The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is best described as:

According to Hubble’s Law, galaxies that are farther away from Earth:

Which instrument is used to measure redshift in galaxy light?

A blueshift in a star’s spectral lines indicates the star is:

Which combination of evidence supports the Big Bang Theory?

On the H–R diagram, main sequence stars show that as temperature increases, luminosity:

A star’s color indicates its:

Which statement about blue main sequence stars is accurate?

Red giants are typically:

Which property most strongly determines a star’s lifespan?

The Sun’s most likely life cycle is:

In stellar cores, nuclear fusion primarily:

Why does fusion stop at iron in massive stars?

Elements heavier than iron (e.g., gold, uranium) are mostly formed during:

What is the best evidence that stars contain specific elements?

The Doppler effect applied to starlight allows astronomers to determine a star’s:

Which statement about absorption spectra is correct?

An emission spectrum is produced when:

Which wavelength band is mostly blocked by Earth’s atmosphere and requires space telescopes?

X-ray astronomy is usually conducted from space because:

A star shows hydrogen and calcium absorption lines shifted to longer wavelengths. What can be concluded?

Which tool directly separates starlight into its component wavelengths?

A larger redshift in a galaxy’s spectrum generally implies:

Which observation best indicates a galaxy is twice as far as another (Hubble’s Law)?

Energy from the Sun reaches Earth primarily as:

Which statement about spectral “fingerprints” is true?

Which process explains energy release during hydrogen fusion?

Which sequence correctly shows nucleosynthesis in massive stars before core collapse?

After a supernova, the compact remnant could be:

Why are heavy elements found in rocky planets like Earth?

Which statement about the EM spectrum is correct?

A star’s peak emission shifts toward shorter wavelengths. What does this indicate?

Compared to the Sun, Barnard’s Star most likely has:

During the red giant phase of a Sun-like star, luminosity increases mainly because:

Which H–R placement is most accurate for a white dwarf?

Which observation confirms a star’s chemical composition?

Two stars have identical temperatures, but Star X is 16× more luminous. What can you infer?

What type of electromagnetic wave has a higher frequency than visible light and a larger wavelength than x-rays

Indicate the electromagnetic waves that are longer than Visible light.

What type of wave has the largest wavelength and the lowest frequency on the electromagnetic spectrum?

In the visible light waves what color has the highest frequency electromagnetic waves?

As the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave gets LONGER, the frequency gets ____________.

Which wavelengths of the EM spectrum are dangerous to life?

A scientist has a sample of an unknown gas. In order to identify it, they shine a continuous spectrum of white light through the gas and observes which wavelengths of light are absorbed by it. This is shown in the figure, as well as the absorption spectra of five pure, gaseous elements. Which of the five elements is the unknown gas?

A scientist has a sample of an unknown gas. In order to identify the gas, they look at the spectrum of visible light emitted from it when it is heated. This is shown in the figure. Also shown in the figure are the emission spectra of five pure, gaseous elements. Which of the five elements is the unknown gas?

A scientist has a sample of an unknown gas. In order to identify the gas, they look at the spectrum of visible light emitted from it when it is heated. This is shown in the figure. Also shown in the figure are the emission spectra of three pure, gaseous elements. Which of the three elements is the unknown gas?

An astronomer looks at the spectrum of light from a distant star. Between Earth and the star is a large cloud of dust and gas. The star emits continuous-spectrum white light, but some of the light is absorbed by the cloud. The figure shows the spectrum of light that the astronomer observes as well as the absorption spectra of several pure elements. Which of the five elements shown does the interstellar cloud contain?

An astronomer looks at the spectrum of light from a distant star. The spectrum they see is shown in the figure. They compare the emission lines within the spectrum to the emission lines in the spectra of pure elements, which are also shown in the figure, in order to identify which elements are present in the outer layers of the star. State all of the elements that are present in the outer layers of the star.

Which class of star has the highest temperature?

The absorption lines in the spectrum for Galaxy A are shifted toward the _____ end of the spectrum when compared to the lines for the Milky Way.

The absorption lines in the spectrum for Galaxy B are shifted toward the _____ end of the spectrum when compared to the lines for the Milky Way.

The absorption spectrum of a star is shown at the top of the image. When compared with the spectra of the pure gases below, which elements are present in the star?

Define nuclear fusion.

When hydrogen is "fused" together on the Sun, what new element is created?

Nuclear fusion is the reaction that generates energy in stars.

Why does nuclear fusion require high pressures and temperatures?

Solar flares

What protects Earth from solar winds?