Sterilization is the process of destroying all forms of microbial life, including spores.

Sterilization is the process of removing only visible dirt from surfaces.

Sterilization is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms to a safe level.

Sterilization is the process of cooling substances to preserve them.

Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces.

Disinfection is the process of sterilizing living tissues completely.

Disinfection is the process of adding fragrance to surfaces to make them smell pleasant.

Disinfection is the process of painting surfaces to protect them from rust.

Pasteurization is the process of heating food or liquid to a specific temperature for a set period of time to kill harmful microorganisms without affecting the quality of the product.

Pasteurization is the process of freezing food to preserve its nutrients and flavor.

Pasteurization is the method of adding preservatives to food to extend its shelf life.

Pasteurization is the process of fermenting food to enhance its taste and texture.

An autoclave is a device that uses steam under pressure to sterilize medical or laboratory instruments and other items.

An autoclave is a type of microscope used to observe bacteria.

An autoclave is a chemical used to disinfect surfaces in hospitals.

An autoclave is a container used to store vaccines at low temperatures.

The process of using chemical agents to eliminate or reduce the number of microorganisms on living tissues.

The process of removing all visible dirt and debris from surfaces.

The process of sterilizing surgical instruments using high heat.

The process of physically removing microorganisms from inanimate objects.

An inanimate substance (such as food, water, or air) that can transmit infectious agents.

A living organism that causes disease.

A medical procedure to prevent illness.

A type of transportation used for travel.

A nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and transferring them from one individual to another.

A living organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis.

A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.

A chemical substance used to kill bacteria on living tissue.

The study of the cause or origin of a disease.

The study of the structure of tissues.

The study of the treatment of diseases.

The study of the symptoms of diseases.

A group of symptoms that consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.

A single symptom that appears suddenly and disappears quickly.

A disease caused by bacteria only.

A condition that affects only the nervous system.

A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease.

A sudden increase in disease severity.

A complete cure of all diseases.

A side effect of medication.

Microorganisms that normally live on or in the body without causing disease.

Microorganisms that always cause infections in the body.

Microorganisms that are only found in laboratory environments.

Microorganisms that are only present during illness.

A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to foreign substances (antigens).

A type of cell that transports oxygen in the blood.

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

A lipid molecule that stores energy in cells.

Microorganisms that are temporarily present on the body and do not permanently colonize.

Microorganisms that are always present and form a permanent part of the normal flora.

Microorganisms that cause disease in all individuals they contact.

Microorganisms that are only found in laboratory cultures and not on the body.

A substance that induces an immune response, typically the production of antibodies.

A type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.

A protein that transports oxygen in the blood.

A chemical messenger that regulates body functions.

Oxidation of cellular components (acts as a disinfectant by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes).

Inhibition of DNA replication by binding to nucleic acids.

Blocking neurotransmitter release at synaptic junctions.

Increasing cell wall synthesis in bacteria.

Cidex (or any high-level disinfectant used for medical equipment).

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite).

Alcohol (ethanol).

Hydrogen peroxide.

Sterilization of medical equipment (e.g., surgical instruments, plasticware).

Disinfection of drinking water.

Preservation of food by refrigeration.

Sterilization using ultraviolet light.

Denaturation of proteins and disruption of cell membranes.

Inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair.

Blocking folic acid synthesis in bacteria.

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

Ultraviolet (UV) light

Infrared radiation

Visible light

Microwaves

Cause double-stranded breaks in DNA, leading to cell death.

Increase the rate of protein synthesis in cells.

Promote rapid cell division and tissue growth.

Enhance the repair mechanisms of cell membranes.

-cidal agents kill microorganisms, while -static agents inhibit their growth.

-cidal agents inhibit growth, while -static agents kill microorganisms.

Both -cidal and -static agents kill microorganisms.

Both -cidal and -static agents only inhibit growth.

-cidal agents kill microorganisms, while -static agents inhibit their growth.

-cidal agents inhibit growth, while -static agents kill microorganisms.

Both -cidal and -static agents kill microorganisms.

Both -cidal and -static agents only inhibit growth.

Resistant: Microbe is not inhibited by the drug; zone of inhibition is absent or very small. Susceptible: Microbe is inhibited or killed by the drug; large zone of inhibition. Intermediate: Microbe shows partial inhibition; moderate zone of inhibition.

Resistant: Microbe is killed by the drug; large zone of inhibition. Susceptible: Microbe is not affected by the drug; no zone of inhibition. Intermediate: Microbe is completely resistant; no zone of inhibition.

Resistant: Microbe is partially inhibited by the drug; moderate zone of inhibition. Susceptible: Microbe is not inhibited by the drug; no zone of inhibition. Intermediate: Microbe is killed by the drug; large zone of inhibition.

Resistant: Microbe is not inhibited by the drug; large zone of inhibition. Susceptible: Microbe is inhibited or killed by the drug; no zone of inhibition. Intermediate: Microbe shows partial inhibition; very large zone of inhibition.

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor: Bactericidal; Example drugs: Penicillins, Cephalosporins Protein synthesis inhibitor: Bacteriostatic (mostly); Example drugs: Tetracyclines, Macrolides

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor: Bacteriostatic; Example drugs: Tetracyclines, Macrolides Protein synthesis inhibitor: Bactericidal; Example drugs: Penicillins, Cephalosporins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor: Bactericidal; Example drugs: Tetracyclines, Macrolides Protein synthesis inhibitor: Bacteriostatic; Example drugs: Penicillins, Cephalosporins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor: Bacteriostatic; Example drugs: Penicillins, Cephalosporins Protein synthesis inhibitor: Bactericidal; Example drugs: Tetracyclines, Macrolides

Disruption of membranes: Mechanism - Disrupts cell membrane integrity; Example - Polymyxins. Nucleic acid inhibition: Mechanism - Inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis; Example - Quinolones. Metabolic pathway block: Mechanism - Inhibits folic acid synthesis; Example - Sulfonamides.

Disruption of membranes: Mechanism - Inhibits protein synthesis; Example - Tetracyclines. Nucleic acid inhibition: Mechanism - Disrupts cell wall synthesis; Example - Penicillins. Metabolic pathway block: Mechanism - Inhibits RNA polymerase; Example - Rifampin.

Disruption of membranes: Mechanism - Inhibits folic acid synthesis; Example - Sulfonamides. Nucleic acid inhibition: Mechanism - Disrupts cell membrane integrity; Example - Polymyxins. Metabolic pathway block: Mechanism - Inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis; Example - Quinolones.

Disruption of membranes: Mechanism - Inhibits cell wall synthesis; Example - Cephalosporins. Nucleic acid inhibition: Mechanism - Inhibits protein synthesis; Example - Macrolides. Metabolic pathway block: Mechanism - Inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking; Example - Carbapenems.

smaller

larger

equal

irregular

Amoxicillin

Penicillin G

Vancomycin

Isoniazid

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics

Regular hand washing

Vaccination against diseases

Consuming a balanced diet

Mutating their genes or acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria

Increasing their size to avoid antibiotics

Becoming viruses to escape antibiotics

Producing more toxins to destroy antibiotics

Portal: Respiratory tract; Description: Entry via inhalation; Example: Influenza virus. Portal: Gastrointestinal tract; Description: Entry via ingestion; Example: Salmonella. Portal: Skin; Description: Entry via cuts or abrasions; Example: Staphylococcus aureus.

Portal: Nervous system; Description: Entry via direct injection; Example: Influenza virus. Portal: Digestive tract; Description: Entry via inhalation; Example: Staphylococcus aureus. Portal: Skin; Description: Entry via ingestion; Example: Salmonella.

Portal: Respiratory tract; Description: Entry via ingestion; Example: Salmonella. Portal: Gastrointestinal tract; Description: Entry via cuts; Example: Influenza virus. Portal: Skin; Description: Entry via inhalation; Example: Staphylococcus aureus.

Portal: Urinary tract; Description: Entry via inhalation; Example: Influenza virus. Portal: Gastrointestinal tract; Description: Entry via injection; Example: Salmonella. Portal: Skin; Description: Entry via ingestion; Example: Staphylococcus aureus.

Common cold, Influenza, Tuberculosis

Malaria, Dengue, Typhoid

Ringworm, Athlete's foot, Jock itch

Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C

Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A

Tuberculosis, Influenza, Measles

Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever

Rabies, Tetanus, Polio

Urinary tract infection, Gonorrhea, HIV

Common cold, Influenza, Measles

Chickenpox, Mumps, Rubella

Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Asthma

Tetanus, Rabies

Common Cold

Malaria

Tuberculosis

HIV, Rubella, Syphilis

Influenza, Tuberculosis, Malaria

Chickenpox, Mumps, Measles

Tetanus, Cholera, Typhoid

Definition: Objective evidence of disease observed by others (e.g., fever, rash). Example: Fever.

Definition: Subjective feeling reported by the patient (e.g., pain, nausea). Example: Headache.

Definition: A genetic predisposition to illness. Example: Family history of diabetes.

Definition: A laboratory finding only. Example: High blood glucose.

Definition: Subjective evidence of disease felt by the patient (e.g., pain, fatigue). Example: Headache.

Definition: Objective evidence of disease observed by others (e.g., rash, fever). Example: Cough.

Definition: A laboratory finding indicating disease. Example: High blood sugar.

Definition: A genetic marker associated with disease. Example: BRCA1 mutation.

Definition: An organism that transmits a pathogen and within which the pathogen undergoes part of its life cycle. Example: Mosquito (for malaria).

Definition: A non-living object that transmits a pathogen. Example: Door handle (for cold virus).

Definition: An organism that transmits a pathogen but does not play any role in its life cycle. Example: Housefly (for cholera).

Definition: A chemical substance that kills pathogens. Example: Antibiotic (for bacteria).

Definition: An organism that transmits a pathogen without being infected itself. Example: Housefly (for typhoid).

Definition: An organism that is always infected by the pathogen it transmits. Example: Mosquito (for malaria).

Definition: A non-living object that transmits pathogens. Example: Water (for cholera).

Definition: An organism that transmits a pathogen and is always a vertebrate. Example: Dog (for rabies).

Transmission: Fecal-oral route. Disease/Infection: Poliomyelitis.

Transmission: Airborne droplets. Disease/Infection: Tuberculosis.

Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito). Disease/Infection: Malaria.

Transmission: Sexual contact. Disease/Infection: Syphilis.

Transmission: Respiratory droplets. Disease/Infection: Whooping cough (pertussis).

Transmission: Contaminated water. Disease/Infection: Cholera.

Transmission: Sexual contact. Disease/Infection: Syphilis.

Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito). Disease/Infection: Malaria.

Transmission: Bite of infected animal (saliva). Disease/Infection: Rabies.

Transmission: Airborne droplets. Disease/Infection: Influenza.

Transmission: Contaminated water. Disease/Infection: Cholera.

Transmission: Mosquito bite. Disease/Infection: Malaria.

Organism: Plasmodium species. Transmission: Bite of infected Anopheles mosquito.

Organism: Escherichia coli. Transmission: Contaminated water or food.

Organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transmission: Inhalation of airborne droplets.

Organism: Clostridium tetani. Transmission: Entry through puncture wounds.

Salmonellosis (food poisoning)

Tuberculosis

Cholera

Malaria

Herpes (oral or genital)

Chickenpox

Measles

Mumps

Amoebic dysentery is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.

Amoebic dysentery is caused by Plasmodium vivax.

Amoebic dysentery is caused by Trypanosoma brucei.

Amoebic dysentery is caused by Leishmania donovani.

Gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

Chickenpox

Tuberculosis

Malaria

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Tuberculosis

Malaria

Diabetes

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Ascaris lumbricoides

Taenia solium

Ancylostoma duodenale

Endemic: A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area. Example: Malaria in parts of Africa.

Endemic: A disease that spreads rapidly across countries or continents. Example: COVID-19 worldwide.

Endemic: A condition that only affects animals and not humans. Example: Rabies in dogs.

Endemic: A disease that occurs only once in a population. Example: Smallpox eradication.

Epidemic: A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. Example: Ebola outbreak in West Africa.

Epidemic: A rare genetic disorder affecting only a few individuals. Example: Down syndrome.

Epidemic: The gradual increase in population over a decade. Example: Baby boom.

Epidemic: A sudden change in weather patterns in a region. Example: El Niño.

Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. Example: COVID-19 pandemic.

Pandemic: A disease that only affects animals in a specific region. Example: Rabies in dogs.

Pandemic: A rare disease that affects only a small group of people in one city. Example: Food poisoning outbreak in a restaurant.

Pandemic: A seasonal illness that occurs every year in the same country. Example: Common cold in winter.

1st Line of Defense: Physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Examples: Skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid.

1st Line of Defense: Specialized white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. Examples: Macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes.

1st Line of Defense: Production of antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Examples: B cells, plasma cells, memory cells.

1st Line of Defense: Inflammatory response that causes swelling and redness. Examples: Histamine release, increased blood flow, fever.

2nd Line of Defense: Non-specific immune responses. Examples: Inflammation, fever, phagocytic white blood cells.

2nd Line of Defense: Production of antibodies by B cells. Examples: Memory cell formation, antibody secretion.

2nd Line of Defense: Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. Examples: Tears, saliva, skin.

2nd Line of Defense: Specific immune responses. Examples: Cytotoxic T cell activation, antibody production.

3rd Line of Defense: Specific immune responses involving lymphocytes. Examples: Antibody production by B cells, T cell response.

3rd Line of Defense: Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. Examples: Tears, saliva.

3rd Line of Defense: Non-specific responses such as inflammation and fever. Examples: Phagocytosis, complement proteins.

3rd Line of Defense: Mechanical removal of pathogens. Examples: Coughing, sneezing.

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibodies Source of the Antibodies: Self (mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk) Examples of scenario: Maternal antibodies passed to baby

Type of Immunizing Agent: Vaccines Source of the Antibodies: External (injected vaccine) Examples of scenario: Polio vaccination

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibodies Source of the Antibodies: External (injected serum) Examples of scenario: Antivenom for snake bite

Type of Immunizing Agent: Pathogen Source of the Antibodies: Self (after infection) Examples of scenario: Recovery from chickenpox

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces antibodies after infection) Examples of scenario: Recovery from chickenpox

Type of Immunizing Agent: Preformed antibodies Source of the Antibodies: External (injected antibodies) Examples of scenario: Injection of antivenom

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens Source of the Antibodies: External (from another person) Examples of scenario: Maternal antibodies to fetus

Type of Immunizing Agent: Preformed antibodies Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces antibodies after vaccination) Examples of scenario: Vaccination against measles

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibodies Source of the Antibodies: Non-self (injected antibodies from another person or animal) Examples of scenario: Antivenom for snakebite

Type of Immunizing Agent: Vaccines Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces its own antibodies) Examples of scenario: Measles vaccine

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibodies Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces its own antibodies) Examples of scenario: Recovery from chickenpox

Type of Immunizing Agent: Vaccines Source of the Antibodies: Non-self (injected antibodies from another person or animal) Examples of scenario: Rabies immunoglobulin

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces antibodies after vaccination) Examples of scenario: Immunization with measles vaccine

Type of Immunizing Agent: Preformed antibodies Source of the Antibodies: External (injected antibodies) Examples of scenario: Injection of antivenom for snakebite

Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibiotics Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces antibodies after antibiotic treatment) Examples of scenario: Treatment of bacterial infection with penicillin

Type of Immunizing Agent: Hormones Source of the Antibodies: External (injected hormones) Examples of scenario: Insulin injection for diabetes

Description: First antibody produced in response to infection, effective in forming antigen-antibody complexes Examples: Primary response to a new infection, such as early response to hepatitis B

Description: Most abundant antibody in body secretions, protects mucosal surfaces Examples: Found in tears, saliva, and breast milk

Description: Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections Examples: Elevated in asthma and parasitic worm infections

Description: Provides long-term immunity, crosses the placenta to protect the fetus Examples: Secondary response to infections, such as measles

(Answer not present in the image. Example: IgA is found in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk. It protects body surfaces that are exposed to foreign substances from the outside.)

IgA is the main antibody in the blood and is responsible for allergic reactions.

IgA is only found in the bone marrow and has no role in mucosal immunity.

IgA is responsible for the destruction of virus-infected cells in the body.

IgD is present in small amounts in the blood and is involved in the initiation of immune responses.

IgD is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the body and is responsible for allergic reactions.

IgD is primarily found in secretions such as saliva and tears and provides local immunity.

IgD is responsible for crossing the placenta and providing immunity to the fetus.

IgE is associated with allergic reactions and protection against parasitic infections.

IgE is the most abundant immunoglobulin in blood plasma.

IgE is primarily responsible for opsonization and complement activation.

IgE is the main antibody found in secretions like saliva and tears.

IgG is the most abundant antibody in the blood and is important for fighting bacterial and viral infections.

IgG is only found in saliva and is not present in blood.

IgG is responsible for allergic reactions and is the least abundant antibody.

IgG is only produced during fetal development and disappears after birth.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Causative Agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light.)

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the liver. Causative Agents: Hepatitis viruses. Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain.

Disease Characteristics: Infection of the lungs. Causative Agents: Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses. Signs and Symptoms: Cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing.

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the joints. Causative Agents: Autoimmune response. Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, stiffness.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the brain. Causative Agents: Viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus). Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, confusion, seizures.)

Disease Characteristics: Degeneration of motor neurons. Causative Agents: Bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Signs and Symptoms: Muscle weakness, persistent cough, night sweats.

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the liver. Causative Agents: Fungi (e.g., Candida species). Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, abdominal pain, dark urine.

Disease Characteristics: Destruction of red blood cells. Causative Agents: Protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium species). Signs and Symptoms: Anemia, chills, sweating.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Causative Agents: Bacteria, viruses, allergens. Signs and Symptoms: Redness, itching, discharge from the eye.)

Disease Characteristics: Degeneration of the optic nerve. Causative Agents: Fungi, protozoa. Signs and Symptoms: Loss of peripheral vision, eye pain.

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the cornea. Causative Agents: Parasites, chemicals. Signs and Symptoms: Blurred vision, sensitivity to light.

Disease Characteristics: Swelling of the eyelids. Causative Agents: Yeast, dust mites. Signs and Symptoms: Dryness, crusting around the eyes.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the cornea. Causative Agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites. Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, blurred vision.)

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the retina. Causative Agents: Only bacteria. Signs and Symptoms: Hearing loss, fever.

Disease Characteristics: Swelling of the eyelid. Causative Agents: Only viruses. Signs and Symptoms: Sneezing, cough.

Disease Characteristics: Dryness of the cornea. Causative Agents: Only fungi. Signs and Symptoms: Itching, runny nose.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Causative Agents: Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus). Signs and Symptoms: Fever, heart murmur, fatigue.)

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart. Causative Agents: Viruses (e.g., Influenza, HIV). Signs and Symptoms: Rash, cough, joint pain.

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the lung tissue. Causative Agents: Fungi (e.g., Aspergillus). Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing.

Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the stomach lining. Causative Agents: Parasites (e.g., Giardia). Signs and Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

(Answer not present in the image. Example: Disease Characteristics: Infection associated with the use of intravenous catheters. Causative Agents: Bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). Signs and Symptoms: Fever, chills, redness at catheter site.)

Disease Characteristics: Chronic lung infection. Causative Agents: Viruses (e.g., Influenza virus). Signs and Symptoms: Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Disease Characteristics: Infection of the urinary tract. Causative Agents: Fungi (e.g., Candida species). Signs and Symptoms: Painful urination, frequent urination, lower abdominal pain.

Disease Characteristics: Skin infection. Causative Agents: Parasites (e.g., lice). Signs and Symptoms: Itching, rash, visible parasites.

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissues, causing redness, swelling, and pain.

Cellulitis is a viral infection that affects only the bones.

Cellulitis is a genetic disorder causing hair loss.

Cellulitis is an allergic reaction resulting in hives and itching.

Erysipelas is a superficial bacterial skin infection, usually caused by Streptococcus, characterized by raised, red, and well-demarcated areas.

Erysipelas is a chronic fungal infection affecting the nails and scalp.

Erysipelas is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract.

Erysipelas is an autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation and pain.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a severe bacterial infection that destroys muscles, skin, and underlying tissue.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a mild viral infection that causes temporary skin discoloration.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a genetic disorder affecting bone density.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is an allergic reaction resulting in mild skin irritation.

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, often causing abdominal pain and requiring surgical removal.

Appendicitis is a chronic lung disease that affects breathing.

Appendicitis is a type of skin rash caused by allergies.

Appendicitis is a viral infection that leads to sore throat and fever.

Acute cholecystitis is sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, usually due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct.

Acute cholecystitis is a chronic infection of the liver caused by bacteria.

Acute cholecystitis is a genetic disorder affecting the pancreas.

Acute cholecystitis is a viral infection of the small intestine.

Herpes simplex 1 or 2 are viral infections causing sores, most commonly around the mouth (HSV-1) or genitals (HSV-2).

Herpes simplex 1 or 2 are bacterial infections that only affect the lungs.

Herpes simplex 1 or 2 are fungal infections that cause hair loss.

Herpes simplex 1 or 2 are genetic disorders affecting bone growth.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of bacteria that helps digestion.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a genetic disorder affecting bone growth.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, usually caused by bacteria.

Osteomyelitis is a type of muscle inflammation caused by viruses.

Osteomyelitis is a degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage.

Osteomyelitis is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells.

Septic arthritis is a joint infection, usually caused by bacteria, leading to joint pain and swelling.

Septic arthritis is a viral infection of the lungs causing respiratory distress.

Septic arthritis is a genetic disorder affecting the skin pigmentation.

Septic arthritis is a metabolic bone disease resulting in decreased bone density.

Prosthetic heart valves

Asthma

Diabetes mellitus only

Gallstones

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Staphylococcus aureus

Herpes simplex virus

Chlamydia trachomatis

Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Chest X-ray

Urinalysis

Clostridioides difficile

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Salmonella enterica

they are often spread through intimate contact, which increases the likelihood of transmission.

they can only be transmitted through casual contact.

they are always visible and easy to detect.

they are not affected by personal hygiene.