WorksheetsOrganic Evolution Test #1 C
Total questions: 99
Worksheet time: 50mins
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A graphical summary of the evolutionary history of a group, showing branching relationships of populations as they give rise to multiple descendant populations over evolutionary time.
A chart showing the daily activities of an organism.
A diagram representing the food chain in an ecosystem.
A map of the geographical distribution of a species.
According to Baum (2005), what does a phylogenetic tree depict?
Historical relationships, not similarities.
Genetic mutations over time.
The physical appearance of organisms.
The number of species in an ecosystem.
What does a phylogenetic tree describe?
The pattern and in some cases timing of diversification events.
The chemical composition of organisms.
The rate of photosynthesis in plants.
The migration patterns of animals.
Based on the diagram, what does the vertical axis labeled '# mutations (time)' represent in a phylogenetic tree?
The number of mutations over time.
The number of species present at each time point.
The geographic location of each species.
The evolutionary age of each branch.
What is a phylogeny?
A direct observation of evolutionary patterns
A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships inferred from data
A random guess about species
A type of animal
In most cases, do we have direct knowledge of pattern or timing in phylogenies, or does it have to be inferred from data?
It has to be inferred from data.
We always have direct knowledge.
Pattern is always known, timing is not.
Timing is always known, pattern is not.
Phylogenies and mapping traits on existing phylogenies are considered hypotheses.
True
False
Refer to the diagram showing Camel, Moose, Muntjac, Elk, Hippo, and Whale. What is inferred from DNA sequences in the phylogenetic tree?
The evolutionary relationship among the species
The color of the animals
The number of legs each animal has
The habitat of each animal
Refer to the phylogenetic tree diagrams labeled A, B, and C. Which group is most closely related to birds according to the tree?
Mammals
Crocodilians
Amphibians
Ray-finned fishes
Refer to the phylogenetic tree diagrams labeled A, B, and C. Fill in the blank: According to the tree, mammals share a more recent common ancestor with _______ than with amphibians.
birds
reptiles
fish
insects
According to the tree, lampreys are more closely related to cartilaginous fishes than to mammals.
True
False
What is a taxon (taxa, plural)?
A type of tree
Species, genes, genomes, or any other entity having an evolutionary history
A branch of mathematics
A fossil
What do OTUs represent in a phylogenetic tree?
Only extinct species
Only living species
OTUs alive today or in the past
Only genes
What do nodes represent in a phylogenetic tree?
The separation of one lineage into multiple distinct lineages
The tips of the tree
The branches of the tree
The root of the tree
Nodes in a phylogenetic tree represent the hypothetical ________ of a group.
least common ancestor (LCA)
descendant species
mutation rate
evolutionary distance
Each interior node in a phylogenetic tree represents an ________ population (vs existing population).
extinct
modern
hybrid
migratory
Refer to the diagram. Which group shares a hypothetical common ancestor indicated by the red node?
A) 1, 2, and 3
B) 6, 7, 8, and 9
C) 8 and 9
D) 4 and 5
Refer to the diagram. The blue node represents the hypothetical common ancestor to which group?
1, 2, and 3
6, 7, 8, and 9
8 and 9
4 and 5
Refer to the diagram. Fill in the blank: The orange node represents the hypothetical common ancestor to _______.
8 and 9
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
According to Figure 4.7, what do interior nodes in a phylogeny represent?
Interior nodes represent common ancestors.
Interior nodes represent present-day species.
Interior nodes represent evolutionary dead ends.
Interior nodes represent random mutations.
What does the root of the phylogenetic tree represent?
The most recent ancestor to 1, 2, and 3
The common ancestor to all the taxa on the tree
The common ancestor to 8 and 9
The common ancestor to 6, 7, 8, and 9
Fill in the blank: The hypothetical common ancestor to 1, 2, and 3 is indicated by a
red dot
blue square
green triangle
yellow star
Which taxa share a hypothetical common ancestor indicated by a blue dot on the phylogenetic tree?
6, 7, 8, and 9
1, 2, 3, and 4
2, 5, 7, and 8
3, 4, 5, and 6
The hypothetical common ancestor to 8 and 9 is different from the hypothetical common ancestor to 6, 7, 8, and 9.
True
False
What do branches in a phylogenetic tree represent?
A) The timing of diversification events
B) Evolution of the OTUs over time
C) The number of species
D) The root of the tree
Fill in the blank: In some cases, the length of branches in a phylogenetic tree gives information about the _______ of diversification events.
timing
location
frequency
direction
Branches in a phylogenetic tree represent the evolution of the OTUs over time.
True
False
According to Figure 4.8, what happens when you rotate around any node in a phylogenetic tree?
A) The relationships between nodes change
B) The relationships between nodes remain unaltered
C) The tree structure is destroyed
D) The tree gains new nodes
Rotating a node 180° in a phylogenetic tree changes the relationships between the nodes.
True
False
Fill in the blank: The relationships between nodes in a phylogenetic tree remain _______ by the rotation of any node.
unaltered
reversed
randomized
destroyed
According to Figure 4.9, what happens to the phylogenetic structure when you rotate any node or combination of nodes in a phylogeny?
The structure changes completely
The structure remains the same
The tree becomes unidentifiable
The tree loses its nodes
Refer to the diagram and explanation in 'Properties of Phylogenetic Trees.' The colored dots in panels ii, iii, iv, and v indicate:
The leaves of the tree
The nodes that were rotated to get from panel i to the present tree
The root of the tree
The branches that were removed
All five trees in the row are _______ from a phylogenetic perspective.
identical
different
unrelated
ancestral
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 1 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 2 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 3 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 4 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 5 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 6 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
Look at the reference tree with images of peach, orange, sunflower, corn, and pine. Is tree 7 the same as the reference tree?
True
False
According to phylogeny A in the diagram, which groups are considered sister taxa?
Placentals and Marsupials
Marsupials and Monotremes
Placentals and Monotremes
According to phylogeny B in the diagram, which groups are considered sister taxa?
Placentals and Marsupials
Marsupials and Monotremes
Placentals and Monotremes
In phylogeny C, uncertainty about evolutionary relationships can be represented as a _________?
polytomy
clade
synapomorphy
homoplasy
According to the diagrams, which group is considered an outgroup to the mammals?
Placentals
Marsupials
Monotremes
Squamate reptiles
What is a monophyletic group (clade)?
A group consisting of all descendants of the group's most common ancestor and no other members.
A group consisting of unrelated species.
A group consisting of only extinct species.
A group with no common ancestor.
Fill in the blank: A monophyletic group (clade) is a taxonomic group consisting of all descendants of the group's most common ancestor and _________
no other members
some unrelated species
members from different kingdoms
multiple ancestors
Match the following mammalian clades to their examples as shown in the diagram:
Monotremata
Platypus
Metatheria
Kangaroo
Rodentia
Mouse
Primates
Monkey
Cetartiodactyla
Dolphin
Fill in the blank: A ________ group is a group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
paraphyletic
monophyletic
polyphyletic
cladistic
Which of the following best describes a paraphyletic group?
Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants
Includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
Includes only descendants, not the common ancestor
Includes unrelated species
According to the diagram, which group is considered a monophyletic group?
Fish
Tetrapod vertebrates
Cartilaginous fishes
Ray-finned fishes
According to the diagram, what is the common ancestor of all tetrapods?
The common ancestor of all tetrapods is indicated at the branching point before amphibians, mammals, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.
The common ancestor of all tetrapods is indicated at the branching point after birds.
The common ancestor of all tetrapods is indicated at the branching point before fishes.
The common ancestor of all tetrapods is indicated at the branching point after mammals.
What is a polyphyletic group?
A) A set of OTUs grouped by similarity, sharing a recent common ancestor
B) A set of OTUs grouped by similarity, but do not share a recent common ancestor
C) A set of OTUs grouped by differences, sharing a recent common ancestor
D) A set of OTUs grouped by differences, but do not share a recent common ancestor
According to the phylogenetic tree, which of the following birds are classified as raptors?
Falcons, Barn owls, Hawks and Eagles, Ospreys
Cockatoos, Kingfishers, Toucans, Passerines
True parrots, Woodpeckers, True owls, Passerines
Falcons, Hawks and Eagles, Ospreys, True parrots
Fill in the blank: In the phylogenetic tree, ________ and ________ are grouped together as owls.
Barn owls, True owls
Barn owls, Nightjars
True owls, Hawks
Barn owls, Falcons
Which type of tree indicates the base as the last common ancestor (LCA) of all taxa on the tree and shows time proceeding from the root?
Rooted tree
Unrooted tree
Both
Neither
Which type of tree does NOT indicate the direction of time?
Rooted tree
Unrooted tree
Both
Neither
Fill in the blank: In rooted trees, the base of the tree indicates the ______ of all taxa on the tree.
last common ancestor (LCA)
first leaf node
root length
number of branches
In unrooted trees, the order of appearance of internal nodes is clear.
True
False
According to the diagram, which group is a monophyletic group?
Fish
Tetrapod vertebrates
Both
Neither
According to the diagram, which group is a paraphyletic group?
A) Fish
B) Tetrapod vertebrates
C) Both
D) Neither
What is the main difference between an unrooted tree and a rooted tree in phylogeny?
An unrooted tree shows the order of divergence and information about the ancestor.
A rooted tree shows the order of divergence and information about the ancestor.
Both trees show the same information.
Neither tree shows information about ancestors.
Fill in the blank: A rooted tree provides ________ and information about the ancestor.
order of divergence
number of leaves
total branch length
species names
Based on the diagrams, which node is labeled as the 'root' in a rooted phylogenetic tree?
The node from which all other branches diverge is labeled as the 'root'.
The node at the tip of the longest branch is labeled as the 'root'.
The node with the most descendant leaves is labeled as the 'root'.
The node that forms a loop in the tree is labeled as the 'root'.
Refer to the diagrams shown in 'Rooting a Phylogeny: An Example'. Which of the following trees is rooted at the elephant?
The first tree on the left
The middle tree
The tree on the right
In the tree rooted at the armadillo, which species is shown as the closest relative to the whale?
Elephant
Dog
Kangaroo
Bat
In the tree rooted at the whale, the two other species are ______ and ______.
elephant, armadillo
lion, tiger
giraffe, zebra
kangaroo, platypus
Refer to the diagram in Figure 4.15. Which of the following points on the unrooted tree corresponds to the root of the blue rooted tree?
A
B
C
Refer to the diagram in Figure 4.15. The green rooted tree is rooted at point ____ on the unrooted tree.
B
A
C
D
Match each rooted tree to the point on the unrooted tree where it is rooted.
Blue rooted tree
A
Green rooted tree
B
Red rooted tree
C
What is the main difference between a cladogram and a phylogram?
A cladogram shows relationships among species without indicating the amount of evolutionary change, while a phylogram shows both relationships and the amount of evolutionary change (branch lengths are proportional to change).
A cladogram shows only extinct species, while a phylogram shows only living species.
A cladogram is always circular, while a phylogram is always linear.
A cladogram uses genetic data, while a phylogram uses only physical characteristics.
What does the longer branch leading to HIV-2/B indicate?
The longer branch leading to HIV-2/B indicates that more change has occurred on that branch than on the branch leading to HIV-2/A.
The longer branch leading to HIV-2/B indicates that it is more closely related to HIV-2/A than to other branches.
The longer branch leading to HIV-2/B indicates that it has fewer genetic differences compared to HIV-2/A.
The longer branch leading to HIV-2/B indicates that it evolved more recently than HIV-2/A.
Look at the two diagrams. Which one is a cladogram and which one is a phylogram?
The diagram on the left is a cladogram and the diagram on the right is a phylogram.
The diagram on the left is a phylogram and the diagram on the right is a cladogram.
Both diagrams are cladograms.
Both diagrams are phylograms.
What does the difference in branch lengths represent in these trees?
Different evolutionary relationships
Different time spans or rates of evolution
Different species
Different environments
Do all three trees show the same relationships among A, B, C, and D?
True
False
Branch lengths might be different in phylogenetic trees even if the relationships among species are the same because:
branch lengths can represent different types of data, such as genetic change or time.
the species are always evolving at the same rate.
the relationships among species are always changing.
branch lengths are always arbitrary and have no meaning.
According to the diagram titled 'Inference of Trait Evolution: Evolution of Tetrapod Visual Opsin', which group is shown as the ancestor of squamate reptiles, birds, rodents, platyrrhine primates, baboons, and humans?
Tetrapod ancestor
Amphibian ancestor
Mammalian ancestor
Avian ancestor
In the diagram 'Inference of Trait Evolution: Evolution of Tetrapod Visual Opsin', which event is indicated by a star with a cross through it?
Opsin gain
Opsin loss
Tetrapod ancestor
Human evolution
Based on the diagram 'Inference of Trait Evolution: Evolution of Tetrapod Visual Opsin', match the following groups to the number of visual opsins they possess:
4 opsins
1
3 opsins
2
2 opsins
3
3 opsins
4
According to the diagram 'Inference of Trait Evolution: Evolution of Tetrapod Visual Opsin', baboons and humans share the same number of visual opsins.
True
False
Fill in the blank: The idea is to group taxa together based on shared ________ history (closely related taxa should have more similar features).
evolutionary
geographical
behavioral
nutritional
Fill in the blank: Only certain types of ________ (features or traits) are useful in phylogenetic inference.
characters
enzymes
cells
organs
Which of the following must be true for characters to be useful in phylogenetic inference?
Characters must be analogous
Characters must be homologous
Characters must be random
Characters must be unique to each species
Fill in the blank: The only homologies that are useful in estimating phylogenies are ________.
synapomorphies
autapomorphies
homoplasies
plesiomorphies
What is convergent evolution?
A) Similarity between species due to shared ancestry
B) Similarity between species caused by a similar, but evolutionarily independent, response to a common environmental problem
C) Differences between species due to environmental factors
D) Evolution of new species from a common ancestor
Traits that are similar due to convergent evolution are called ______ traits, not homologous traits.
analogous
vestigial
ancestral
derived
True or False: Traits that are analogous are also homologous.
True
False
The images show the eyes of an octopus, a ray-finned fish, a crocodile, and hippopotamuses. These similar traits are an example of:
Homologous traits
Analogous traits
Genetic drift
Artificial selection
What is the main idea presented in the slide titled 'Not all similar traits are homologous!'?
All similar traits are due to common ancestry
Not all similar traits are homologous
All DNA sequences are unique
Mutations never create synapomorphies
According to the slide, what can reversals ("back-mutations") in molecular sequence do?
Create synapomorphies
Remove synapomorphies
Prevent mutations
Increase the number of character states
Fill in the blank: Reversals are common in DNA sequence data, because there are only ____ possible character states.
4
2
8
20
In the example on the right, what happens at the fifth position in the DNA sequence?
A) A deletion occurs
B) A reversal to A occurs
C) A new mutation is introduced
D) The sequence remains unchanged
What is the definition of homoplasy? (F&H, glossary)
Similarity in characters that is due to convergent evolution or reversals - not common descent.
Similarity in characters that is due to shared ancestry only.
Similarity in characters that is due to genetic drift.
Similarity in characters that is due to mutation accumulation over time.
Homoplasy misleads phylogenetic analyses, but it can be distinguished from homology by which of the following methods?
By comparing the evolutionary origin of traits
By analyzing only morphological similarities
By ignoring genetic data
By focusing solely on convergent evolution
Which animal group is shown to have the origin of the camera eye?
Arthropods
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Rotifers
What does the term 'Loss' indicate in the evolutionary tree?
The term 'Loss' indicates the evolutionary loss of eyes in certain lineages.
The term 'Loss' indicates the gain of new traits in certain lineages.
The term 'Loss' indicates the evolutionary development of wings in certain lineages.
The term 'Loss' indicates the increase in population size in certain lineages.
According to the diagram, segmented worms have lost eyes in their evolutionary history.
True
False
List any three animal groups shown in the diagram.
Acoelomate worms, Rotifers, Flatworms
Dinosaurs, Birds, Mammals
Insects, Fish, Reptiles
Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores
Fill in the blank: Phylogenetic trees summarize the evolutionary history of a set of _____. Important features include tips, nodes, branches & root.
taxa
enzymes
cells
chromosomes
Why is a common language necessary for interpreting phylogenetic trees?
A common language is necessary for interpretation to ensure clear communication and understanding, such as identifying monophyletic groups.
It is needed to increase the number of branches in the tree.
It helps to make the tree more colorful and visually appealing.
It allows for faster growth of the phylogenetic tree.
