WorksheetsGeria week 2 pt 1
Total questions: 72
Worksheet time: 2hrs 24mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Which statement about aging is correct?
a)
No single known factor causes or prevents aging
b)
A single factor fully explains aging
c)
One theory has proven to prevent aging
d)
Aging can be completely avoided with lifestyle
2.
Why is no single theory sufficient to explain aging?
a)
Because the process of aging is complex and multifactorial
b)
Because aging only affects one body system
c)
Because aging has not been studied
d)
Because lifestyle is the only cause
3.
Recent research on aging has shifted focus toward:
a)
Keeping people healthy and active for longer periods
b)
Extending lifespan indefinitely
c)
Stopping biological aging altogether
d)
Eliminating all genetic factors
4.
Biological aging is best defined as:
a)
The progressive loss of function influenced by both positive and negative factors
b)
A sudden loss of all body functions
c)
The decline in memory with age
d)
Only a social construct
5.
Positive influences on biological aging include:
a)
Healthy diet and regular exercise
b)
Obesity and smoking
c)
Sedentary lifestyle and stress
d)
Alcohol abuse and malnutrition
6.
Chronological aging refers to:
a)
The passage of time marked by age in years
b)
How old you look to others
c)
The genetic clock in DNA
d)
The functional capacity of organs
7.
Time-related deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility is known as:
a)
Aging
b)
Disease-related decline
c)
Mortality
d)
Wear and tear
8.
Aging is considered an intrinsic feature of living beings because:
a)
It occurs naturally as a result of time
b)
It only happens when sick
c)
It can be avoided with medication
d)
It applies only to humans
9.
Life span refers to:
a)
The maximum number of years a member of a species can live
b)
The average years a population is expected to live
c)
The projected retirement age
d)
The age when chronic illness starts
10.
Life span is considered:
a)
A fixed characteristic of a species
b)
Variable depending on lifestyle
c)
Limited only by healthcare access
d)
Constantly increasing with technology
11.
The maximum human life span is approximately:
a)
122 years
b)
100 years
c)
90 years
d)
150 years
12.
Life expectancy is defined as:
a)
The average number of years a population is expected to live based on health and mortality rates
b)
The longest anyone has ever lived
c)
The maximum number of years a member of a species can live
d)
The time it takes to recover from illness
13.
Unlike life span, life expectancy:
a)
Varies across populations and changes over time
b)
Remains constant regardless of health
c)
Is the same for all species
d)
Cannot be influenced by healthcare
14.
Global life expectancy at birth in 2020 was about:
a)
72.9 years
b)
60 years
c)
68 years
d)
80 years
15.
Which factor does not directly influence life expectancy?
a)
Eye color
b)
Healthcare
c)
Socioeconomic conditions
d)
Lifestyle
16.
Biological theories of aging focus on:
a)
Concerned with answering basic questions regarding physiologic process that occur in all living organisms' overtime
b)
The average number of years a population is expected to live based on health and mortality rates
c)
Only the social impacts of aging
d)
Purely cultural explanations
17.
Biological theories are divided into:
a)
Stochastic and non-stochastic theories
b)
Emotional vs. physical theories
c)
Genetic vs. environmental theories only
d)
Social vs. psychological theories
18.
Stochastic theories of aging suggest that aging results from:
a)
Random, unpredictable events that cause cumulative cellular damage
b)
Is entirely due to random accidents
c)
Follows a predetermined, genetically programmed sequence
d)
Is caused only by pollution
19.
Non-stochastic theories argue that aging:
a)
Follows a predetermined, genetically programmed sequence
b)
Random, unpredictable events that cause cumulative cellular damage
c)
Is entirely due to random accidents
d)
Is caused only by pollution
20.
Cross-linking theory of aging is also known as:
a)
Glycosylation theory
b)
Mutation theory
c)
Free radical theory
d)
Disposable soma theory
21.
According to cross-linking theory, what happens to proteins as we age?
a)
They become cross-linked, accumulate waste, and damage cells
b)
They become more elastic
c)
They disappear completely
d)
They increase efficiency of tissues
22.
A key result of protein cross-linking in tissues is:
a)
Loss of elasticity and rigidity of cells
b)
Increased flexibility
c)
Faster repair mechanisms
d)
Improved metabolic rate
23.
Free radical theory proposes aging occurs due to:
a)
Damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
b)
Genetic mutations at birth
c)
Increased calorie intake
d)
Declining hormones
24.
Free radicals are described as:
a)
Highly unstable, reactive molecules with extra electrical charge
b)
Stable molecules that improve cell function
c)
Proteins that prevent tissue damage
d)
Hormones that regulate metabolism
25.
Lipofuscin, also known as “age pigment,” is a byproduct of:
a)
Oxidative metabolism
b)
Protein synthesis
c)
DNA repair
d)
Radiation
26.
Lipofuscin accumulation interferes with:
a)
Diffusion and transport of essential metabolites and information-bearing molecules in cells
b)
Hearing and vision only
c)
Cell reproduction rates only
d)
Bone density
27.
The wear and tear theory attributes aging to:
a)
Repeated use and injury of the body over time
b)
Purely genetic programming
c)
Lack of antioxidants
d)
Hormonal decline
28.
Which of the following is not an example of factors contributing to wear and tear?
a)
Regular exercise
b)
Smoking
c)
Poor diet
d)
Substance abuse
29.
According to wear and tear theory, with prolonged use and insults, the body:
a)
Functions less efficiently over time
b)
Functions more efficiently
c)
Repairs itself perfectly
d)
Avoids chronic illness
30.
Mutation accumulation theory explains aging occurs because:
a)
Harmful mutations that affect later life accumulate since they don’t reduce reproductive success
b)
Mutations are prevented by natural selection
c)
Repeated use and injury of the body over time
d)
Lifestyle choices eliminate all mutations
31.
An example of mutations linked to aging includes:
a)
Collagen and beta-amyloid precursor protein (ß-APP)
b)
Hemoglobin mutations
c)
Blood glucose mutations
d)
Vitamin receptor mutations
32.
Mutation accumulation leads to:
a)
Reduced protein stability and function in aging
b)
Stronger protein function
c)
No impact on cells
d)
Elimination of genetic disease
33.
Antagonistic pleiotropy theory suggests genes may:
a)
Have beneficial effects early in life but harmful effects later
b)
Be harmful at all stages of life
c)
Never influence aging
d)
Always protect against aging
34.
The gene p53 is an example of antagonistic pleiotropy because it:
a)
Protects against cancer early in life but contributes to aging later by inhibiting stem cell division
b)
Always causes cancer
c)
Has no role in DNA repair
d)
Improves longevity in all cases
35.
According to antagonistic pleiotropy, why do harmful late-life mutations persist?
a)
They may provide survival or reproductive advantages earlier in life
b)
They reduce fertility
c)
They are always harmless
d)
They prevent natural selection
36.
Disposable soma theory explains aging as a result of:
a)
Finite energy allocation between metabolism, reproduction, maintenance, and repair
b)
Unlimited cellular repair
c)
Purely genetic mutations
d)
Random chance only
37.
According to disposable soma theory, why do women generally live longer than men?
a)
They invest more energy in maintaining somatic cells to ensure reproductive success
b)
They have stronger immune systems only
c)
They work less physically demanding jobs
d)
They consume fewer calories
38.
The disposable soma theory emphasizes:
a)
Trade-offs in energy allocation that lead to aging
b)
Unlimited cellular energy
c)
Gene mutation prevention
d)
Complete independence from environment
39.
Biogerontology theory proposes that aging is influenced by:
a)
Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses
b)
Hormonal decline
c)
Genetic programming only
d)
Increased calorie intake
40.
Pathogens may contribute to aging because:
a)
They can persist for decades before affecting body systems
b)
They appear suddenly in old age
c)
They disappear after middle age
d)
They only affect children
41.
Which observation supports biogerontology theory?
a)
Life expectancies improved with control or elimination of pathogens through immunization and antimicrobial drugs
b)
No connection between infection and aging exists
c)
Older adults never benefit from vaccines
d)
Viruses cannot impact longevity
42.
Which stochastic theory explains aging as cumulative random cellular damage?
a)
Free radical theory
b)
Genetic theory
c)
Neuroendocrine theory
d)
Autoimmune theory
43.
Which theory explains stiffening and reduced elasticity of tissues with age?
a)
Cross-linking theory
b)
Disposable soma theory
c)
Lipofuscin theory
d)
Mutation accumulation theory
44.
Which theory emphasizes the role of lifestyle insults such as smoking and poor diet in aging?
a)
Wear and tear theory
b)
Free radical theory
c)
Antagonistic pleiotropy theory
d)
Biogerontology theory
45.
Apoptosis is best defined as:
a)
Programmed cell death or “cellular suicide” through biochemical events
b)
Accidental cell death from trauma
c)
Decline in immune system function
d)
Overproduction of stem cells leading to cellular proliferation
46.
The role of apoptosis in normal physiology is to:
a)
Eliminate damaged, dysfunctional, or unnecessary cells without inflammation
b)
Kill as many cells as possible, as fast as possible
c)
Promote inflammation in the cardiovascular system
d)
Prevent tissue regeneration
47.
How is apoptosis altered in aging?
a)
Some tissues increase apoptosis, while others resist it, leading to accumulation of senescent cells
b)
It stops completely
c)
It becomes uncontrollable and kills all cells
d)
It only affects the brain
48.
The genetic theory of aging is also called:
a)
All of the above
b)
Programmed Theory of aging
c)
e Hayflick Limit Theory
d)
Biologic Clock or Cellular Aging
49.
According to Hayflick (1965), cells have a limited capacity to divide about:
a)
40–60 times
b)
10–20 times
c)
30–40 times
d)
Unlimited divisions
50.
Based on genetic theory, human life expectancy is estimated at:
a)
110–120 years
b)
80–90 years
c)
150 years
d)
60–70 years
51.
Error theory proposes that aging occurs because:
a)
Accumulated genetic mutations and errors impair normal cellular function
b)
Apoptosis eliminates too many cells
c)
The immune system overreacts
d)
Diet lacks sufficient protein
52.
An example of error theory is:
a)
Errors in protein synthesis, especially enzymes translating genetic information
b)
Overproduction of free radicals
c)
Cross-linking of collagen
d)
Decline in thymus hormones
53.
The immune system’s main role is to:
a)
Differentiate self from non-self and protect against pathogens
b)
Cause apoptosis in every tissue
c)
Produce free radicals
d)
Store calcium in bones
54.
Immunosenescence refers to:
a)
Age-related decline in immune function
b)
Enhanced immune system in old age
c)
Autoimmune overactivity in young adults
d)
Stronger resistance to infections with age
55.
Which immune organs are most affected by aging?
a)
Thymus and bone marrow
b)
Spleen and liver
c)
Kidney and pancreas
d)
Gallbladder and thyroid
56.
The thymus produces:
a)
Thymosin
b)
Insulin
c)
Cortisol
d)
Red blood cells
57.
Bone marrow produces:
a)
Stem cells
b)
Hormones
c)
Lipofuscin
d)
Free radicals
58.
T-lymphocytes are primarily responsible for:
a)
Cell-mediated immunity (destroying infected/cancerous cells)
b)
Antibody-mediated immunity
c)
Digestive enzyme production
d)
Hormone regulation
59.
B-lymphocytes, with T-cell assistance, differentiate into:
a)
Plasma cells producing antibodies
b)
Red blood cells
c)
Stem cells
d)
Free radicals
60.
Autoimmune reactions in aging involve:
a)
Misidentification of aged cells as foreign, leading to self-attack
b)
Improved immune recognition
c)
Decreased antibody production
d)
Enhanced T-cell response
61.
Neuroendocrine theories suggest aging results from:
a)
Changes in the brain and endocrine glands
b)
Purely environmental toxins
c)
Autoimmune misidentification
d)
Accumulated lipofuscin
62.
Endocrine glands produce:
a)
Hormones regulating growth, metabolism, and other functions
b)
Enzymes
c)
Free radicals
d)
Autoantibodies and the plasma blood volume
63.
A decline in neuroendocrine function with aging can lead to:
a)
Impaired regulation of body systems
b)
Faster cell division
c)
Increased hormone levels
d)
Unlimited stem cell renewal
64.
Which hormone declines with age, supporting neuroendocrine theory?
a)
Melatonin (pineal gland)
b)
Insulin
c)
Cortisol
d)
Epinephrine
65.
Radiation theories emphasize that:
a)
UV exposure causes solar elastosis and skin wrinkling
b)
Ultraviolet light improves skin elasticity
c)
X-rays strengthen protein synthesis
d)
Radiation protects cells from cancer
66.
Radiation may promote aging by:
a)
Inducing cellular mutations that impair function
b)
Reducing apoptosis
c)
Eliminating thymus function
d)
Enhancing protein repair
67.
Nutrition theories emphasize:
a)
Both quality and quantity of diet affect aging
b)
Only quantity of food matters
c)
Genetics determines aging regardless of diet
d)
Aging is unrelated to nutrients
68.
According to nutrition theory, which factors accelerate aging?
a)
Vitamin deficiencies and excess nutrients like cholesterol
b)
Adequate vitamins and low cholesterol
c)
Balanced diet and hydration
d)
Regular exercise and healthy meals
69.
Good diet can:
a)
Minimize or eliminate some negative effects of aging
b)
Completely prevent aging
c)
Replace genetic programming
d)
Reverse lifespan limits
70.
Environmental theory links aging with:
a)
Long-term exposure to toxins, pollutants, trauma, and infections
b)
Genetics only
c)
Family dynamics
d)
Programmed cell death or “cellular suicide” through biochemical events
71.
Which substances are mentioned as accelerating aging environmentally?
a)
Mercury, lead, pesticides, arsenic, radioactive isotopes
b)
Oxygen and vitamins
c)
Water and protein
d)
Calcium and iron
72.
Which non-chemical environmental factor can influence aging?
a)
Crowded living conditions and high noise levels
b)
More birthdays
c)
Television watching
d)
Exposure to exercise
100 %
