrients from the intestine to the blood
Monitor body surfaces and react to harmful substances
Synthesize hormones to regulate immunity
Store red blood cells in case of hemorrhage
Which of the following organs is considered a primary lymphoid organ?
Axillary lymph node
Thymus
Spleen
Tonsil
B lymphocytes acquire immunocompetence and mature mainly in:
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen
The antigen is:
A phagocytic cell
An inactivated vaccine
A substance that induces an immune response
A type of antibody
What is the main effector cell of the adaptive immune response?
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
NK cell
CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes mainly secrete:
IL-4 and IL-5
IL-2 and IFN-γ
IL-10 and IL-13
TNF-β and TGF-β
What is the immune response that involves antibody production called?
Cellular response
Humoral response
Nonspecific response
Autoimmune response
Which of these cells is part of the innate (nonspecific) immunity?
CD8+ T cells
B cells
NK cells
CD4+ T lymphocytes
What surface marker primarily identifies cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
CD4
CD8
CD19
CD21
The lymphatic tissue associated with the intestine is known as:
BALT
GALT
MALT
NALT
The tonsils belong to:
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Secondary lymph nodes
Primary lymphoid organs
What is the direction of lymph flow in lymphatic vessels?
From nodes to tissues
From tissues to the bloodstream
From blood to connective tissue
From veins to arteries
The spleen mainly performs functions of:
Maturation of T lymphocytes
Filtration of antigens in the blood and removal of damaged erythrocytes
Synthesis of B lymphocytes
Plasma fusion of antibodies
Where are Langerhans cells found in the context of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes
Epidermis
Bone marrow
Thymus
What type of lymphocytes interact with macrophages and are essential against intracellular pathogens?
B lymphocytes
Th2 T lymphocytes
Th1 T lymphocytes
Regulatory T lymphocytes
An antigen that requires processing by macrophages to be presented to T lymphocytes is called:
Mitogen
Protein antigen
Hapten
Adjuvant
What is the function of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
Produce antibodies
Destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
Present antigens to B lymphocytes
Regulate the response of CD4+ T lymphocytes
Lymph nodes are grouped in specific regions; which of these is NOT a main group?
Cervical nodes
Axillary nodes
Mediastinal nodes
Inguinal nodes
Which of these is NOT a main group?
Cervical ganglia
Axillary ganglia
Mediastinal ganglia
Inguinal ganglia
What structure connects lymphatic vessels with the venous system?
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Portal circulation vessels
Deep lymphatic arteries
The layer of reticular epithelial cells in the thymus has the function of:
Producing B lymphocytes
Educating and maturing T lymphocytes
Filtering lymph before entering the thymus
Secreting antibodies
Which CD markers identify helper T lymphocytes?
CD8+
CD19+
CD4+
CD16+
Lymph is primarily formed from:
Filtered arterial blood
Glandular secretions
Interstitial fluid entering lymphatic capillaries
Hepatic bile
Which of these is a professional antigen-presenting cell?
Neutrophil
NK cell
Dendritic cell
Fibroblast
The lymph node is primarily composed of:
Red bone marrow
Lymphoid tissue organized into cortex and medulla
Stratified flat epithelium
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is NOT a secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue?
Spleen
Lymph node
Bone marrow
Tonsil
Which of the following is NOT a type of striated muscle?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Visceral striated muscle
In skeletal muscle, the contractile unit is called:
Sarcolemma
Sarcomere
Myofibril
Endomysium
What filament is primarily composed of F-actin?
Thick filament
Intermediate filament
Thin filament
Titin filament
Where are the nuclei located in a mature skeletal muscle fiber?
In the center of the sarcoplasm
In the periphery, just beneath the sarcolemma
Scattered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Inside the mitochondria
The visible transverse striations in electron microscopy are due to:
Uniform distribution of mitochondria
Alternating organization of thick and thin filaments
Glycogen accumulation
Lipid inclusions
The connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber is called:
Epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Fascia
What type of skeletal muscle fiber is more resistant to fatigue and has high mitochondrial content?
Type IIb fibers (fast twitch)
Type I fibers (slow twitch)
Type IIa fibers (intermediate)
Type IIc fibers (immature)
The hormone that stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin in skeletal muscle is:
Insulin
Not applicable
Cortisol
Thyroxine
What is the precursor cell that gives rise to skeletal muscle fibers during development?
Fibroblast
Mature myocyte
Myoblast
Myotube
In smooth muscle, contraction is primarily regulated by:
Troponin-tropomyosin complex
Calmodulin and MLCK (myosin light chain kinase)
Titin
Protein C
Which of the following characteristics describes cardiac muscle?
Multinucleated and perinuclear fibers
Voluntary movements
Presence of intercalated discs
Absence of sarcomeres
What is the name of the period in which the muscle does not respond to another stimulus, regardless of its intensity?
Contraction period
Relaxation period
Absolute refractory period
Latent period
Which molecular element is responsible for binding calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Tropomyosin
Calsequestrin
Actin
Titin
Which of these cells does NOT form part of skeletal muscle?
Muscle fiber
Satellite cell
Schwann cell
Intramuscular fibroblast
What component of smooth muscle generates cross-bridges of actomyosin?
Troponin C
Myosin II head
Titin
Nebulin
The epimysium surrounds:
A single muscle fiber
The entire muscle
A muscle fascicle
The sarcolemma
What type of electrotonic junction links cardiac muscle cells?
Adherens junctions
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Smooth visceral muscle is primarily found in:
Heart
Skeleton
Hollow organs (intestine, blood vessels)
Liver
What type of collagen is abundant in the perimysium?
Type II collagen
Type I collagen
Type III collagen
Type IV collagen
The neuromuscular junction is located in:
At the junction between two muscle fibers
Nucleus of the myocyte
Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber in contact with the axon
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The protein that regulates the length of sarcomeres (serves as a molecular 'spring') is:
Actin
Titin
Myosin
Tropomyosin
Which of these best describes a type IIb muscle fiber?
Slow contraction, high mitochondrial content
Fast contraction, oxidative metabolism
Fast contraction, glycolytic metabolism
Slow contraction, glycolytic metabolism
What happens in the H band of a sarcomere during contraction?
It widens
It remains the same
It narrows or disappears
It subdivides
What is the point of union between the skeletal muscle cell and the tendon?
Endomysium
Epimysium-perimysium joined to the tendon sheath
Sarcolemma directly to the collagen of the tendon
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum to the periosteum
Which of the following is NOT a cell of the central glia?
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Schwann cell
Microglia
The soma of the neuron contains:
Myelin
Nissl body (RER with ribosomes)
Collagen fibers
Myelin sheath
What structure of the neuron conducts impulses to other cells?
Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Nissl body
Synaptic junctions are found in:
Only at the base of the axon
Extremities of the axon (synaptic terminals)
Neuronal nucleus
Between soma and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which cells of the peripheral nervous system form the myelin sheath around axons?
Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Satellite cells
What is the main function of astrocytes in the CNS?
Generate action potential
Maintain blood-brain barrier and structural support
Produce nervous mucus
Transmit electrical impulses
What is the main function of astrocytes in the CNS?
Generate action potential
Maintain blood-brain barrier and structural support
Produce nervous mucus
Transmit electrical impulses
The blood-brain barrier limits the passage of substances to:
Peripheral nervous system
Muscle tissue
Central nervous system
Lymphatic tissue
What is the receptor zone of the neuron called?
Axon
Dendrites and soma
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
What is the main characteristic of myelinated nerve fibers?
Lack of nodes of Ranvier
Saltatory conduction of the impulse
Very small diameter
Absence of electrical impulses
What type of neuron has a single axon and two or more dendrites?
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Anaxonic
Where are satellite cells found?
Surrounding neurons in the CNS
Surrounding cell bodies in the ganglia of the PNS
In the spinal cord only
In the muscular layer of the intestine
The enteric nervous system is located in:
Basal ganglia
Wall of the digestive tract
Bone marrow
Cerebral ependyma
What protein forms myelin in the CNS?
Myelin basic protein (MBP)
Proteolipid myelin (PLP)
Actin
Neurofilament
The injury of an axon in the PNS can be repaired thanks to:
Inhibition of the endomysium
Proliferation of oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells and their production of growth factors
Increase of microglia
What is the main phagocytic cell in the CNS?
Astrocyte
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell
What structure forms the 'node of Ranvier'?
Area covered by continuous myelin
Area of neuronal synapses
Exposed space between segments of myelin sheath
Terminal region of the axon in contact with muscle
In the neuromuscular synapse, the main neurotransmitter is:
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Form synapses with neurons
Synthesize myelin in the CNS
Regulate the blood-brain barrier
Phagocytize neuronal debris
What type of neuron transmits sensory impulses from the periphery to the CNS?
Efferent motor
Interneuron
Afferent (sensory)
Bipolar
What is the innermost layer of blood vessels?
Media tunic
Adventitia tunic
Intima (endothelium)
Subendothelium
What type of blood vessel lacks valves and has thinner walls than arteries?
Elastic artery
Muscular artery
Vein
Fenestrated capillary
Pulmonary circulation begins in:
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Aorta
Which of the following arteries is an elastic artery?
Coronary artery
Vertebral artery
Aorta
Renal arteriola
What type of capillary presents discontinuities in the basal lamina and pores in the endothelial cells?
Continuous capillary
Sinusoidal capillary
Fenestrated capillary with diaphragm
Fenestrated capillary without diaphragm
The tricuspid valve is located between:
Left atrium and ventricle
Right atrium and ventricle
Right ventricle and aorta
Left ventricle and aorta
What structure acts as the primary pacemaker?
His bundle
Sinoatrial node (SA)
Atrioventricular node (AV)
Purkinje fibers
Where are the baroreceptors that regulate blood pressure located?
Left ventricle muscle
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Venous adventitia tunica
Renal capillaries
What is the main function of the mitral valve?
Prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
Prevent backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium
Regulate blood flow between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Regulate pressure in the vena cavae
In which layer of the vascular wall are smooth muscle cells found?
Intima tunica
Media tunica
Adventitia tunica
Subendothelium
What characteristic distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?
Presence of vasa vasorum
Greater proportion of smooth muscle in the media tunica
Larger lumen diameter
Absence of internal elastic lamina
Which of the following statements is TRUE about continuous capillaries?
They have visible fenestrations
They lack tight junctions
They have a continuous basal lamina without pores
They are found only in the liver
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood through:
Superior and inferior vena cavae
Pulmonary arteries
Four pulmonary veins
Coronary arteries
What part of the heart separates the right ventricle from the left?
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Right fibrous trigone
Membranous septum
What is the typical pressure in the pulmonary circuit compared to the systemic?
Higher
Equal
Lower
Variable depending on age
Which nerve exerts parasympathetic control over heart rate?
Femoral nerve
Optic nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Trigeminal nerve
Which of the following is NOT an atypical blood vessel?
Coronary artery
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic sinusoidal
Azygos vein
Which layer of the heart contains the myocardium?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Serous pericardium
The aortic valve opens during:
Atrial systole
Left ventricular systole
Left ventricular diastole
Right ventricular systole
