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WorksheetsCBNS: 121 Final Practice Exam
Total questions: 52
Worksheet time: 33mins
The dorsal lip (Spemann-Mangold organizer):
Has no role in polarity specification
Is where endoderm involutes internally to become neurogenic tissue
Is where cells involute to become mesoderm
Forms on the opposite pole to the blastopore
The blastula forms:
After Neurulation
After many stages of rapid cleavage and cell growth
After fertilization, a union of two diploid gametes
Before gastrulation
Candidate neural inducers should:
Be expressed in the endoderm
Induce neural tissue, only in the absence of
Induce neural tissue, only in the presence of mesoderm
Rescue hyperdorsalized embryos
Neural wiring diagrams:
Do not show connectivity between different regions
Show the inputs to neurons but not their outputs regions
Are not useful in understanding brain function
Take decades and many scientists to construct
T or F: Gap genes participate in the specification of polarity and segmentation.
True
False
T or F: The nervous system is a complicated input/output device
True
False
Neural induction requires: (select all that apply)
Expression of Zic1 and Zic3
Secretion of BMP4
Inhibition of TGFβ signaling
Noggin mediated inhibition of FGF signaling
The principles and themes of development include: (select all that apply)
Genes conserved across animals
Irreversibility with some exceptions
Reductions in complexity over time
Deterministic inflexibility
The ectoderm gives rise to: (select all that apply)
The neural tube, which forms the central nervous system
The neural tube, which forms the peripheral nervous system
The neural crest, which forms the spinal cord
The neural crest, which forms some sensory neurons
Neurulation involves: (select all that apply)
Neural crest cells that become the epidermis
Differentiation of neural plate and neural crest cells
Cell adhesion molecules that mediate the closing of the neural tube
Neural induction by the mesoderm
Model organisms are:
Irrelevant to human biology
Experimentally and genetically tractable
A waste of time and money
Only relevant to the animal being studied
The Prosencephalon forms:
The limbic system
The optic tectum
The cerebellum
The superior colliculus
Hox genes: (select all that apply)
Exhibit weak and non-striking phenotypes when mutated or deleted
Exhibit collinearity in that they are expressed largely in order along the anterior-posterior axis
Generate a Hox code that specifies body and neural morphology
Evolved prior to the evolution of bilaterians
T or F: The notochord plays no role in differentiating cells in the neural tube.
True
False
The Midbrain/Hindbrain organizer: (select all that apply)
Generates spatially restricted expression of Wnt1 and Fgf8
Can induce an ectopic cerebellum following implantation into the forebrain
Depends on anterior Gbx expression and posterior Otx2 expression
Is necessary and sufficient for midbrain and cerebellar development
To become a glial cell instead of a neuron: (select all that apply)
A cell must undergo lateral inhibition
A cell must express pro neural transcription factors
A cell must express inhibitors of pro neural genes
A cell must express notch
Prosomeres: (select all that apply)
Each develop into unique structures in the adult animal
Are the product of regional differentiation established in the neural plate
Are theoretical representations of unique expression grids across the developing CNS
All contain similar concentrations of major developmental genes
Formation of the laminar cortex involves:
Formation of layers from the inside out
Migration along radial glial fibers
Tangential migration of GABAergic neurons from the MGE
Progenitor cells that divide to become neurons
Sensory-motor cortices: (select all that apply)
Develop in response to asymmetric anterior-posterior gradients of Pax6 and Emx2
Have larger posterior structures in Emx2 null mice
May vary in size in animals that depend more or less on one sense or another
Have larger anterior structures in Pax6 null mice
Neurogenesis in vertebrates involves: (select all that apply)
Symmetric cell division by neural stem cells and progenitors
Symmetric cell division generating a neural stem cells and progenitor
Asymmetric cell division generating a future neuron and glial cell
Asymmetric cell division generating two identical daughter cells
Reeler mutants:
Exhibit no phenotypical differences from wild type mice
Fail to show Reelin mediated repulsion and adherence to radial glial cells
Show cortical development from the inside out
Exhibit disrupted development in laminar CNS structures
To generate the PNS:
Neural crest cells migrate down the caudal somite
Ephrin ligands are expressed in the rostral somite
Ephrin receptors are expressed in neural crest cells
Neural crest cells intermingle throughout the anterior-posterior axis
Fgf8 : (select all that apply)
Misexpression induces a second barrel cortex
Is only involved in MHB development
Misexpression induces an ectopic cerebellum
Regulates the position of mouse somatosensory barrel cortex
Shh : (select all that apply)
Influences the dorsal-ventral identity of the neural tube
Induces Olig2 and Nkx2 in a concentration dependent manner
Is a morphogen
Induces Pax7 expression
Cerebellar development requires: (select all that apply)
Granule cell migration past migrating Purkinje cells
Shh excretion from granule cells to promote Purkinje cell proliferation
Purkinje cells from deep cerebellar nuclei descending into cerebellar layers
Granule cells from the rhombic lip descending into cerebellar layers
Transformers:
Are instructive to form posterior structures
Dorsalize embryos
Ventralize embryos
Have the highest concentration in the anterior embryo
T or F: The connectome is an EM reconstruction of every connection every neuron makes in an individual nervous system
True
False
Axon guidance cues include: (select all that apply)
Ephrins that mediate short-range repulsion
Cadherins that mediate long-range chemoattraction
Netrins that mediate long-range repulsion
Semaphorins that mediate short-range repulsion
An eyeball inverted 180 degrees:
No longer transmits visual information
Has RGCs that innervate targets as though the inversion didn't happen
Has RGCs that innervate their originally intended targets
Has no effect on visually mediated behaviors
T or F: Fas proteins mediate fasiculation.
True
False
Guiding Neurotrophins should:
Act on dendrites
Promote cell death
Be expressed by migrating axons
Be present in target tissues
Neuron polarization: (select all that apply)
Involves axon selection from multiple axons
Follows neurite extension
Follows the formation of dendritic spines
Is the specification of a single axon and multiple dendrites
Amputation of sensory appendages may include: (select all that apply)
Changes in somatotopic mapping
A loss of representative cortical structures
An expansion of neighboring cortical structures
Phantom pain
Growth cones: (select all that apply)
Shift direction through asymmetric microtubule stabilization
Respond to environmental cues
Polymerized and depolymerized actin filaments
Extend filipodia to explore the environment
Apoptosis includes: (select all that apply)
Pyknosis
Cell lysis
Clean up by microglia
Apoptotic bodies
A guidepost cell: (select all that apply)
Is necessary for proper axon guidance
Is sufficient for axon repulsion
Extends axons to other guideposts
Secretes factors that attract axon growth cones
Cutting an axon from a polarized neuron:
Causes a new axon to form from a neurite
Causes multiple axons to form and undergo selection
Results in two new neurons
Results in a permanent loss of the axon
The stages of targeting involve: (select all that apply)
Defasiculation
Layer localization
Target entry
Connections with target cells
RGCs find their target: (select all that apply)
By following retinal semaphorins
By stopping when reaching low tectal FGF
By following FGF
By following retinal netrin
Neural tube defects:
All effect anterior tube closing
Can be treated depending on the severity
Are caused by too much folate
Cannot be studied in animals
Aggression in mice: (select all that apply)
Can be artificially induced with optogenetics
Is mediated by the hypothalamus
Is hardwired and undergo no experience dependent changes
Undergoes experience dependent plasticity
Long term potentiation: (select all that apply)
Induces gene expression
Adds AMPA receptors to the presynaptic membranes
Removes AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane
Can be mediated by NMDA receptors
T or F: Neurological disorders should be treated with compassion
True
False
T or F: Progressive events in development refine and degenerate circuits.
True
False
Developmental changes in neuronal electrical properties include:
Decrease in action potential amplitude
Shifts from sodium mediated action potentials to calcium mediated action potentials
Increase in neuronal excitability
Decreases in resting membrane potential
RGCs: (select all that apply)
Supply olfactory information to the cortex
Project to distinct layers in the LGN
From both eyes project to different layers
From both eyes project to the same layer
Refinement in circuits includes: (select all that apply)
Compartmental restriction
Topographical projections
Altered convergences
More branching and synapse formation
Receptor maturation includes: (select all that apply)
A shift in GABAergic currents from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing
Shifts from short open times and small currents to large open times and large currents
Changes in subunit composition over time
A decrease in the duration of EPSPs
Trk receptors:
Are exocytosed following ligand binding
Do not mediate changes in gene expression
Binds Neurotrophins
Binds BMPs
Deprivation of monocular input:
Shifts cortical neuron responses to the deprived eye
Shifts cortical neuron responses to the non-deprived eye
Suggests visual information does not influence development of the visual cortex
Has no effect on ocular dominance columns
NMJ formation includes:
Downregulation of Rapsyn
Motor neuron dependent AChR clustering
Agrin degradation
Motor neuron independent AChR clustering
Chemical synapse development involves: (select all that apply)
Connections of synaptic components to cytoplasmic scaffolding
The formation of presynaptic vesicle pools
Expression of post-synaptic receptors
Tight junctions that form mature synapses
