.patient, the development of viral cirrhosis of the liver was complicated by the development of splenomegaly, escites, varicose vein, "Medusa's head*, hemorrholds. The development of these symptoms in circhosis of the liver is due to:

This drug causes a state of calm, tranquilizing or anxiolytic effect - the ability to reduce the state of drowsiness:

patient A. 37 years old, teacher, obesity of the ill degree, complained of severe pain in the area of the right knee joint MRi showed de ernal meniscus, marginal osteophytes. The most important etiological factor in the development of pathology of the musculoskelel

A 40-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis has recently been treated with methotrexate, Her pl dinydroorotate dehydcogenase, an enzyme involved in pyrimidine synthesis. Which drug was added

A 70-year-old female present to your office complaining of easy fatigebility, exertional dyspnes and y exemination reveals symmetrically decreased vibratory sensation to the lower extremities. Her hemm hypersegmented noutrophils, MCV-110; megaloblastic, hyperchromic anemia was diagnosed. Which

The mechanism of action of drugs in this group is associated with the accumulation of monourines ………… nervous system

Thiazolindinedones:

Gastroprotector that forms a protective film in an acidic environment on the surface of eroslons and also has a bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori: Bisacodyl mebeverine Sodium carbonate mesoprostol bismuth tripotassium dicitrate

patient D., 38 years old. developed laryngeal stenosis after a thermal burn. As a result, the rhythm Of breathing was disrupted. Charactersitic aaythmias in laryngeal stenosis:

Patient with cholelithiasis complained of bloating, emaciation, trequent diarrhea, and vomiting, A large number of muscle fibers and fat droplet and the content of enzymes in the duodenal juice was sharply reduced. The mechanisms of the orcurrence of the above symptoms suggest development of:

specific Immunosuppressive drug that selectively suppresses autoimmune reactions due to specific ……

Exogenous factor in the occurrence of nephro- and urolithiasis is:

Paraspecific reactions in tuberculosis include:

.In the biopsy taken from the uterus of a 45-year-old woman, it was found: irregularly shaped foci of the endometrial stroma were detected in the myometrial tissue, with glandular structures in the stroma.

complications of cholera include;

The type stage of secondary tuberculosis that develops before cirrhosis tuberculosis:

which form of hematogenic tuberculosis develops a necrotic tissue reaction:

.A disease characterized by the development of the appearance of "iron goiter":

Name a drug that belongs to thiazolidinediones:

Select a synthetic glucocorticosteroid drug that does not contain fluorine atoms:

The appearance of plague phlyctena is characteristic of which type of plague:

Process occurring in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis: Epiphyscolyas comyelitis: Brodies abscess Sequestration Fistulas Amyloidosis

Acarbose side effect:

Detected microscopically in neurons during rabies:

What drugs have anticoagulant effect used in acute thrombosis, thromboembolism, burns. Frostbite, glomerulonephritis and stroke:

Zafirlukast-bronchodilator drug that:

Saline laxatives:

.A patient with Parkinson's disease was prescribed a medication, which caused tachycardia, difficulty urinating, and worsening glaucoma. What drug are we talking about?

If a large focus of cheesy necrosis appears in the lungs, surrounded by connective tissue, it is:

Which organs are affected by primary tuberculosis with alimentary infection:

Pathology developing with thyroid insufficiency glands:

Antiparkinsonian drug with antiviral action:

Antihypertensive drug with central neurotropic action:

What drugs are used to treat Parkinson's disease?

A 52-year-old man recovering from an acute myocardial infarction develops new-onset chest r that is relieved by leaning forward. The patient is treated with a medication that inhibits COX and COX-2 enzymes via irreversible acetylation, resulting relief of his symptoms. Which of the following agents was most likely used in this patient

Bile emulsifies fats and promotes the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Insufficient bile formation can be eliminated by the drug:

calcium channel blocker amlodipine has an antianginal effect due to:

The mechanism of action of this bronchodilator is that it stimulates the release of endogenous norepinephrine from vesicles of the adrenergic synapse, and also blocks enzymes of metabolism of this mediator, identify the drug

A 66-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department due to left leg pain. Her left posterior calf is tender and swollen to the knee. The patient has taken daily subcutaneous, lov molecular -weight heparin. Three days ago, complete blood count was normal, but platelet co is now 70,000/mm3. Peripheral blood smear shows decreased platelet number but no other abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's thrombocytope Platelet removal by splenic macrophages may cause drug Induced thrombocytopenia Non-immune -medicated plateler clumping Uncontrolled activation of the coagulation cascade Decrease bone marrow platelet production bone marrow platelet production

A 44-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis has recently been treated with methotrexate. h physician recently added another drug that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in pyrimidine synthesis. Which drug was added to the patient's regimen?

.Metoclopramide is a centrally acting drug, indicated for nausea and vomiting, hypotension and atony of the gastrointestinal tract. What are its side effects associated with: extrapyramidal disorders and headache?

In rheumatoid arthritis, pannus formation results in:

.Patient A., 37 years old, teacher, obesity of the Ill degree, complained of severe pain in the area the right knee joint. MRI showed degenerative damage of the internal meniscus, marginal osteophytes. The most important etiological factor in the development of pathology of the musculoskeletal system in this case is:

character of cellular infiltration in valves in acute polypous-warty endocarditis:

What develops with a mild form of adenovirus infection:

.In which organs is the primary tuberculosis complex is located:

.patient with fibrotic cavernous tuberculosis died of chronic pulmonary heart failure. Over the ast few years, pronounced proteinuria has been observed. Choose the correct formulation haracteristic of this situation:

.what type of inflammation develops in the intestine in the second stage of dysentery:

Characteriatic complications of typhold fever include

the characteristic manifestation of the cutaneous form of anthrax is:

.characteristic manifestation of the cutaneous form of anthrax is: lymph nodes are not affected the entry gate of the infection is not found the outcome is often unfavorable development of a carbuncle development of anthrax phlycenta

solitary gummas during syphilis are often located in:

Pathological processes that develop in pernicious anemia

A sign of anemia with intravascular hemolysis:

The characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis:

Characteristics of primary syphilis include:

Papillary growth due to follicular epithelial proliferation, colloid vacuolization, changes in its staining properties, lympho-plasmocytic infiltration of the stroma, lymphoid tissue hyperplasi with germinal centers, myocardial hypertrophy, liver fibrosis, thymomegaly, and adrenal corti layer atrophy are characteristic of:

58 years old, with acute myocardial infarction is infused with thrombolytic drug combinant human tissue plasminogen activator with simultaneous administration of heparin. Results of therapy may be the development of reperfusion syndrome in the ischaemic zone. the manifestations of which is:

The pathology of the brain characteristic for the primary-septic form of anthrax:

patient R., 60 years old, suffers from chronic alcoholism. There is a dilation of the saphenous veins the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls, splenomegaly, the liver is dense and bumpy. The tient will have a decrease in the level of the following in the blood:

In traumatic surgical interventions, septic shock with hyperproduction of endotoxins, obstetric DIC syndrome, the development of thrombinemia with the appearance of a large number of loo microthrombi in blood vessels is initiated:

Patient V., 20 y.o., is undergoing inpatient treatment for bilateral pneumonia. On admission, breathing is 32-34 per minute, shallow. Intercostal muscles are involved in respiratory movements. As a result of allergic edema of the larynx and vocal cords, the patient developed acute stenosis of the upper respiratory tract. Objectively: pupils are constricted, respiratory r is 8 in 1 minute, exhalation is significantly difficult, blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, pulse is 40 minute. This phase of asphyxia is characterized by:

Hyperactivation of ionotropic postsynaptic AMPA receptors in ischemic brains causes:

Epileptic neurons are characterized by:

The High prevalence of seizure syndrome in children in the first year of life is explained by the Presence at this age：

Manifestation of immunodepressive effects of the influenza virus:

Changes in internal organs during the algid stage of cholera:

Gluccocoticoids are produced.

Desired pharmacological effect of hymecromone (odeseton):

Indicate direct inhibitor of factor Xa, anticoagulant:

What is the mechanism of action of Sertraline：

Antihypertensive drug from group of beta blockers:

Bronchodilators include:

A drug that is used to prevent bleeding:

Indications for the appointment of this drug are hyperacid conditions, heartburn, and metabolic acidosis. Contraindications include alkalosis and hypokalemia.

Gastroprotector that forms a protective film in an acidic environment on the surface of erosions and ulcers due to the denaturation of proteins. It also has a bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori:

These drugs have an inhibitory effect on the final stages of hydrochloric acid synthesis, suppress nocturnal and stimulated gastric acid secretion. Omeprazole and its analogs have a prolonged effect, faster symptomatic relief, and promote faster healing of duodenal ulcers. After the abolition of this group of drugs, gastric secretion is restored.

Select a drug used in gastroenterology for the treatment of chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, habitual constipation. It contains bile, garlic extract, nettle extract, activated carbon, and auxiliary substances.

Specify a drug whose pharmacodynamic mechanism blocks the cholinergic receptors of parietal cells that produce gastrin, reduce the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid, has an antispasmodic effect, reduces pain, dyspeptic phenomena, and reduces the tone of smooth muscles.

Hemostatics, which are natural components of the blood coagulation system:

Inhibits alpha-glucosidase and slows down the absorption of glucose in the intestine.

Having a state of calm, tranquilizing or anxiolytic effect - the ability to reduce the state of internal tension.

The mechanism of action of Levodopa is:"

Patient S. was admitted to the clinic with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease. From the anamnesis, it turned out that he also has bronchial asthma. Which antianginal drugs are contraindicated in this patient?

A person with a history of subfebrile anemia took a drug without a doctor's prescription; after that, the patient developed abdominal pain, jaundice, and dark urine. This is a result of an overdose of which drug? And name a pharmacological antidote to eliminate the overdose.

A patient with epilepsy was prescribed a drug. Soon after regular use, he developed signs of a disorder in the activity of male sex hormones, which later led to gynecomastia and impotence. What drug did the patient use?

The mechanism of action of Selegiline is

Effects characteristic of cardiac glycosides:

By blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, productive symptoms of psychosis are eliminated. What pharmacological mechanism does this lead to?

depression is treated with following group of drugs:

The glycone part in the molecule of cardiac glycosides determines:

strophanthin is used:

Specific reversible COMT inhibitor with peripheral action:"

Select a drug prescribed to dissolve cholesterol stones:"

Typical neuroleptic:

Which of the following drugs induce metabolism of Warfarin and cause a decrease in its plasma concentration?"

Select a drug from the group of monoclonal antibodies to TNF alpha:

Specify a drug for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia:

Indications for prescribing pirenzepine:

Effectiveness of heparin in patients with low activity of antithrombin: Ill Is:

Patient K. was admitted to the clinic with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease. From the anamnesis it turned out that he also suffers from gout. Which drugs are contraindicated in this patient?

A patient with chronic iron deficiency anemia took a drug without doctor's prescription; after that the patient developed abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. This is a sign of poisoning with iron supplements. Specify and name a pharmacological antidote to eliminate overdose.

A patient with a gastric ulcer was prescribed a drug. Soon after regular use, he developed signs of a disorder in the activity of male sex hormones: gynecomastia and impotence. What drug did the patient use?

A 70-year-old man comes to the office due to palpitation. He has felt an irregular and fast heartbeat on multiple occasions over the last month. ECG shows irregularly irregular rhythm with absent P waves. The patient started on apixaban. Which of the following is likely to be directly affected as a result of therapy?

Specify a drug whose pharmacodynamics selectively blocks the cholinergic receptors of parietal cells that produce gastrin in the stomach, significantly the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid, has an antispasmodic effect, reduces pain, dyspeptic phenomena, reduces the healing time of ulcers:

Patient E. was admitted to the clinic with a diagnosis of coronary heart disease. From the anamnesis it turned out that he also suffers from bronchial asthma. Which drug is contraindicated in this patient?

Examination of the ventilation function of the lungs revealed a decrease in the volume of forced expiration in 1 second, a decrease in vital capacity. These indicators are typical for:

In nephrotic syndrome, increased permeability of the glomerular filter is associated with:

The patient complains of general weakness, nausea, thirst, swelling, infrequent urination. The disease st. otitis. Dally utine output is 600 ml protein is 2.2 g/1. Blood ESR is high. The most probable etiological factor:

What type of periardial inflammation develops using transmural and subepericardial infraction:

A newborn has acute respiratory failure as a result of the development of primary atelectasis and interstitial pulmonary edema has been identified, the development of which is based on:

Thyroid disease characterized by massive lymphoid infiltration with follicle formation, follicular epithelial cells with Hürthle cells:

Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus:

Patients with diabetes mellitus often have skin lesions in the form of furunculosis, fungal infections, trophic ulcers, and poor wound healing. What is the reason for these complications?

In DIC syndrome, the most characteristic type of bleeding (according to Z.S. Barkagan) is:

Aseptic inflammation, destruction, and necrosis of microvessels resulting from the damaging effect of circulating immune complexes are characteristic of:

When a young woman with habitual non-pregnancy was examined, lupus anticoagulant antiphospholipid antibody IgG was found. This is in favor of:

Gastroprotector that forms a protective film in an acidic environment on the surface of erosions and ulcers due to the denaturation of ulcer surface proteins and also has a bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori:"

In the early stages of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, the leading role is played by:

In gout, sodium monourate is most commonly deposited as needle-shaped crystals in:

A man suffered a terminal cardiac arrest due to an electrical injury in which current was passed through a left arm–right leg loop:

Diabetic microangiopathies are characterized by:

Through its cross-sectional effect, GH (growth hormone) can activate prolactin receptors. As a result, the following may develop:**

Inhibition of fibrinogenesis

The main pathogenetic link in the development of peptic ulcer disease is:

Premature contraction of the heart caused by an impulse originating in one part of the intraventricular conducting system or ventricles is:

A 58-year-old patient with primary arterial hypertension for 10 years experienced severe psycho-emotional stress, followed by a sensation of chest pain with irradiation to the left arm and left side of the neck. The pain lasted 5 minutes and was relieved by nitroglycerin. The most likely cardiovascular pathology is:

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver developed hemorrhages at injection sites, skin scratches, nose, and gums. The cause of hemorrhagic syndrome in this patient is associated with:

A 56-year-old patient has a gastric ulcer associated with H. pylori. A study of stomach secretory function shows basal secretion of 90 units (normal 40-60 units) and total acidity of 50-100 mM/L. The secretory dysfunction is caused by excessive secretion of:

A patient exhibits edema and thickening of the skin due to hydrophilic glycosaminoglycan accumulation in connective tissues. Other symptoms include decreased mental activity, drowsiness, fatigue, cold intolerance, general weakness, apathy, slow speech, and decreased intellect. These are characteristic of:

Complication of recurrent warty endocarditis:"

The patient died of heart disease. During the autopsy, an irregular oval-shaped, yellow-colored, hemorrhagic section was found on the posterior wall of the left ventricle of the heart. In the center of the focus, the myocardium is torn, and blood is collected in the pericardial sac. Choose the correct statement for this situation."

The method used by a pathologist to determine the etiology of viral encephalitis:"

Selective damage to motor neurons in the gray matter of the anterior horns of the spinal cord in the cervical-thoracic region occurs in:”

Additional route of tick-borne encephalitis infection (other than transmissive):"

Secondary changes in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin:”

Characteristic symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy:"

Negative outcome of endocarditis:"

A 45-year-old woman had uterine bleeding, and a diagnostic curettage was taken from the endometrium. Histological analysis showed irregularly shaped glands in the endometrium, and stromal cells were hyperplastic. Choose the correct statement for this case:

The pathology of the brain characteristic of the primary-septic form of anthrax:

The main pathological process in thrombocytopenia:

The patient has a severe course of viral hepatitis B. Consciousness is reduced. Liver odor, hemorrhagic diathesis. In the blood - hyperbilirubinemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia. These manifestations are characteristic of:

Patients with diabetes mellitus often have skin lesions in the form of furunculosis, fungal infections, trophic ulcers, and poor wound healing. The development of glucose toxicity: