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WorksheetsPhysiology Exam 1 Review
Total questions: 97
Worksheet time: 49mins
_______ Is the precursor for steroids/hormones.
Phospholipids
Enzymes
Cholesterol
Grass-fed beef
_______ are the most abundant lipids in the plasma membrane.
Myosin
Phospholipids
Ach
Mitochondria
Most integral proteins extend entirely through the membrane but some protrude from only one side of the membrane
True
False
During the upstroke of the nerve action potential
There is net outward current, and the cell interior becomes more negative
There is net outward current, and the cell interior becomes less negative
There is net inward current, and the cell interior becomes more negative
There is net inward current, and the cell interior becomes less negative
What is an example of a cell that has phagocytic activity?
Skeletal muscle cell
Endothelial cell
Red-blood cell
White blood cell
Pinocytosis is the main function of cells lining the ____
Large intestine
Small intestine
Pancreas
Esophagus
Oral rehydration therapy is effective for diarrhea because:
The intestinal epithelium cotransports Na+ and glucose.
The absorption of water by osmosis across the intestine is proportional of Na+
There is a lowered dumping rate from the stomach
Both A and B
All of the above
The healthy range of glucose level is between:
70-110 mg/dL (assuming standard reference range)
40-60 mg/dL
120-160 mg/dL
180-220 mg/dL
What is the sequence of action potential
Inward current; Increased Na+ conductance; depolarization
Depolarization; Increased Na+ conductance; inward current
Inward current; depolarization; Increased Na+ conductance
All of these steps occur at the same time.
Myasthenia gravis is caused by the presence of ______ in the ACh receptors.
Antibodies
Receptors
Hormones
Enzymes
A new drug is developed that blocks the transporter for H+ secretion in gastric parietal cells. Which of the following transport processes is being inhibited?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Primary active transport
Cotransport
Countertransport
A 56 y/o woman with severe muscle weakness is hospitalized. The only abnormality in her laboratory values is an elevated serum K+ concentration. The elevated serum K+ causes muscle weakness because
The resting membrane potential is hyperpolarized
The K+ equilibrium potential is hyperpolarized
The Na+ equilibrium potential is hyperpolarized
____ is/are the site of protein production.
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
For a short period, the cell has two nuclei, until it is completely separated by the process of ____
Meiosis
Metaphase
Anaphase
Prophase
Cytokinesis
What happens in interphase subphase G1?
DNA replicate
Centrioles start to replicate
DNA wraps around histones
Enzymes are synthesized for cell division
Through which type of transport does the cell membrane change its structure and intake large molecules?
Passive transport
Secondary active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
What is the normal blood glucose range?
70-120 mg/dL
60-100 mg/dL
50-80 mg/dL
90-130 mg/dL
What substance will be released in response to low blood sodium and low blood pressure?
Vasopressin
Epinephrine
Aldosterone
Tetrodotoxin
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipid synthesis
Energy storage
Protein synthesis
Transporting the products created by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which substance is released from which organ when blood glucose levels are high?
Liver; Beta cells; Insulin
Pancreas; Alpha cells; Glucagon
Liver; Alpha cells; Somatostatin
Pancreas; Beta cells; Insulin
Marasmus is a condition characterized by severe malnutrition. What is the treatment for marasmus?
Nutritional rehabilitation and gradual refeeding
Immediate high-protein diet only
Surgical intervention
Antibiotic therapy alone
Which organ is most likely to contain large amounts of peroxisomes?
Brain
Kidneys
Stomach
Pancreas
During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, high levels of which substance is indicative of a genetic disorder for the child?
Acid hydrolase
CFTR
Alpha-fetoprotein
Fibrillin-1
During what phase does crossing over occur?
Cytokinesis of mitosis
Prophase of meiosis II
Prophase of meiosis I
Metaphase of mitosis
During the absolute refractory period, if a second action potential is fired during the depolarization phase of muscle contraction and it is powerful enough to surpass the threshold, another muscle contraction will occur.
True
False
Which of the following is/are inhibitory neurotransmitter(s)?
(a)
What is the process by which the liver uptakes glucose and converts it into glycogen?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Which of the following is a disease whereby cells lack the receptors that bind to cholesterol binding low density lipoproteins?
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Tay-sachs disease
Galactosemia
Atherosclerosis
Gaucher’s disease is a genetic disorder. What are the different types of Gaucher’s disease?
Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3
Type A, Type B, and Type C
Type X, Type Y, and Type Z
Type Alpha, Type Beta, and Type Gamma
Which of the following would be prescribed to a patient with type II diabetes?
Metformin
Neostigmine
Omeprazole
No treatment; it’s a genetic disorder
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of
Passive transport
Secondary active transport
Facilitated transport
Primary active transport
A 10 year old boy has a weak immune system, muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, severe weight loss, and pigment cell problems. What is your diagnosis?
Cystic fibrosis
Myasthenia gravis
Marasmus
Galactosemia
The different parts of the cell cycle include which of the following, and what is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis? Also, during which process are genetic abnormalities most likely to occur?
Interphase, mitosis involves one division and produces identical cells, while meiosis involves two divisions and produces genetically different cells; genetic abnormalities are more likely during meiosis.
Prophase, mitosis involves two divisions and produces identical cells, while meiosis involves one division and produces genetically different cells; genetic abnormalities are more likely during mitosis.
Metaphase, both mitosis and meiosis involve two divisions and produce identical cells; genetic abnormalities are more likely during mitosis.
Telophase, mitosis and meiosis are identical processes; genetic abnormalities are equally likely in both.
A patient comes in with hypertension, heart palpitations, severe headaches, sleep disorders, and excess sweating. What is your diagnosis?
Dopamine deficiency
Tumor in adrenal medulla
Type I diabetes
Ketoacidosis
Schizophrenia is due to over secretion of dopamine in the
Brain stem
Hypothalamus
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Which of the following is responsible for deforming the membrane during endocytosis?
Clathrin protein
Peripheral proteins
Phospholipids
Integral proteins
The cytoplasm is defined as:
The jelly-like substance within the cell that holds organelles and is the site for most cellular activities.
The outermost layer of the cell that protects it from the environment.
The structure that contains the cell's genetic material.
The rigid structure that gives plant cells their shape.
Centrosome: Define and state its functions.
Centrosome is an organelle that organizes microtubules and regulates the cell cycle during cell division.
Centrosome is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
Centrosome stores genetic information in the nucleus.
Centrosome is involved in the production of energy in mitochondria.
Ribosome is defined as which of the following, and what is its function?
A cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis.
A structure that stores genetic material in the cell.
An organelle that produces energy through cellular respiration.
A structure that digests waste materials in the cell.
The rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) is defined as:
A network of membranes with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and transport.
A structure responsible for energy production in the cell.
A storage site for genetic material in the cell.
A network of membranes without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.
The Golgi apparatus is defined as which of the following, and what are its functions?
A cell organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
A structure responsible for energy production in the cell.
A network of fibers that provides structural support to the cell.
A site where genetic material is stored and replicated.
The smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER) is defined as which of the following, and what are its main functions?
A network of membranous tubules involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
A structure responsible for protein synthesis and packaging.
A cellular organelle that stores genetic information.
A component of the cell that produces energy through respiration.
Lysosomes are defined as which of the following and what are their functions?
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Lysosomes are energy-producing organelles that synthesize proteins for the cell.
Lysosomes are storage organelles that store water and nutrients for the cell.
Lysosomes are organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Mitochondria are defined as which of the following and what are their main functions?
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria are storage organelles that store genetic material.
Mitochondria are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
Mitochondria are involved in the detoxification of harmful substances in the cell.
Peroxisomes are defined as which of the following, and what are their functions?
Peroxisomes are small organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.
Peroxisomes are large organelles responsible for protein synthesis and energy production.
Peroxisomes are cell structures that store genetic material and control cell division.
Peroxisomes are organelles that transport nutrients across the cell membrane.
Microfilaments are defined as which of the following, and what are their functions?
Microfilaments are thin protein fibers that help in cell movement and shape maintenance.
Microfilaments are large organelles responsible for energy production in cells.
Microfilaments are DNA strands involved in genetic information storage.
Microfilaments are lipid molecules that form the cell membrane.
Microtubules are defined as which of the following, and what are their functions?
Microtubules are cylindrical structures that help in cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division.
Microtubules are flat membranes that store genetic material.
Microtubules are enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions in the cytoplasm.
Microtubules are lipid droplets that provide energy to the cell.
Intermediate filaments are defined as which of the following, and what are their primary functions?
They are cytoskeletal components that provide mechanical support and maintain cell shape.
They are enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions in the cytoplasm.
They are membrane proteins involved in cell signaling pathways.
They are organelles responsible for energy production in the cell.
Deficiency of the dopamine that is secreted by the hypothalamus affects
Movement
Problem-solving and social behavior
Prolactin secretion
Sleep
Which of the following is characterized by a disorder of the connective tissue leading to disproportionately long limbs, tall stature, and cardiomegaly?
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Myasthenia gravis
Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following is FALSE in regards to meiosis II?
Occur only in the productive gametes
Creates four gametes
The gametes contain the same number of chromosomes found in a somatic cell
Chromosomes do not undergo synapsis and crossing over
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not. Anaerobic respiration can be harmful to humans because it produces lactic acid, which can cause muscle cramps. Which of the following statements best describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and why anaerobic respiration can be harmful?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not. Anaerobic respiration can be harmful because it produces lactic acid.
Aerobic respiration does not use oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does. Anaerobic respiration is always beneficial.
Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration use oxygen, and neither is harmful.
Anaerobic respiration uses more oxygen than aerobic respiration and is never harmful.
Each cluster of DNA and histone is called a…
Chromosome
Nucleotide
Nucleosome
Chromatid
Which part of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
Kreb’s cycle
Cori cycle
ETC
Glycolysis
The equilibrium potential for chloride is:
-70 mV
+30 mV
0 mV
+60 mV
Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane is caused by
Chloride ion influx
Potassium ion influx
Sodium ion influx
Calcium ion influx
Prostaglandins are:
Lipid compounds that act as local hormones and regulate physiological processes such as inflammation and blood flow.
Proteins that transport oxygen in the blood.
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates in the digestive system.
Minerals essential for bone formation.
All of the following are true about a malignant neoplasm EXCEPT
Local mass
Not capsulated
Caused by a mutation to gene structure
Gives metastasis by means of the lymphatic system
33. An example of a redox reaction that occurs throughout cellular respiration is:
the transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen
the breakdown of ATP to ADP
the absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll
the formation of peptide bonds in proteins
Intersexuality is a characteristic of which of the following
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Marfan syndrome
From the kidneys, what percentage of filtered glucose should come back into the bloodstream?
90%
100%
25%
0%
Deficiency of albumin leads to
Marasmus
Edema
Cystic fibrosis
Pancreatitis
A patient comes in with extreme mucus in the cough as well as severe diarrhea. Blood tests show that there is an increased level of WBC’s. Knowing this, what diagnosis can you make about the patient’s condition?
They have marasmus
They have myasthenia gravis
They have cystic fibrosis
They have Gaucher’s disease
The drug Neostigmine is used to treat which of the following conditions:
Cystic fibrosis
Edema
Myasthenia gravis
Pancreatitis
During the action potential of sodium and potassium, what is the phase that is signified by the opening of many sodium channels?
Threshold
Hyperpolarization
Repolarization
Depolarization
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the buildup of fatty substances in the spinal cord and nervous system. Which of the organelles is non-functioning in Tay-Sachs?
Perisosomes
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
rER
41. Edema is best described as which of the following, and what is the simplified mechanism behind it?
A condition characterized by excess fluid accumulation in tissues due to imbalance in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.
A condition where red blood cells increase in number due to high altitude.
A process where the body loses water rapidly through sweating.
A disease caused by bacterial infection leading to tissue swelling.
The most important ion for muscle contraction is:
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
The difference between primary and secondary active transport, and how these differ from passive transport, is:
Primary active transport uses ATP directly, secondary uses the gradient created by primary, and passive transport does not require energy.
Primary and secondary active transport both use ATP directly, while passive transport uses ATP indirectly.
Primary active transport does not require energy, secondary does, and passive transport requires the most energy.
Primary and secondary active transport both move substances down their concentration gradient, while passive transport moves them against the gradient.
Neurotransmitters and their functions are listed as:
Acetylcholine - muscle action, Dopamine - reward, Serotonin - mood, GABA - inhibition
Insulin - blood sugar, Hemoglobin - oxygen transport, Myosin - muscle contraction, Keratin - hair structure
Adrenaline - digestion, Melatonin - vision, Collagen - bone growth, Amylase - fat storage
Estrogen - memory, Testosterone - hearing, Cortisol - taste, Prolactin - balance
Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic lipid storage disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance called ________ build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain due to deficiency of hydrolytic enzymes.
ganglioside GM2
ceramide
cholesterol
sphingomyelin
Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of the ________.
connective tissue
nervous system
digestive tract
endocrine glands
Which gene defect is linked to Marfan syndrome?
chromosome 15
chromosome 21
chromosome 7
chromosome 18
What is the function of fibrillin-1 in connective tissue?
It is essential for the formation of elastic fibers.
It is required for collagen synthesis.
It acts as a lubricant in joints.
It stores calcium in bone tissue.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Marfan syndrome?
Disproportionately long limbs
Short fingers
Tall stature
Predisposition to cardiomegaly
What is the treatment for Marfan syndrome?
No treatment because it is a genetic disorder, but control the heart function to prevent other problems.
Immediate surgical removal of the affected limb.
High-dose antibiotics for 6 months.
Complete bed rest and no physical activity.
Type 1 diabetes is an ________ disease where antibodies such as IgG attach to the beta cells of the pancreas.
autoimmune
infectious
degenerative
congenital
What happens if Type 1 diabetes goes untreated?
It can cause blindness as well as other symptoms.
It can improve overall health.
It can cure other diseases.
It has no effect on the body.
Type 2 diabetes is a ________ disorder where insulin receptors become resistant to insulin hormone.
genetic
infectious
autoimmune
congenital
What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes?
Exercise, diet, and metformin which decreases the blood sugar level.
Only insulin injections are used for all patients.
Type 2 diabetes does not require any treatment.
Antibiotics are the main treatment for Type 2 diabetes.
The healthy glucose level is ________ mg/dL.
70-120
40-60
130-180
200-250
Ketoacidosis is when large amount of ________ accumulates and lowers the body's pH to a dangerously acidic level.
ketone bodies
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
Which neurotransmitter is important for the autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
What is the effect of oversecretion of acetylcholine (ACh) from the vagus nerve?
It may cause gastritis by increasing hydrochloric acid secretion.
It may cause decreased heart rate by inhibiting the sinoatrial node.
It may lead to muscle paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission.
It may cause dry mouth by inhibiting salivary secretion.
Which neurotransmitter controls blood pressure and relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchi, urinary bladder, as well as the GI tract?
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is important for blood pressure and maintains blood glucose?
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
What function does the frontal lobe of the brain control?
Problem solving and social behavior.
Regulation of heart rate.
Balance and coordination.
Vision processing.
Deficiency of dopamine in the black substance of the brain stem may lead to which disease?
Parkinson's disease (tremors)
Alzheimer's disease
Epilepsy
Multiple sclerosis
Which of the support cells found in the nervous system is incorrectly matched with function?
Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the CNS
Schwann Cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS
Schwann Cells form myelin sheaths in the CNS
Astrocytes maintain the external environment of neurons in the CNS
Microglia act as phagocytes to clear foreign materials
Which of the following groups of Cranial Nerves convey the sensation of taste?
Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Accessory
Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Abducens
Accessory, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus
Hypoglossal, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus
Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus
A laceration in which position will create total blindness in the left eye?
Optic Chiasm
Optic Nerve
Optic Tract
Lateral portion of the left optic nerve
Prescribing which of the following drugs would cause problems for a patient with a history of asthma?
Epinephrine
Albuterol
Isoproterenol
Propranolol
Atenolol
A neuron crosses the midline at a relay nucleus in the spinal cord before ascending to its contralateral thalamus. Which order neuron does this describe?
First order
Second order
Third order
Fourth order
A child is spinning in a circle. As she spins to the right, her eyes move rapidly toward the left. This eye movement would be characteristic of which of the following?
Myopia
Post rotatory nystagmus
Nystagmus
Vertigo
Which of the following has a much lower concentration in the CSF than in the blood?
Na+
K+
Mg2+
Protein
Which of the following receptors relaxes the gallbladder?
Alpha adrenergic
Beta 1 adrenergic
Beta 2 adrenergic
Cholinergic
A and C
The anterior ⅔ of the tongue is innervated by the
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
Facial nerve
