The vomiting of gastric contents results in hypochloraemic alkalosis

Vomitus usually contains bile

The patient is hyponatraemic and dehydrated

Urine may become paradoxically acid

Physical examination may reveal succussion splash

Admission on the day of surgery

Shaving the operation site prior to admission

Early physiotherapy

Prophylactic antibiotics

Inserting an indwelling catheter

It should be given to a patient with a history of rheumatic fever

Cefuroxime covers against anaerobic organism

It is best administered before patient is transferred to the operating theatre

Topical antibiotic application is practiced

It is more effective if prescribed for 5 days

Carcinoma of the left colon classically presents with anaemia

Obstruction is more common in the left than right sided tumours

Tumours arising in patients with the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) gene are usually left sided.

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli will usually present before the age of 40

Approximately 30% of patients will have occult liver metastases at the time of diagnosis

Is caused by chronic abuse of NSAIDs

Is a surgical emergency

Is diagnosed by identifying presence of air under the diaphragm

Is a diagnosis by exclusion

May cause patient to develop gastric lymphoma after 2 years

Compound pelvic fracture

Pulmonary embolism

Bee sting

Myocardial infarction

Fluid overload

Administration of inotropic agents will help to increase diastolic filling and coronary perfusion

Hypovolemia must be addressed first

Long, wide bore catheters allow rapid fluids

There is no need to monitor urine output

Hypotonic fluids should be used for resuscitation

Usually occurs around the umbilicus

Is congenital in origin

Does not resolve spontaneously

Does not increase in size over time

Requires surgical repair

Size of primary tumour

Pathological state of axillary nodes

Oestrogen receptor status

CA 19-9

Presence of sentinel lymph node

Puckering of the skin

A well circumscribed mass

"Peau d’orange" appearance of the skin

A milky discharge from the nipple

Marked tenderness of the lump on palpation

History of aldactone consumption

Examination of the genitalia

Parathyroid hormone level

Prolactin level

Liver function test

May be silent

Can cause intestinal obstruction

Are mostly radio opaque

Can cause cancer

Can be found in all cholecystitis

Iron deficiency anaemia

PR bleeding

Intestinal obstruction

Mass in RIF

Weight loss

Can give heavy rectal bleeding

Also affect rectum

May complicate with perianal fistula

Occur on the antimesenteric border

Is a premalignant condition

Is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition

Is characterised by formation of multiple adenoma in colon and rectum

Carries 80% risk of development to colorectal cancer

Represents 10% of all colorectal cancer patients

Can be screened by rigid or flexible sigmoidoscopy

Results from cryptoglandular infection

Always takes a direct course into anal canal

Can be classified by Goodsall’s rule

Resolve spontaneously in most of the cases

Needs to investigate thoroughly with MRI

Are enlarged and displaced anal cushions

Are dilated submucosal venous plexus of lower part of rectum

Classically occur two on left and one on right

May be the presentation of rectal cancer

Are tender when thrombotic / strangulated

Povidone iodine is used to clean perineum

Normal saline is used to inflate catheter balloon

Latex catheter needs to be replaced every 2 weeks

Indicated in urinary retention due to urethral injury

Contraindicated in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Ureteric calculus

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Aberrant renal artery

Carcinoma of cervix