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WorksheetsMuscle and Joint Anatomy Concepts
Total questions: 121
Worksheet time: 1hrs 7mins
A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a
symphysis
gomphosis
suture
syndesmosis
Myofibrils are composed primarily of:
Myosin and Actin
Tropomyosin and Troponin
Collagen and Elastin
Fibrillin and Collagen
A motor unit typically includes:
One motor neuron and several muscle fibers
One sensory neuron and several muscle fibers
One interneuron and several muscle fibers
Several motor neurons and several muscle fibers
Functions of muscles are
The Heartbeat
Muscle Tone
Distribution of Heat
Moving Bones
All of the Above
The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeleton muscle is the
Epimysium
Eponymous
Perimysium
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from the
Transverse tubule pattern
Sarcoplasmic reticulum network
Sarcomere organization
Cisternae placement
Distribution of mitochondria
Transverse tubules
Store sodium ions for the action potential at the cell surface
Transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior
Store calcium ions
Connect actin and Myosin
Transmit nerve impulses out of the muscle
The severe pain of compartment syndrome is caused by
Tears in the compartment wall
Too much fluid in the compartment
Damaged muscle tissue
Stretched tendons
Lack of fluid in the compartment
The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to:
Excess myofibrils
Separated tendons
Severed nerves
Ruptured blood vessels
Torn ligaments
Muscles fibers are basically a collection of
Muscles
Sarcomeres
Connective tissue fibers
Alpha and beta subunits
Synapses
Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in
Smooth muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle fibers
Cardiac muscle fibers
skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers
The functional unit of muscle contraction is
The muscle
The muscle fiber
The myosin cross-bridge
The sarcomere
The myomere
Creatine phosphate
Decomposes ATP
Decomposes ADP
Supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP
Supplies energy for the breakdown of ATP to ADP
Binds to Ach receptors
The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or the glycogen is
Refractory quantity
Anaerobic concentration
Aerobic conversion
Aerobic conversion
Oxygen Debt
Tawanda finishes a spring and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of
Actin
Myosin
ATP
ADP
Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than non athletes because they
Convert glucose to lactic acid
Tolerate high concentrations of carbon dioxide
Make more efficient use of ATP
Produce less lactic acid
At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a
Neurotransmitter
Motor neuron
Motor end plate
Motor unit
Rigor mortis affects skeletal muscles a few hours after death, due to
Increased ATP and decreased permeability to calcium
Decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium
Increased ATP
Nerve impulses that contract the muscles
Which of the following statements are correct?
actin filaments slide along myosin filaments
filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another
cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma
tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments
The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a
synapse
fascia
neuroma
dendrite
____ degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse
ATPase
Acetylcholinesterase
Actinase
Myosinase
A shift in metabolism that breaks down pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called
glycogenic threshold
lactic acid threshold
glycolysis aerobic threshold
pyruvic acidosis
Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of
The inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two
The inability of myoglobin moleculrs to store enough oxygen when skeletal muscles are used strenuously for a minute or two
too much oxygen used in forming pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles are contracted strenuously for a minute or two
too high a concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere
Exercise can lead to new muscle filament formation, even in an older person.
True
False
The masseter muscle functions in mastification.
True
False
Muscles and bones functions as levers.
True
False
Cardiac muscle is voluntary.
True
False
The two major types of smooth muscles are intercalated muscles and cardiac muscle.
True
False
Motor unit recruitment refers to the fact that some motor neurons can recruit new skeletal muscle fibers with which they connect.
True
False
Metabolic processes can use only about 25% of the energy released by cellular respiration.
True
False
White muscles have an increased capacity to carry on aerobic respiration.
True
False
The latent period is the time when the muscle is relaxed.
True
False
If a muscle contracts and its fibers shorten, the contraction is isometric.
True
False
The minimal strength of stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction is called the threshold stimulus.
True
False
Liver cells concert lactic acid to ATP
True
False
Anaerobic respiration occurs primarily in mitochondria
True
False
ATPase is located in myosin cross-bridges.
True
False
During muscle contraction, calcium ions combine with tropomysin, and this exposes active sites for cross-bridge fiematuon.
True
False
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls
constitute a motor unit.
True
False
Layers of sense connective tissue that separate skeletal muscles from each other are called fascia.
True
False
Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers.
True
False
he muscle that covers the upper part of the cranium
is the ____
Epicranius
Frontalis
Occipitails
Temporalis
A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) _____.
protagonist
fixator
antagonist
synergist
The ____ at the ends of cardiac muscle cells help to join
cells
Intercalated discs
Sarcomere
Acetylcholine
Tropomyosin
The rhythmic, wavelike motion produced by smooth
muscles in tubular visceral organs is called, ____
The combining of a series of twitches to produce sustained contraction is called_____
Muscle fatigue is most likely due to an accumulation of
Lactic acid
Carbon dioxide
Creatine phosphate
Oxygen debt
ATP
forceful, sustained muscle contraction is called a ____
tetanic contraction
During anaerobic respiration, glucose molecules are
converted into molecules of ______
carbon dioxide
pyruvic acid
glucose
glycerol
In order to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, motor neurons release the neurotransmitter
Acetycholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Epinephrine
The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color
of skeletal muscle is
A broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches the coverings of adjacent muscles is called an
apineurosis
Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed
hypertrophy
may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue
cannot ever be reinnervated
die as their sarcomeres are progressively eliminated
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome caus-
es
headache
ringing in the ears
clicking sounds from the jaw
all of the above
A weightlifter uses muscles so the muscles ex-
ert more than 75% of their maximum tension, this
stimulates
an increase in slow, fatigable white fibers
muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin
and myosin
shrinking of skeletal muscle
conversion of skeletal to smooth muscle
Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is
caused by reduction in
ATP
myoglobin
the sizes of muscle fibers
all of the above
Regina began an exercise program six months
ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower
limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to
formation of new muscle by
stimulating synthesis of myoglobin.
stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6,
which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing
more muscle cells.
stimulating connective tissue to differentiate as
muscle tissue.
stimulating motor neurons to divide and inner-
vate more muscle cells.
A sign of aging of the muscular system is
expansion of muscle fiber diameters.
decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles.
excess ATP.
increased creatine phosphate.
A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a
waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of
the
gluteus maximus and gluteus medius.
gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus.
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae.
The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to
hear sounds of respiratory organs, is located near
the border of the
pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.
trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior.
pectoralis major and serratus anterior.
Which of the following is unique in that its insertion is to fascia and not bone?
palmaris longus
extensor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum profundus
extensor digitorum
Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication?
Medial and lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis
Zygomaticus
The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the
calf.
buttocks.
thigh.
D. shoulder.
The linea alba is
a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the
coccyx and sacrum.
a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest.
a muscle beneath the skull.
a band of tough connective tissue to which ab-
dominal wall muscles attach.
The muscle that opposes a particular action is
called the
synergist.
antagonist.
agonist.
prime mover.
The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the
coracobrachialis.
pectoralis minor.
levator scapulae.
teres major.
The buccinator muscle is in the
buttocks.
chest.
bladder.
cheek.
A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n)
antagonist.
prime mover.
mediator.
synergist.
The muscle that causes an action is the
synergist.
antagonist.
agonist.
mediator.
The more movable end of a muscle is its
origin.
fulcrum.
insertion.
source.
Bones and muscles function as mechanical de-
vices called
lifts.
levers.
syncytia.
ladders.
Cardiac muscle
contracts as a syncytium.
excites itself.
is only in the heart.
all of the above.
The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells
are
intervertebral discs.
neuromuscular junctions.
intercalated discs.
motor end plates.
Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect
smooth muscle contraction.
skeletal muscle contraction.
synthesis of actin and myosin.
exercise tolerance.
Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are
smooth muscle fibers.
skeletal muscle fibers.
cardiac muscle fibers.
striated muscle fibers.
The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is
skeletal muscle.
smooth muscle.
cardiac muscle.
striated muscle.
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly.
contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly.
contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly.
contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly.
When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse
there is a reduction in capillary networks.
the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases.
the muscle gets smaller.
all of the above.
Smooth muscle has ___________ and not troponin.
calmodulin
fibronectin
norepinephrine
titin
Smooth muscle lacks
actin and myosin.
transverse tubules and striations.
myofibrils.
nuclei and mitochondria.
Activities such as distance swimming and distance running are most likely to stimulate development of
slow fatigable muscle fibers.
fast fatigable muscle fibers.
slow fatigue-resistant fibers.
fast fatigue-resistant fibers.
A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of
increasing frequency combines individual twitches
(summation) which results in
complete sustained contraction.
muscle tone.
a latent period.
flaccid muscles.
In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the
refractory period.
relaxation period.
latent period.
contraction period.
The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is
called
latency.
recruitment.
threshold stimulation.
sustained contraction.
Which of the following is not true?
Red fibers contract more slowly than white.
Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white.
Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.
Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white.
An example of a partial but sustained contraction is
knee jerking
muscle tone
a twitch
eye blinking
A plank position is part of a yoga/Pilates workout. The person supports the body on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little like the "up" position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a plank is most likely
isotonic.
eccentric.
isometric.
concentric.
A myogram is
a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with.
a recording of the events of a twitch.
a measurement of muscle tone.
a depiction of the results of a stress test.
Threshold stimulus is the
maximum stimulus required to release acetyl-
choline.
minimum stimulus required to produce ATP.
maximum stimulus required to contract a mus-
cle.
minimum strength of stimulation required to
contract a muscle fiber.
Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that
the more active they are, the more heat is used up.
the more active they are, the more heat is released.
excess myosin is quickly metabolized to yield heat.
they conserve actin and myosin in cold weather.
During muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for
creatine phosphate synthesis.
glycogen synthesis.
myofilament movement.
enzyme activity.
A motor unit is
many myofibrils in a sarcolemma.
many motor end plates at a neuromuscular junction.
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected
to it.
the functional unit of a muscle fiber.
The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle comes from which substance?
Actin
Myosin
Myoglobin
Calcium
When ATP levels are low, the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that
ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate.
creatine phosphate supplies energy to regener-
ate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
both have three phosphate groups.
both are required to stimulate a muscle to con-
tract.
Arrange the following steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence.
1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released.
2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.
3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites.
4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules.
5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.
6. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges.
6, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 6
4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5
3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4
The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that
the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a
muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules.
acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine is released from the end of the
motor neuron.
calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticu-
lum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin mol-
ecules.
At a neuromuscular junction
actin and myosin filaments slide past one anoth-
er.
troponin and tropomyosin exchange places.
neurotransmitters are released.
intercalated discs are synthesized.
Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of
ATP
myosin
troponin
tropomyosin
The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to
bind to actin
be secreted from the motor end plate
decompose
form cross-bridges
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in
myofibrils
motor units
motor end plates
motor neuron endings
A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______.
cordlike and connects bones to bones/ a broad
sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that
connects muscles to muscles/ cordlike and con-
nects bones to bones
cordlike and connects muscles to bones/ a broad
sheet of dense connective tissue that connects
muscles to muscles
a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that
connects bones to bones/ cordlike and connects
muscles to muscles
A sarcomere is best described as
a part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
a group of fascicles.
a group of muscle fibers.
a unit within a muscle fiber.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from motor neurons and enters the __________.
-axon terminal
-sarcomere
-synaptic cleft
- transverse tubules
Acetylcholine causes an end-plate potential by triggering the __________.
-closing of calcium channels
-closing of chloride channels
-closing of sodium channels
-opening of sodium channels
Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines,appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by
-overstimulating the facial muscles to tighten their appearance
-destroying the motor nerves that serve the mus-
cles responsible for forming the wrinkles
-relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles
-overstimulating the facial nerves to produce a
steady contraction of the facial muscles
At what level of organization is a skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii?
Cell
Organ
Tissue
The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are
-neuromuscular junctions.
-intercalated discs.
-motor end plates.
-intervertebral discs.
Name the connective tissue layer that separates a skeletal muscle into fascicles.
-Perimysium
-Endomysium
-Epimysium
Describe how action potentials travel from the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle fibers, resulting in the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.
-Action potentials travel along the surface of the
myofibrils.
-Action potentials travel along the surface of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-Action potentials travel along T tubles.
In order for a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, calcium must bind to __________
-tropomyosin
-actin
-myosin
-troponin
The two types of myofilaments are the thin filaments, composed primarily of the protein
__________ , and the thick filaments, composed of __________ .
-actin; actin
-actin; myosin
-myosin; actin
-myosin; myosin
What is the A band?
-The distance between Z lines
-The length of actin filaments
-The area that lacks thin filaments
-The length of myosin filaments
What is the I band?
-The area with thin filaments only; no thick fila-
ments
-The length of the thin filaments
-The area with thick filaments only; no thin fila-
ments
-The distance between Z lines
What is the H zone?
-The area with thick filaments only; no thin fila-
ments
-The area where thick and thin filaments overlap
-The distance between A bands
-The distance between thick filaments
What happens to each sarcomere during contraction?
-Each sarcomere lengthens.
-Each sarcomere does not change length.
-Each sarcomere shortens.
Label the structures found within a skeletal muscle.
Label the connective tissue structures associated with skeletal muscle.
Label the skeletal muscle organelles.
Label the features of a neuromuscular junction.
