Serine RNA Peptide – an amino acid that can be used to construct proteins

Serine Receptor Particle – a protein that binds serine during protein trafficking in the Golgi apparatus

Single RNA Polymerase – the protein responsible for beginning to replicate mRNA

Single Ribosome Protein – a type of protein that only needs one ribosome to be produced

Signal Recognition Particle – used in Translocation to the rough ER

1. K T T Y C T vs K I T T Y C A T

1. K I T T Y vs C A T

1. K T T Y vs K C T

1. K T T Y vs D G

1. K T T Y C T vs C T K T T Y

Microfilaments are for transport over long distances

Neurofilaments are involved in organelle transport

Dynein is a molecular motor that travels along microtubules in a retrograde direction

Fast axon transport is for proteins only

Microtubules are aligned so that the (+) and (-) are mixed in axons, but all point the same direction in dendrites

Movement of mRNA to the ER

The process of transporting proteins down the axon towards the synapse

The process of making proteins in dendrites/dendritic spines

The process of making proteins in the synapse

1. The process of making proteins only within the cell that needs them (heart proteins im heart cells and neuron proteins in neurons)

1. I & II are examples of facilitated diffusion

1. I-III are all examples of passive diffusion

1. I & III are both ion channels

1. I is a pore/leaky ion channel & III is a carrier

1. III is an example of secondary active transport

1. Microglia are involved in synaptic pruning

1. Glial cells can release gliotransmitters or chemical messengers that alter synapses

1. Glial cells lack VGSC and therefore cannot send electrical signals/fire action potentials

1. Myelin in the CNS is composed of different protein types compared to Myelin in the PNS

1. There are only 6 types of glial cells

1. Astrocyte – helps form new synapses & provides nutrients in the CNS

1. Microglia – CNS immune-system, clears debris

1. Satellite Cells – PNS cushion/support/nutrition to DRG/soma

1. Ependymal Glia – PNS, found exclusively in the gastro-intestinal tract

1. Oligodendrocyte – CNS myelination

1. A strongly negative core repels Cl- ions and attracts positive ions

1. A selectivity filter selects for only K+ ions (Ca2+ and Na+ cannot bind)

1. The potassium ion channel is too small to select for any ions other than K+ (ex: Na+ ions cannot fit)

1. The aqueous pore selects for only K+ ions

1. There is a K+ bind site domain that selects for only K+ ions

1. A strongly negative core repels Cl- ions and attracts positive ions

1. A selectivity filter selects for only Na+ ions (Ca2+ cannot bind despite being similar sized)

1. The sodium ion channel is too small to select for larger ions (ex: all other ions cannot fit)

1. The aqueous pore selects for only Na+ ions

1. There is a Na+ bind site domain that selects for only Na+ ions

1. A selectivity filter repels Cl- ions and attracts positive ions

1. A selectivity filter selects for only Na+, K+ , and Ca2+ ions only

1. NMDA is too small for Cl- ions to enter

1. The large aqueous pore lined with negative charges allows all + ions to enter while repelling - ions

1. There is a Na+, K+, and Ca2+ bind site domain that selects for only K+ ions

The concentration gradient of the ion across the membrane

The number of transport proteins/channels available in the membrane

The binding affinity of the transport protein for the ion

The membrane potential (electrical gradient) across the membrane

The size and shape of the cell nucleus

Electrical synapses signal using voltage, chemical synapses signal using ion channels

1. An electrical synapse can pass a graded potential from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron without an AP

1. Chemical synapses happen instantly, while electric synapses are delayed

1. Chemical synapses contain receptors such as connexons

1. Inhibition is most successful when it is initiated in the dendrites

1. EPSPs are mostly initiated in the dendritic shafts, not the dendritic spines

1. Dendritic synapses tend to always be excitatory

1. Axo-axonic synapses are involved in modulating neurotransmitter release

Primary Active Transport is used to make a concentration gradient of H+ ions within vesicles

SNAP-25 and Syntaxin are V-SNARES

.Synoptobrevin is the protein responsible for sensing rising intracellular calcium and signaling for vesicle fusion/neurotransmitter release

VGLUT transports glutamine from the synaptic cleft back into glia and neuron cells as part of reuptake

1. Acetylcholinesterase transports acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft back into glia and neuron cells as part of reuptake

1. SNARE complexes include: Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, & clathrin

1. Exocytosis releases neurotransmitters & endocytosis takes them back in

1. VGLUT transports glutamate from the synapse back into the pre-synaptic neuron or glia cell

1. Increased intracellular Ca2+ drives the release of synaptic Vesicles (and this is the slow step)

1. SLC6 transports GABA into a synaptic vesicle using the gradient produced by H+ proton pumps

Histamine is a type of neurotransmitter commonly involved in learning & memory

GABA only causes hyperpolarization via an influx of Cl- ions

Serotonin binds only to ionotropic receptors

Neuropeptides are the most commonly used neurotransmitters

Glutamate can act on only ionotropic receptors (AMPA and NMDA)

Histamine is a type of neurotransmitter commonly involved in learning & memory

GABA only causes hyperpolarization via an influx of Cl- ions

Serotonin binds only to ionotropic receptors

Neuropeptides are the most commonly used neurotransmitters

Glutamate can act on only ionotropic receptors (AMPA and NMDA)

1. GPCRs commonly use Ras/MAPK while RTKs use PKA/cAMP as secondary messangers

1. Kinases remove phosphates, and phosphatases add phosphates

1. RTKs are receptors involved in growth/development/survival, also known as Trks (during neuro-development)

1. GPCRs, RTKs, and TLRs bind neurotransmitters

1. All metabotropic receptors are GPCRs

1. GPCRs also called six transmembrane proteins

1. 5-HT receptors are a family of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors that bind serotonin to produce excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory effects

1. Neuropeptides are initially transported to the synapse using axonal transport where they are then readily recycled after use

1. You can predict if a neurotransmitter is excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory just by its name/type

1. Most neurons can only release a single neurotransmitter from all of their synapses and they cannot ever release more than one neurotransmitter from the same synapse

1. G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a type of ion channel protein

1. GPCR alpha, beta, and gamma subunits all detach from one another and disperse using 3 different signaling pathways

1. There are four types of Gα subunits, each with their own unique signaling pathway

1. β-Arrestin, GRKs, etc. bind to the GPCR to excite/increase its signaling

1. The Gα subunit of a GPCR is bound to ATP/ADP

1. NMDAr receptors open before AMPAr, which only open in response to depolarization

1. AMPAr and NMDAr are both GABA receptors

1. NMDAr has a calcium block

1. AMPAr signals primarily with calcium, while NMDAr does not

1. NMDA receptors can trigger either Long-Term Depression or Potentiation based on how much calcium they let through

IPSP

1. Stimuli Potential

1. Receptor Potential

1. Post Synaptic Potential

1. Generator Potential

1. Both graded potentials and action potentials primarily use voltage-gated channels

1. Dendritic action potentials use ligand-gated ionotropic receptors to fire

1. Action potentials can (sometimes) use backpropagation to move backwards into the soma and dendrites

1. End-Plate Potentials (EPPs) occur in the pre- synaptic sensory neuron

1. Similar to Graded Potentials, Action Potentials in the axon sum spatially and temporally

1. A single EPSP is enough to generate an AP

1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors utilize secondary active transport

1. mEPPs occur when smaller amounts of ACh are released into the synaptic cleft in the absence of an action potential

1. EPPs are excitatory or inhibitory

1. Acetylcholine reuptake transporters are responsible for transporting acetylcholine back into the pre-synaptic neuron and are the main mechanism for clearing it from the synaptic cleft

1. Each muscle fiber is innervated by multiple neurons

1. A single EPP is large enough to trigger an AP

1. VGSC are directly responsible for triggering muscle contractions

1. The basil lamina is part of the cytoskeletal matrix

1. VGSC are located at the top of the junctional folds

Synaptobrevin – docks and fuses synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane for neurotransmitter release via exocytosis

SNAP-25 – acts as a v-SNARE and docks vesicles for neurotransmitter release

Syntaxin – acts as a v-SNARE and fuses vesicles with the presynaptic membrane

Synaptotagmin – acts as a v-SNARE and senses calcium to trigger vesicle release

Clathrin – acts as a v-SNARE involved in vesicle docking and recycling

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Voltage-gated potassium channels

Voltage-gated calcium channels

Ligand-gated chloride channels

Proton (H⁺) pumps

GDP

cAMP

Ca2+

ATP

GTP

DNA is copied into mRNA during transcription, and mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins during translation.

mRNA is copied into DNA during transcription, and DNA is read by ribosomes to make proteins during translation.

DNA is translated directly into proteins, and RNA only serves as an energy source.

mRNA is made in the cytoplasm during transcription, and proteins are made in the nucleus during translation.

RNA is transcribed into proteins, and those proteins are translated into DNA.

Proteins are made in the mitochondria, regulated by lysosomes, and transported through endocytosis.

Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes (in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER), regulated by transcription/translation control, and transported via the ER–Golgi pathway or within the cytoplasm.

Proteins are synthesized directly from DNA in the Golgi apparatus, regulated by mRNA splicing, and transported only by vesicles.

Proteins are produced in the smooth ER, regulated by the cytoskeleton, and transported by diffusion only.

Proteins are produced outside the cell, imported by endocytosis, regulated by the plasma membrane, and stored in the nucleus.

To ensure all genes are always active in every cell at the same time

To allow cells to specialize, respond to environmental changes, and conserve energy/resources

To permanently delete unnecessary DNA from the genome

To allow proteins to directly convert into RNA when needed

To prevent transcription and translation from ever happening in differentiated cells

Euchromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, while heterochromatin is loosely packed and transcriptionally active

Euchromatin is loosely packed and transcriptionally active, while heterochromatin is tightly packed and generally transcriptionally inactive.

Both euchromatin and heterochromatin are tightly packed, but only heterochromatin allows transcription.

Euchromatin is found only in prokaryotes, while heterochromatin is found only in eukaryotes

Euchromatin and heterochromatin are both permanently inactive DNA storage regions

Histone acetylation (HATs) tightens chromatin and decreases transcription, while HDACs loosen chromatin and increase transcription

istone acetylation (HATs) loosens chromatin and increases transcription, while HDACs tighten chromatin and decrease transcription.

Both HATs and HDACs permanently activate all genes in the cell

HATs and HDACs are involved in adding/removing methyl groups on DNA, not histones

Histone acetylation and deacetylation have no effect on transcription; they only affect DNA replication

Rough ER is involved in lipid synthesis, smooth ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins

Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Both rough and smooth ER have ribosomes and primarily synthesize DN

Smooth ER packages proteins into vesicles, rough ER detoxifies chemicals.

Rough ER is found only in prokaryotes, smooth ER only in eukaryotes.

Synthesizes all cellular proteins

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Generates ATP for energy

Breaks down cellular waste via enzymes

Maintains cytoskeleton structure

DNA replication

Protein synthesis

Lipid metabolism

Packaging proteins for secretion

Maintaining cell shape

Cytoplasm = everything inside the cell including organelles; Cytosol = the fluid portion without organelles

Cytoplasm = only organelles; Cytosol = DNA + RNA

Cytoplasm = fluid only; Cytosol = entire cell interior

Cytoplasm and Cytosol are exactly the same

Cytoplasm = nucleus; Cytosol = mitochondria

ATP production

Transporting and sorting endocytosed material within the cell

Synthesizing proteins

Breaking down waste material

Maintaining cytoskeletal structure

Protein synthesis sites

Digestive organelles that break down macromolecules and cellular waste using hydrolytic enzymes

Lipid storage vesicles

Ribosome assembly centers

Structures that package proteins for secretion

Maintaining cell shape, providing mechanical support, and enabling intracellular transport and movement

Synthesizing proteins

Packaging and modifying proteins

Generating ATP

Storing calcium

Endocytosis releases materials from the cell, while exocytosis brings materials into the cell

Endocytosis brings materials into the cell via vesicles, while exocytosis releases materials from the cell via vesicles

Both endocytosis and exocytosis only move ions, not macromolecules

Exocytosis occurs only in neurons, while endocytosis occurs only in immune cells

Endocytosis is passive, while exocytosis is an active process

DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase

mRNA is read by ribosomes to make proteins

Proteins are transported into the ER

DNA is replicated before cell division

Amino acids are linked to tRNA

DNA is transcribed into RNA

Ribosomes read mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein

Proteins are folded in the ER

mRNA is transported out of the nucleus

tRNA is synthesized

The synthesis of mRNA from DNA

The movement of proteins to their correct cellular location, such as into the ER, mitochondria, or secretory pathway

Translation of DNA into RNA

Degradation of misfolded proteins

Splicing of introns from pre-mRNA

Exons are non-coding regions that are removed during RNA processing, while introns are coding regions kept in mRNA.

Introns are coding regions that are translated into protein, while exons are non-coding regions removed from pre-mRNA.

Exons are coding regions kept in the mRNA and translated into protein, while introns are non-coding regions removed during RNA processing.

Both introns and exons are coding regions and remain in the final mRNA.

Introns are only found in prokaryotes, while exons are only found in eukaryotes.

Endocrine – signaling molecules are released into the bloodstream to affect distant cells; Autocrine – signals act on the same cell that secreted them; Paracrine – signals affect nearby neighboring cells; Juxtacrine – signals require direct contact between cells.

Endocrine – signals affect nearby cells only; Autocrine – signals affect distant cells; Paracrine – signals act on the same cell; Juxtacrine – signals are secreted into the bloodstream.

Endocrine – signals act only on the same cell; Autocrine – signals act on neighboring cells; Paracrine – signals act on distant cells; Juxtacrine – signals are free-floating in extracellular fluid.

Endocrine – requires direct cell contact; Autocrine – acts on distant cells; Paracrine – signals are released into the bloodstream; Juxtacrine – signals act on the same cell.

Endocrine – signals degrade immediately; Autocrine – signals travel long distances; Paracrine – signals are only hormones; Juxtacrine – signals are neurotransmitters only.

Dynein moves cargo anterograde toward the axon terminal (+ end), Kinesin moves cargo retrograde toward the soma (− end).

Both Dynein and Kinesin move cargo only toward the soma (− end).

Both Dynein and Kinesin move cargo only toward the axon terminal (+ end).

Dynein moves cargo retrograde toward the soma (− end), Kinesin moves cargo anterograde toward the axon terminal (+ end)

Dynein moves cargo randomly, Kinesin moves cargo in a circular pattern along microtubules

1. Nothing – growth is linear based on concentration

2. The type of ion/neurotransmitter being transported

4. The thickness of the membrane

1. The number of ion/neurotransmitter channels

translation - transcription - translocation - rough ER - golgi - endocytosis

transcription - translation -translocation - rough ER - golgi - exocytosis

transcription - translocation - translation - rough ER - golgi - endocytosis

translation - transcription - translocation - smooth ER - golgi - exocytosis

True

False

A molecule that tags proteins for degradation (lysis)

An enzyme that synthesizes ribosomal RNA (translation)

A complex that directs proteins to the ER (translocation)

A protein that helps open mRNA for transcription

A protein that transports mRNA to ribosomes

A protein that 'pinches off' vesicles during assembly to close them/ release them into the cytoplasm

A type of motor protein that moves vesicles from the soma to axons

A coat protein onvolced in vesicle formation and transport (tells the vesicle where to go)

nucleus

smooth ER

rough ER

cytoplasm

golgi apparatus

Intron1 Intron2 vs Intron1 Intron3

Exon1Exon2

Intron1 Intron2 Intron 3 vs Exon1 Exon2 Exon3 Exon4

Exon1 Exon2 Exon3 Exon4 Exon5 vs Exon1 Exon2 Exon3 Exon4 Exon5

Exon2 Exon4 vs Exon1 Exon3 Exon5

Astrocytes

Microglia

Schwann Cells

Oligodendrocytes

Satellite cells

True

False

Molecules that break down and rebuild microtubules

Proteins that help the cell undergo exocytosis (a type of molecular motor)

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that help with autocrine signaling

Environment sensing protein that helps anchor cells to the ECM

ions

water

glucose

oxygen

neurotransmitters

channels

pores

carriers

microfilament > neurofilament > mictrotubule

microtubule > microfilament > neurofilament

neurofilament > microfilament > microtubule

microtubule > neurofilament > microfilament

False

True

linear

logarithmic

True

False

ion pore

size of the ion channel

charge of the ion channel

selectivity filter

a pore that allows water but not ions through

a structure that determines which ions pass

to detect membrane voltage fluctuations

a region that blocks ions using cellular energy

inactive = refractory

resting = plugged

open = active

resting = closed

potassium

sodium

calcium

K+

Ca 2+

Cl-

Na+

a strong stimulus will produce more depolarization within an AP

graded potentials do not decay over time

a single EPP is enough to generate an action potential

a single EPSP can trigger aan AP in a post-synaptic cell

a stimulus potential is a type of graded potential generated by a stimulus

generates an EPSP because it allows anions to enter the neuron

generates an IPSP because it allows cations to enter the neuron

Generates a graded potential because it allows for cations to enter the neuron

generates an IPSP because it allows anions to enter the neuron

generates an action potential because it allows cations to enter the neuron

histamine

neuropeptides

noradrenaline

cadherin

seratonin

exocytosis

degradation via enzymes

reuptake by transporters

endocytosis

synaptobrevin

complexin

SNAP-25

synaptotagmin

syntaxin

grays type II

axoaxonic

grays type I

axosomatic

dendritic shaft (axodendritic)

axosomatic

axodendritic

axoaxonic

metabotropic receptors

ionotropic receptors

NMDA receptors allow calcium into the cell

NMDA receptors have a magnesium block

AMPA receptors have a magnesium block

AMPA receptors allow calcium into the cell

AMPA are ionotropic and NMDA are metabotropic

VGSC

both nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and VGCC

VGCC

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Forming a protein coat on vesicles

Scission of vesicles from the plasma membrane

Vesicle fusion with the Golgi

Cargo selection for vesicles

Spatial summation occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons fire simultaneously, while temporal summation occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires repeatedly over time.

Temporal summation occurs from multiple neurons firing at the same time, while spatial summation is from one neuron firing repeatedly.

Spatial summation always produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, while temporal summation always produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Temporal summation requires summation of graded potentials from different synapses on different neurons, while spatial summation requires only one synapse.

The activation zone is where graded potentials are generated, while the trigger zone is where an action potential is initiated.

The trigger zone is located on the dendrites, while the activation zone is at the axon hillock.

Both zones are sites where action potentials are propagated along the axon.

The activation zone integrates incoming signals, while the trigger zone generates neurotransmitters

The trigger zone can generate graded potentials, while the activation zone only generates action potentials

VGLUT moves ions across the membrane, SLC transporters pump protons, and V-ATPase packages glutamate into vesicle

SLC transporters and VGLUT both pump protons to generate a gradient, while V-ATPase moves neurotransmitters

VGLUT packages glutamate into vesicles, SLC transporters move specific neurotransmitters or ions across membranes, and V-ATPase pumps protons to create a proton gradient

All three function identically to move calcium into vesicles

V-SNAREs are located on the vesicle membrane, while T-SNAREs are located on the target membrane

T-SNAREs are located on vesicles, while V-SNAREs are on the plasma membrane

Both V-SNAREs and T-SNAREs hydrolyze ATP to drive vesicle fusio

V-SNAREs detect calcium, while T-SNAREs form the vesicle coat

They are all-or-none events that propagate along the axon

Their amplitude depends on the strength of the stimulus

They always trigger neurotransmitter release

They occur only at the axon hillock

It is a temporary depolarization caused by synaptic input

It is the stable membrane potential of a neuron at rest, typically around -70 m

It is generated by action potentials propagating along the dendrite

It only occurs during excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Action potentials vary in amplitude with stimulus strength

Graded potentials are all-or-none, while action potentials are not

Action potentials propagate without decrement along the axon, while graded potentials decay with distance

Both are always inhibitory signals

It forms the vesicle fusion machinery for neurotransmitter release.

It regenerates action potentials by exposing voltage-gated Na⁺ channels.

It passively conducts graded potentials along the axon without regeneration.

It stores calcium ions for synaptic transmission

Continuous propagation of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon.

Action potentials jumping from node to node along a myelinated axon.

Passive diffusion of ions across the axon membrane.

The slowing of action potentials in myelinated axons.

Delta fibers

C fibers

Alpha fibers

beta fibers

delta fibers

beta fibers

c fibers

alpha fibers

alpha fibers

beta fibers

delta fibers

c fibers

c fibers

delta fibers

alpha fibers

beta fibers

C > Delta > Beta > Alpha

Alpha > Beta > Delta > C

Delta > Alpha > C > Beta

Beta > Alpha > Delta > C

EPSPs occur at CNS synapses; EPPs occur at the NMJ; MEPPs are miniature, spontaneous EPPs

EPPs are always inhibitory, while EPSPs are excitatory

MEPPs are graded potentials in glial cells

EPSPs, EPPs, and MEPPs are all identical and indistinguishable

nAChRs are ligand-gated cation channels; VGSCs are voltage-gated Na⁺ channels; VGCCs are voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel

VGCCs detect acetylcholine, VGSCs detect GABA, nAChRs detect calcium.

All three channels are metabotropic GPCRs

VGSCs mediate synaptic vesicle release directly

Glycine

Glutamate

GABA

Serotonin

dopamine

GABA

histamine

acetylcholine

Glycine

Glutamate

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

acetylcholine

endorphins

histamine

serotonin

edorphins

dopamine

glutamate

GABA

Synaptic integration is the summing of inputs (EPSPs/IPSPs) to decide firing, while synaptic modulation alters synaptic strength or efficiency

Integration always inhibits signals, modulation always excites

Integration occurs at axon terminals, modulation only at dendrites

Modulation is all-or-none, while integration is graded

AMPA

NMDA

mGluR

5-HT

AMPA

NMDA

mGluR

All are ionotropic

Fast EPSPs use ionotropic receptors (like AMPA), slow EPSPs use metabotropic receptors (like mGluR)

Slow EPSPs always involve Na⁺ influx, while fast EPSPs always involve K⁺ efflux.

Both are mediated by GPCRs

Fast EPSPs are inhibitory, slow EPSPs are excitator

Excitatory synapses depolarize, inhibitory hyperpolarize, modulatory alter signal strength via metabotropic pathways

Inhibitory synapses always use glutamate

Excitatory synapses only occur in the spinal cord

Modulatory synapses cannot change excitability

Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (fast), metabotropic use GPCRs/second messengers (slow)

Ionotropic receptors are always slower than metabotropic

Both are GPCRs

Metabotropic receptors never alter excitability

GPCRs use G-proteins and second messengers, RTKs (like Trk) dimerize and autophosphorylate, TLRs detect pathogens and activate immune responses

GPCRs are always ion channels, RTKs are GTPases, TLRs mediate synaptic transmission

Trk/RTK and TLRs are only found in muscle

GPCRs directly phosphorylate tyrosine residues

Alpha subunits form pores, beta-gamma subunits bind neurotransmitters

Both only regulate calcium channels

Alpha subunits bind GTP/GDP and regulate enzymes, while beta-gamma subunits can regulate ion channels and signaling pathways

Beta-gamma subunits hydrolyze GTP directly

GRKs phosphorylate activated GPCRs, arrestins bind phosphorylated GPCRs to desensitize them

Arrestins phosphorylate GPCRs, GRKs block receptor signaling

Both activate G-protein signaling

Neither plays a role in receptor desensitization

Flick's Law explains simple diffusion rates

The rate of simple diffusion will increase linear with the amount of solute/chemical to be diffused

The rate of facilitated diffusion will increase linear with the amount of solute/chemical to be diffused

if there is very little solute/chemical to be diffused then, during facilitated diffusion the rate will move almost linearly

the micahelis-mendelson equation explains simple diffusion rates

RTK are cell surface rceptors

The only effective way to modulate a synapse is to alter its EPSPs

Kinases remove phosphates

All metabotropic receptors are GPCRs

GPCRs use MAPK while RTKs use PKA

NTs often bind to both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

All NTs can be locally synthesized

Glutamate receptors are predominantly located in dendritic shafts

Synaptic vesicle fusion with the cell membrane is the 'slow' step that keeps chemical synapses from moving faster

At the axon intiial segmetn the treshold for generating an AP is around -35mV

these are proteins that are embedded into the cell membrane to aid in cell recognition and adhesion (part of the extracellular matrix)

these are secondary messengers involved in mediating signaling cascaded

these are involved in helping proteins to properly become folded within the ER and Golgi apparatus

these are involved in retrograde transport

calmodulin

selectin

cadherin

integrin

immunoglobin