What does the principle of “figure-ground” organization emphasize?

Which Gestalt principle is best illustrated by a flock of birds flying in the same direction?

The principle of Prägnanz suggests that we tend to perceive:

Which principle explains why we see a circle even if parts of the outline are missing?

The Himba tribe’s local perceptual bias reflects cultural differences in:

When proximity and similarity conflict, research shows:

Which of the following is not a core principle of Gestalt organization?

The tendency to process the overall configuration before individual parts is known as:

Which of the following would the Gestalt school most strongly disagree with?

Bottom-up processing emphasizes:

Which model suggests we compare stimuli to exact internal copies?

A major limitation of template matching is:

Neisser’s visual search task provides support for:

Which model breaks stimuli down into basic geometric shapes (geons)?

“Bug detectors” in frogs support which theory?

According to Biederman, which component aids object recognition?

Why might geon theory be limited in real-world scenarios?

In speech perception, confusion between “ta” and “da” supports:

What makes feature analysis superior to template matching?

What is the primary limitation of bottom-up models?

Repetition blindness demonstrates that:

The sentence “I broke a wine class in my class yesterday” is an example of:

The Warren & Warren study on missing phonemes demonstrates:

Which effect shows we identify letters more accurately within real words?

The McClelland & Rumelhart model supports:

What type of connections are not found in the connectionist model?

The node for “TRAP” being activated when seeing “_RAP” is an example of:

Bar et al. (2006) found that object recognition is predicted by early activation in:

The neurological evidence for top-down processing suggests it occurs:

Broadbent’s filter theory suggests that selection occurs:

The dichotic listening task shows that:

Which phenomenon contradicts Broadbent’s filter theory?

Treisman’s attenuation theory proposes that:

According to attenuation theory, what helps an unattended word like your name reach awareness?

Late selection theory suggests filtering occurs:

MacKay’s “bank” study supports:

Which is a key criticism of late selection theory?

Which theory suggests we process all incoming stimuli semantically?

The sentence “Who goes there?” being constructed from split audio messages suggests:

In Treisman's dichotic listening task, participants often repeated words from the unattended ear without realizing it. This suggests that:

According to Treisman’s attenuation theory, the extent to which unattended messages are processed depends on:

In Treisman’s model, the metaphor of an "attenuator" best reflects:

What happens when unattended and attended messages differ only in semantic content, according to Treisman?

What is the main difference between early selection and attenuation theory?

What would Broadbent say about hearing your name in an unattended channel?

Which finding supports late selection theory over early selection?

In Broadbent’s model, why is only one input fully processed?

According to Treisman’s attenuation theory, how do words like “fire” or “help” pass through the attenuated filter?

The inability to recall words repeated 35 times in the unattended ear most directly challenges:

A. Attention is strictly object-based B. Attention beam is fixed in size C. Beam size can be adjusted, affecting processing speed D. Peripheral vision is more important than central vision

LaBerge’s study showed that reaction times varied depending on: A. Word frequency B. Letter location and size of attentional beam C. Letter color D. Task type

According to LaBerge, when attention is focused on a single letter: A. Reaction time is equal for all positions B. Processing is faster at all letter locations C. The middle position is processed fastest D. Word recognition is impaired

In fMRI studies by Müller et al., activation in visual cortex: A. Decreased with larger attention regions B. Increased with smaller attention regions C. Was highest when no target appeared D. Varied depending on eye movement

The multiple spotlight model differs from zoom lens theory by allowing: A. Sequential shifting of attention B. Attention to non-adjacent areas simultaneously C. Foveal dominance D. Emotional salience to drive focus

Awh & Pashler’s dual-cue experiment showed: A. Reaction times are faster at midpoint B. Stimuli between cues are processed best C. Processing suffers for stimuli between attended areas D. Attention cannot be split

Which of the following is a criticism of spotlight-based attention models? A. They ignore auditory processing B. They assume attention is always spatial C. They cannot account for preattentive processing D. They overestimate dual-task performance

Dual-task performance involves: A. Switching attention between tasks B. Automating both tasks C. Performing two tasks simultaneously D. Using auditory and visual channels alternately

Which of the following is not a key factor influencing dual-task performance? A. Practice B. Task similarity C. Response timing D. Memory encoding

When a person is talking on the phone while driving, their performance is affected because: A. They are distracted visually B. They are experiencing sensory overload C. They are dividing attention between cognitive channels D. They are reacting to unexpected noise

Which condition would result in the greatest dual-task interference? A. One auditory and one visual task B. Two tasks of different difficulty C. Two similar visual tasks D. A practiced and a novel task

According to Schneider & Shiffrin (1977), automatic processing emerges after: A. Attending to only one task B. Filtering out irrelevant tasks C. Extensive practice with a task D. Manipulating physical features of a stimulus

What defines automatic processing? A. It is slow but accurate B. Requires significant mental resources C. Occurs with little conscious effort D. Cannot be interrupted or changed

Controlled processing is required when: A. Tasks are simple and repetitive B. An action is overlearned C. The task is unfamiliar or complex D. The environment is consistent

The Stroop task demonstrates: A. Contextual processing B. The limits of attention C. Automatic processing interfering with controlled processing D. Visual perception deficits

Which of the following is most likely an example of an “action slip”? A. Typing the wrong password when distracted B. Forgetting a name C. Saying the wrong word in a sentence D. Making a deliberate error

In the Stroop task, why is naming ink color more difficult than reading the word? A. Reading is a less familiar task B. Ink color is perceptually ambiguous C. Reading is automatic; color naming is controlled D. There’s no connection between word and color

Practice can lead to automaticity when: A. The task is complex B. The task uses auditory input C. It involves consistent mapping D. Errors are reinforced

In dual-task experiments, performance on primary tasks generally: A. Remains constant regardless of secondary task B. Increases with multitasking C. Suffers due to attentional demands D. Improves with more stimuli

According to McLeod (1977), dual-task performance is better when: A. Both tasks are verbal B. One is visual, the other is verbal C. Both tasks require gestures D. The tasks are unfamiliar

Which of the following best explains why texting while driving is dangerous? A. Visual distractions are minimized B. Drivers compensate by slowing down C. Attention is captured by the device, leading to inattentional blindness D. Controlled processing supports multitasking

Strayer & Johnston (2001) found that talking on the phone while driving: A. Improved awareness B. Had no effect if hands-free C. Increased red light misses and reaction time D. Reduced Stroop interference

Inattentional blindness occurs when: A. Change occurs and is detected immediately B. A new stimulus appears and goes unnoticed C. Visual perception is suppressed D. Automatic processing fails

Simons & Chabris’ gorilla experiment revealed that: A. Object-based attention is superior to spatial B. Change blindness only occurs under divided attention C. Even obvious stimuli may go undetected if attention is focused elsewhere D. Only children experience inattentional blindness

What is a key difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness? A. Change blindness is more common B. Change blindness involves a missed change; inattentional blindness involves a missed stimulus C. They refer to the same phenomenon D. Inattentional blindness requires active distraction

Haines’ flight simulator study demonstrated that: A. Pilots have object-based attention B. Experts never experience inattentional blindness C. Visual attention can fail even under training D. Inattentional blindness only affects novices

What distinguishes controlled processing from automatic processing in terms of capacity? A. Controlled processing requires minimal attention B. Controlled processing has unlimited capacity C. Controlled processing is capacity-limited and resource-intensive D. Controlled processing requires emotional salience

Which of the following tasks would be most vulnerable to performance drops under dual-task conditions? A. Brushing teeth B. Reading a novel passage aloud C. Recalling your name D. Walking in a familiar hallway

Which characteristic is not typical of automatic processing? A. Difficult to suppress B. Occurs with high awareness C. Fast and efficient D. Acquired through extensive practice

In terms of cognitive load, what best explains why experienced typists can hold a conversation while typing? A. Typing is a controlled process B. They use selective attention to block out irrelevant speech C. Typing has become automatic, freeing cognitive resources D. They rely on emotional context

Controlled processing interferes with automatic processing most when: A. Tasks are emotionally neutral B. Tasks are of equal difficulty C. A novel stimulus requires deliberate focus D. A familiar stimulus is repeated

In dual-task studies, participants who improve performance over time on both tasks demonstrate: A. Top-down suppression B. Schema rigidity C. Formation of automatic processes D. Loss of attentional control

In the Stroop task, which condition would produce the longest reaction time? A. Word and ink match B. Non-word stimuli C. Ink color mismatches word meaning D. Colorless words

Why is the Stroop effect more pronounced in fluent readers? A. They read faster B. Their color discrimination is better C. Word reading is more automatic, interfering with the task D. They use less working memory