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WorksheetsBiology Review 2
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
What does the cell theory state?
The cell theory states that all life is made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
The cell theory
Contradicts spontaneous combustion
Contradicts spontaneous generation
Excludes bacteria
Excludes viruses
What is spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation is the theory that life originates from nonliving materials
As cells grow larger, volumes increases faster than surface area
True
False
Which would have the biggest surface area?
12mm
6mm
2mm
9mm
Larger cells have a ___ SV:A ratio
Low
Medium
High
What do all cells use to make proteins?
Cells use their ___ to move materials in/out
Volume
Surface area
Cells possess a (a) made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cells use (a) as their genetic material
Contain no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
Known as a "false nucleus" this is where DNA is located
Provides a cell structure, support, and protection
A sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins, protection and adhering to other surface
capsule
Are long, hairlike structures that extend from the plasma membrane and enable an entire cell to move and provide locomotion
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria are both
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Are known as "extremophiles" or lover of extremes
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
Domain Archaea can be found
In all ecosystems on Earth
in extreme environments like high temperatures, low pH, high salinity, and low or no oxygen
Domain (a) is found in all ecosystems on Earth
(a) have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Houses DNA and double membrane organelle
What is chromatin?
Uncoiled, uncondensed, and unwound form of DNA
Site of RNA synthesis
Coiled and condensed form of DNA present during cell division
What is the Nucleolus?
Uncoiled, uncondensed, and unwound form of DNA
The site of RNA synthesis
Coiled and condensed form of DNA present during cell division
What are chromosomes?
Uncoiled, uncondensed, and unwound form of DNA
Site of RNA synthesis
Coiled and condensed form of DNA present during cell division
Converts energy from molecules such as glucose into ATP by cellular respiration
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Function as metabolic compartments used to break down fatty acids. Produce H2O2 as a by product that detoxifies into H2O + O2
Generally larger than vesicles and used for storage and can't fuse with cell membrane
Filled with Hydrolytic enzymes and used for digestion
Lacks attached ribosomes and used to process other macromolecules and detoxify poisons
Filled with hydrolytic enzymes and used for digestion. Is found in animal cells and not plant cells
Peroxisomes
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Generally smaller, used to transport materials. Can fuse with cell membranes and used to move materials in and out of cells
Generally larger than vesicles and used for storage and cannot fuse with cell membrane
All physically connected or connected by vesicles
The Rough ER
The Rough ER is studded with attached ribosomes and used to process and modify proteins
The smooth ER
Shipping and processing station
Filled with hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion
Studded with attached ribosomes and used to process and modify proteins
Lacks attached ribosomes, used to process other macromolecules, storage of ca+ ions
Which organelle detoxifies poisons?
Which organelle serves as the shipping and processing station?
Animal cells are generally (a) than plant cells
Which organelles are found in animal cells but not plant cells?
Cell walls
Lysosomes and Centrosomes
Which organelle is not found in animal cells but found in plants cells?
Provides a cell support, structure, and movement and composed of protein fibers
Has the smallest diameter, has an intermediate diameter, and has the largest diameter
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
Intermediate filaments, Microfilaments, Microtubules
The extracellular matrix
Small holes and channels that connect adjacent animal cells
Used to create water tight barriers
Cells are embedded in a dense network of external proteins
Cells are connected directly to each other
Allow tissues to repeatedly stretch and return to their original shape
Used to create water tight barriers
Desmosomes
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Extracellular Matrix
Intercellular junctions
Cells are connected directly to each other
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Intercellular Junctions
Gap Junctions
Extracellular Matrix
Allow tissues to repeatedly stretch and return to their original shape
Intercellular Junctions
Extrocellular Matrix
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Small holes and channels that connect adjacent animal cells
Plamodesmatas
Tight Junctions
Extrocellular Matrix
Gap Junctions
Intercellular Junctions
Small holes and channels through the cell wall to connect adjacent plant cells
Extrocellular Matrix
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
Plasmodesmata
___proteins spans the entire width of the membrane
___proteins are embedded in the membrane on only ONE side
___proteins are located on the surface
Surface proteins
Carb + Protein =
(a)
Carb + Lipids =
(a)
Glycoprotein and Glycolipids are both used as
Used as ID tags for recognition of each other
What is the function of cholesterol?
Cholesterol functions to maintain cell membrane integrity with changing temperatures, produce hormones, and aid in digestion.
"Selectively permeable" does not require the cell to expend energy, always moves solutes from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water
Total solute concentration of a solution
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Osmolarity
The ability of the solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Solutes will naturally spread out and fill all available space
Osmolarity
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Means there is an equal solute concentration inside and outside an animal cell
Means the solute concentration is higher than inside the cell
Means that the solute concentration is lower outside the cell
In a hypotonic solution, what happens to an animal cell?
The animal cell swells and may burst and lyse
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
They are flaccid
This is normal
They burst/lyse
They plasmolyze
Animal cells ___ in a hypertonic solution
shrivel
___solutions are normal for animal cells
(a) solutions is normal for plant cells
In an Isotonic solution, plant cells
Normal
Flaccid
Burst
Plasmolyze
Requires the use of transport proteins such as channel and protein
Facilitated Transport/Diffusion
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Bulk Transport
Requires cells to expend energy, usually moves solutes against concentration gradient from Low to High
Moves one solute in one direction
Anti porter
Uni porter
Sym porter
Moves two solutes in the same direction
Anti porter
Uni porter
Sym porter
Moves two solutes in opposite directions
Anti porter
Uni porter
Sym porter
Primary Active Transport
Used to transport large materials or large quantities of solutes at a time
Uses ATP to pump solutes across the membrane
Use the electrochemical gradient to move other solutes across the membrane
Uses primary A.T. to create an electrochemical gradient and use the electrochemical gradient to move other solutes across the membrane
Used to transport large materials or large quantities of solutes at a time
Facilitated Transport
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Bulk Transport
Moves material into the cell
Which is not an example of endocytosis?
Moves materials out of cell
Sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism
A series of chemical reactions occurring distinct steps
Metabolic Pathway
Assemble larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy
Catabolic
Anabolic
Breakdown larger molecules into smaller ones, release energy
Anabolic
Catabolic
(a) is the capacity to cause change or do work
Is energy associated with objects in motion
Chemical
Free
Potential
Kinetic.
Is energy that is stored, exists due to an objects structure or location
Potential
Chemical
Free
Kinetic
Energy stored in the covalent bonds of molecules such as sugars, fats, and kerosene
Is the measurement of usable energy
Potential
Chemical
Free
Kinetic
Chemical reactions transfer energy
True
False
Exergonic Reactions
"kick start", contorts molecules into unstable configurations
Point where 50% of reactants are used up and 50% of products generate. Reactions stops and adds energy chances equilibrium point
Energy releasing reactions, start with high energy reactants and generate low energy products
Energy storing reactions start with low energy reactants and generate high energy products
Endergonic Reactions
Energy storing reactions start with low energy reactants and generate high energy products
Point where 50% of reactants are used up + 50% of products generate. Reaction stops and adding energy chances equilibrium point
Energy releasing reactions, start with high energy reactants and generate high energy products
"Kick start" contorts molecules into unstable configurations
Equilibrium
Energy releasing reactions, starts with high energy reactants and generate low energy products
Point where 50% of reactants are used up + 50% of products generate and reaction stops. Adding energy chance equilibrium points
Energy storing reactions. Starts with low energy reactants and generate high energy products
"Kick start", contorts molecules into unstable configurations
Activation Energy
Energy releasing reactions, start with high energy reactants and generate low energy products
Point where 50% of reactants are used up + 50% of products generate and reaction by adding energy chances equilibrium point
Energy storing reactions that start with low energy reactants and generate high energy products
"Kick start", contorts molecules into unstable configurations
(a) law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
(a) law of thermodynamics states that energy transfers increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe
In the 2nd law of thermodynamics, what does it mean when the energy transfers increase the disorder of the universe?
Energy transfers are always inefficient, some energy is always "lost" to an unusable form
Is known as the "energy currency of the cell"
Energy is stored in the
in the phosphoanhydride bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
ATP is regenerated by
cellular respiration
Are a type of protein used to speed up chemical reactions and is a biological catalyst
Biological catalysts lowers activation energy
True
False
___binds to the active site by induced fit
Transfers electrons from one molecule to another
In redox reactions, what is losing versus what is gaining?
Occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen (aerobic)
Cellular respiration
Occurs outside the mitochondria, only step in common with fermentation and cuts a 6 carbon sugar into two 3 carbon sugars
What is the first phase in glycolysis?
In the energy investment phase,
Completes the oxidation of glucose and requires 2 Acetyl CoA and the output is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 Co2.
Requires glucose, invests 2 ATP molecules and the output is 2 G3Ps
Requires 2 G3Ps and output is 4 ATPs with a net gain of 2, and 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate
Requires 2 pyruvate and the output is 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH
What is the second phase in glycolysis?
Energy Payoff Phase
Requires glucose, invests 2 ATP molecules and the output is 2 G3Ps
Completes the oxidation of glucose and requires 2 Acetyl CoA and the output is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 Co2.
Requires 2 G3Ps and output is 4 ATPs with a net gain of 2, and 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate
Requires 2 pyruvate and the output is 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH
Occurs before the citric cycle
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate Oxidation
Completes the oxidation of glucose and requires 2 Acetyl CoA and the output is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 Co2
Requires glucose, invests 2 ATP molecules and the output is 2 G3Ps
Requires 2 G3Ps and output is 4 ATPs with a net gain of 2, and 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate
Requires 2 pyruvate and the output is 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH
Completes the oxidation of glucose
Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle
Completes the oxidation of glucose and requires 2 Acetyl CoA and the output is 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 Co2.
Requires 2 G3Ps and output is 4 ATPs with a net gain of 2, and 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate
Requires glucose, invests 2 ATP molecules and the output is 2 G3Ps
Requires 2 pyruvate and the output is 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH
Is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron transport chain
Electron Transport chain
Recycles NADH without ETC or O2
Requires concentration gradient of H+ and produces 30 ATP
Requires electrons from NADH + FADH2, and 6 O2 and produces concentration gradient of H+
Uses the flow of e- to pump H+ ions across membrane and creates electrochemical gradient
Chemiosmosis
Recycles NADH with out ETC or O2
Requires concentration gradient of H+ and produces approximately 30 ATP with a grand total of 34 ATP
H+ flow through ATP synthase and causes enzymes rotor to spin and is used to create ATP. Produces Approx. 30 ATP with a grand total of 34 ATP
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Fermentation
Chemiosmosis
Recycles NADH without ETC or 02. In cell respiration, 02 is used as the final electron receptor and reduced to H20.
Fermentation
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Pyruvate Oxidation
Reduces pyruvate to lactate. An example can be bacteria and muscle cells
Reduces pyruvate to ethanol + carbon dioxide. An example can be yeasts
Alcohol fermentation
