When gametes join together and combine chromosomes, the resulting cell is called a(an):

Select those exercises that are most beneficial for a person with DMD.

The term for a muscles decreasing in size after exercising is:

The contractive unit of a muscle is shown below. It is called a(an):

Select the functions of proteins from the selections below:

Which two proteins are important to muscles and muscle contractions?

Which of the following are types of muscle tissue found in the human body? Select all that apply.

Muscles are divided into large sections known as _____________ which contain smaller muscle fibers within them.

Which is true of DMD? Check all that apply.

The correct organization of a muscle from largest to smallest is:

Which of the following is not a protein found in human muscles?

the protein filament shown below by the red arrow is:

Look at the enzyme complex diagram below. Which part of the diagram is the ACTIVE SITE of the enzyme?

How does a person get DMD?

Which of the following is NOT a functions of proteins in our body?

Look at the enzyme complex diagram below. Which part of the diagram is the ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX?

What is DMD?

When a person has two alleles for a trait that are identical (HH, HH), they are said to be _________ for that trait.

When protein filament is being identified by the red arrow below?

What is the importance of enzymes to our digestive system?

Look at the enzyme complex diagram below. Which part of the diagram is showing the SUBSTRATES?

Look at the enzyme complex diagram below.  Which part of the diagram is showing the PRODUCTS after the enzyme does its' job?

Patients with DMD lack which muscle protein?

When a person had two different alleles for a given trait, they are said to be __________ for that trait.

Every normal human has _________ chromosomes. The sex chromosome configuration for a male is __________.

Somatic cells go through the process of __________ to produce new body cells while our reproductive organs go through _________ to produce new sex cells.

When gametes join together and combine chromosomes, the resulting cell is called a(an):

What process in Meiosis is shown below?

How many chromosomes are in a human sperm cell?

Select the somatic cells below.

Select all the cell types that are produced from the process shown below.

Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?

Select the gametes below.

Select all the cell types that are produced from the process shown below.

what is a gene?

Approximately how many genes do humans have?

How are chromosomes inherited?

How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have in comparison to a diploid cell?

What process is shown below?

What percentage of human DNA nucleotides actually code for the production of proteins?

When pairing up chromosomes to make a karyotype, which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to determine matching chromosomes?

If a G were added to the original DNA strand with bases AATTGAACACATGCGCCC after the 3rd base, what type of mutation would this be an example of

An addition or deletion of a DNA/RNA base causes which type of mutation?

What is a mutation?

How many autosomes do we have in each somatic cell?

Which type of chromosome mutation results in changing the size of the chromosome and causing multiple copies of a gene to occur?

A mutation that has neither a positive or negative effect on an organism's survival rate is called a(an):

Which type of chromosome mutation results in chromosomes not separating correctly and resulting in too many or not enough chromosomes in each sex cell?

Which is an example of where mitosis would occur?  Select all that apply.

Using a scratch sheet of paper, determine which two mRNA sequences below code for the same protein.  

mRNA #1: UCG CUAGCG ACC AGU UCA                

   mRNA #2: AGC CUC GCC ACU CGU AGU                  

mRNA #3: AGU UUA GCA ACG AGA UCA                    

mRNA #4: AGC CUA GCC AAC CAU UCC

A substitution of one DNA/RNA base for another is an example of which type of mutation?

You have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein and is 126 bases long.  A frameshift mutation occurs at the 100th base.  How many amino acids will be unaffected in this protein chain and remain in correct order?

Which type of mutation appears to most likely lead to DMD?

A diagram that shows the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell is called a (an):

If the 5th base of the original strand of DNA with bases AATTGAACACATGCGCCC was changed from a G to a C, what type of mutation would this be an example of?

are mutations always bad?

Looking at the karyotype, what gender is this patient?

the two main types of mutations are?

Which of the following explanation is best to explain why is it important for a person to consume protein if/when they are actively working out?

which is the best explanation/definition for "dystrophy"?

patients with DMD lack which muscle protein?

myofibrils are made up small, contractile units known as:

what is DMD?

which types of exercise is/are recommended for people with DMD? Check all that apply

what protein filament is being identified by the red arrow below?

a decrease in muscle size due to lack of use is:

In our analogy for what is happening in DMD patients, what structure served as our "boat anchors" attaching from the sarcolemma to the inside of the myofibril?

In the opening video for L1 on DMD, select all choices that are true about the people in the video:

how does a person get DMD?

The protein filament show below by the red arrow is:

what are the two primary proteins involved in a muscle contraction within a sarcomere?

which structure(s) represent the axon terminal; the last part of the neuron to receive/transmit a signal?

what were noticeable physical differences with the UCSD Juncos as compared to he Mt. Laguna Juncos?

the "master" gland of the endocrine system that controls/regulates many other glands/organs of the body is the:

which hormone is typically released when under stress and was studied in the Junco experiment?

which male Junco must be the father of the offspring?

which structure below are dendrites, structures that receive information for a nerve cell?

A 16-year-old high school student has been feeling persistently sad and unmotivated for the past several months. She struggles to concentrate in class, has lost interest in hobbies she once enjoyed, and often feels hopeless. She also has trouble sleeping and experiences changes in her appetite. Her doctor suspects that her brain may not be producing enough of a neurotransmitter responsible for mood regulation and emotional stability.

what hormone is probably the cause of this?

what molecules are shown below in the circle and *?

what division of the nervous system controls our "fight or flight" emergency response?

what conclusion can be made regarding wing size between Junco samples from UCSD and Mt. Laguna?

what type of inheritance pattern is explained below?

the chart below measures the whiteness of the tail feathers in Juncos. what statement below is most true?

which inheritance pattern has two alleles equally expressed in the phenotype?

which type of natural selection is occurring when the average/intermediate form of a phenotype is favored in the environment?

After the dought of 1977 on the Galapagos Islands, in 1983 there was rain for 40 days straight.  What type of finches were favored during this time period?

Most human traits are controlled by two or more genes like height, hair color, eye color and skin color.  Which type of inheritance pattern does this describe?

From the video The Beak of the Finch, where the Grant's retraced the footsteps of Charles Darwin on the Galapagos Islands, what type of finches were favored after the drought of 1977 and what type of food source was available to these birds?

The process where organisms with useful traits/adaptations for their environment have a survival advantage & reproduce with more offspring to pass on these traits is known as:

Which type of natural selection shows one extreme version of a phenotype is favored in the environment?

What organism did Charles Darwin study most while on the Galapagos Islands?

What is the function of the B-cells as part of our last line of defense against pathogens?

Which quadrant appears to have the greatest number of bacteria colonies?

Select all those that are part of the 1st line of defense for our immune system.

Which quadrant of our Petri dish served as the control for our experiment?

Which of the following bacteria cells would we expect to increase in number and be most resistant to antibiotics?

Which quadrant of our Petri dish did we place the swab directly from the surface of the area we chose to test at YLHS?

When a macrophage touches a pathogen, what does it do to the pathogen?

Which quadrant of our Petri dish did we place the swab used to sample our hand after touching the surface of our tested are but before we washed/sanitized our hand?

Select all the environmental conditions that bacteria reproduce best in.

Which line of defense would fevers fall into?

Which quadrant of our Petri dish did we place the swab used to sample our hand after washing/sanitizing after touching the surface of our tested area?

Which type of cells remember the antigens so the immune system can fight off the pathogen faster?

Select the pathogens listed below.

Which quadrant of our Petri dish SHOULD have the least amount of bacteria and mold growth?

Which of the following is NOT a white blood cell?

From our readings, which type of material tested with the highest levels of bacteria?

For one bacterium, how many new cells will it form when it reproduces?

According to the study associated with the graph below, what surfaces on the sampled bus/train had the highest likelihood for contracting a bacterial infection?

Some bacteria can reproduce in 20 minutes.  How many of these bacteria would there be from one parent after three hours of time?

Addie's initial illness was caused by which type of bacterial infection?

Which of the following is a method by which bacteria reproduce?

what is mrsa

From the articles, all of the following are mentioned to help stop the spread of MRSA except:

How many MRSA hospitalizations (per 1,000 hospitalizations) were there in the year 2000?

In the chart below, what does it mean that a variation of bacteria is "resistant" to antibiotics?

During the video, we notice a pattern of Addie getting slightly better, then worse, then slightly better, then worse again and repeating this pattern multiple times.  This pattern was most likely caused by:

Addie's first symptom that something was wrong was:

According to the graph below, which antibiotics are most at-risk of not being effective against resistant strains of bacteria?  Check all that apply.

Based on these numbers below, what is the survival rate if someone contracts an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection?

After realizing that no antibiotic was working for the second infection, doctors informed Addie's mother that the bacterial infection was _______ resistant, meaning it was resistant to ALL antibiotics.  

Risk for contracting MRSA increases in/at all of the following situations EXCEPT:

What type of growth curve do we see in the graph below?

By the end of the video, Addie was told by doctors that she wasn't a "good candidate" for a lung transplant.  Why did doctors say this to her family?

While on the life support machine, Addie got a much more serious bacterial infection.  This bacteria was

As things worsened from Addie's intial illness, she was put on a machine to help remove carbon dioxide from her blood while replenishing it with oxygen.  This machine is known as a/an:

Who gets credited for the discovery of DNA in most science books?

The second bacterial infection came from

Select all examples of genetic engineering used in/on organisms.

Select those reasons why The Human Genome Project was so important to science.