"Last year, commercial companies, military and civil departments and amateurs sent more than 400 satellites into orbit." Từ "military" có nghĩa là gì?

"Commercial companies, military and civil departments and amateurs sent more than 400 satellites into orbit." Cụm từ "civil departments" có nghĩa là gì?

"Military and civil departments and amateurs sent more than 400 satellites into orbit." Từ "amateurs" có nghĩa là gì?

"Sent more than 400 satellites into orbit." Từ "satellites" có nghĩa là gì?

"Sent more than 400 satellites into orbit." Từ "orbit" có nghĩa là gì?

"Over four times the yearly average in the previous decade." Từ "decade" có nghĩa là gì?

"Numbers could rise even more sharply if leading space companies follow through on plans." Từ "sharply" có nghĩa là gì?

"If leading space companies follow through on plans to deploy hundreds to thousands of large constellations of satellites." Từ "deploy" có nghĩa là gì?

"To deploy hundreds to thousands of large constellations of satellites to space in the next few years." Cụm từ "constellations of satellites" có nghĩa là gì?

"All that traffic can lead to disaster." Từ "disaster" có nghĩa là gì?

"A US commercial Iridium satellite smashed into an inactive Russian communications satellite." Cụm từ "smashed into" có nghĩa là gì?

"Smashed into an inactive Russian communications satellite called Cosmos-2251." Từ "inactive" có nghĩa là gì?

"Creating thousands of new pieces of space shrapnel that now threaten other satellites." Từ "shrapnel" có nghĩa là gì?

"That now threaten other satellites in low Earth orbit." Từ "orbit" có nghĩa là gì?

"The zone stretching up to 2,000 kilometres in altitude." Cụm từ "stretching up" có nghĩa là gì?

"The zone stretching up to 2,000 kilometres in altitude." Từ "altitude" có nghĩa là gì?

"And satellite operators can't steer away from every potential crash." Cụm từ "satellite operators" có nghĩa là gì?

"Satellite operators can't steer away from every potential crash." Cụm từ "steer away" có nghĩa là gì?

"Because each move consumes time and fuel that could otherwise be used for the spacecraft's main job." Từ "spacecraft" có nghĩa là gì?

"Concern about space junk goes back to the beginning of the satellite era." Từ "Concern" có nghĩa là gì?

"Concern about space junk goes back to the beginning of the satellite era." Cụm từ "space junk" có nghĩa là gì?

"Several teams are trying to improve methods for assessing what is in orbit." Từ "assessing" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some researchers are now starting to compile a massive data set." Từ "compile" có nghĩa là gì?

"Others are developing taxonomies of space debris." Từ "taxonomies" có nghĩa là gì?

"Others are developing taxonomies of space debris." Cụm từ "space debris" có nghĩa là gì?

"Working on measuring properties such as the shape and size of an object." Từ "properties" có nghĩa là gì?

"So that satellite operators know how much to worry about what's coming their way." Từ "worry" có nghĩa là gì?

"The alternative, many say, is unthinkable." Từ "alternative" có nghĩa là gì?

"Just a few uncontrolled space crashes could generate enough debris." Từ "generate" có nghĩa là gì?

"Could generate enough debris to set off a runaway cascade of fragments." Từ "debris" có nghĩa là gì?

"To set off a runaway cascade of fragments." Cụm từ "set off" có nghĩa là gì?

"To set off a runaway cascade of fragments." Cụm từ "cascade of fragments" có nghĩa là gì?

"Rendering near Earth space unusable." Từ "rendering" có nghĩa là gì?

"Rendering near Earth space unusable." Từ "unusable" có nghĩa là gì?

"Says Carolin Frueh, an astrodynamical researcher at Purdue University." Cụm từ "astrodynamical researcher" có nghĩa là gì?

"That means companies, governments and other players in space are collaborating in new ways." Từ "collaborating" có nghĩa là gì?

"To avoid a shared threat." Cụm từ "a shared threat" có nghĩa là gì?

"International groups have developed guidelines on space sustainability." Từ "guidelines" có nghĩa là gì?

"Have developed guidelines on space sustainability." Từ "sustainability" có nghĩa là gì?

"Those include inactivating satellites at the end of their useful life." Từ "inactivating" có nghĩa là gì?

"By venting pressurised materials or leftover fuel." Từ "venting" có nghĩa là gì?

"Or leftover fuel that might lead to explosions." Cụm từ "leftover fuel" có nghĩa là gì?

"That might lead to explosions." Từ "explosions" có nghĩa là gì?

"The intergovernmental groups also advise lowering satellites deep enough into the atmosphere." Cụm từ "intergovernmental groups" có nghĩa là gì?

"That they will burn up or disintegrate within 25 years." Từ "disintegrate" có nghĩa là gì?

"But so far, only about half of all missions have abided by this 25-year goal." Từ "abided" có nghĩa là gì?

"Operators of the planned large constellations of satellites say they will be responsible stewards in their enterprises in space." Từ "stewards" có nghĩa là gì?

"They will be responsible stewards in their enterprises in space." Từ "enterprises" có nghĩa là gì?

"'What happens to those that fail or go bankrupt?' he asks." Cụm từ "go bankrupt" có nghĩa là gì?

"In theory, given the vastness of space, satellite operators should have plenty of room for all these missions." Từ "vastness" có nghĩa là gì?

"Given the vastness of space, satellite operators should have plenty of room for all these missions to fly safely." Cụm từ "satellite operators" có nghĩa là gì?

"So some scientists are tackling the problem of space junk by trying to find out where all the debris is." Cụm từ "space junk" có nghĩa là gì?

"By trying to find out where all the debris is to a high degree of precision." Từ "precision" có nghĩa là gì?

"That would alleviate the need for many of the unnecessary manoeuvres." Từ "alleviate" có nghĩa là gì?

"That would alleviate the need for many of the unnecessary manoeuvres that are carried out." Từ "manoeuvres" có nghĩa là gì?

"To avoid potential collisions." Cụm từ "potential collisions" có nghĩa là gì?

"Says Marlon Sorge, a space-debris specialist at the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. The field is called space traffic management, because it's similar to managing traffic on the roads or in the air. Think about a busy day at an airport, says Moriba Jah, an astrodynamicist at the University of Texas at Austin." Từ "astrodynamicist" có nghĩa là gì?

"Think about a busy day at an airport, says Moriba Jah: planes line up in the sky, landing and taking off close to one another." Cụm từ "line up" có nghĩa là gì?

"Landing and taking off close to one another in a carefully choreographed routine." Cụm từ "a carefully choreographed routine" có nghĩa là gì?

"Air-traffic controllers know the location of the planes down to one metre in accuracy. The same can't be said for space debris." Cụm từ "space debris" có nghĩa là gì?

"Not all objects in orbit are known, and even those included in databases are not tracked consistently." Từ "databases" có nghĩa là gì?

"And even those included in databases are not tracked consistently." Cụm từ "tracked consistently" có nghĩa là gì?