Mackenzie is preparing for an important exam and starts to reflect on the strategies she uses to understand and remember information. Which term refers to thinking about how to think?

Harper is helping her younger sibling learn to read. She notices that her sibling struggles with recognizing and manipulating the sounds in words. A skill that is especially related to learning to read well in middle childhood is ______.

Gricelda came to the United States from Puerto Rico. She speaks very little English and is in a special class that teaches her in both English and Spanish. Gricelda is in which type of educational program?

Isla keeps a journal where she regularly writes about her thoughts, feelings, and motivations to better understand herself. According to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, which type of intelligence is Isla demonstrating?

Grace is studying for her psychology exam and comes across Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence. She learns that the theory involves contextual, experiential, and ________ intelligence. What is the missing type of intelligence?

Julia is taking a test at school that measures how well she has learned the material covered in her classes. What type of test is this?

Joy is a third-grade student who consistently struggles with reading assignments, even though her teachers note that she has typical intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps. Based on this situation, what condition might Joy be categorized as having?

Owen is a child in his elementary school class. His teacher notices that Owen is often more physically active and less attentive than his classmates, which leads to academic and behavioral challenges for him. Based on these observations, Owen may be classified as having which disorder?

Scarlett is in middle childhood, and her parents are curious about which developmental tasks are most important for her at this age. Which summary accurately reflects Sigmund Freud’s view of the primary tasks of development during middle childhood?

Jasmine is 10 years old and is working hard to do well in school, make friends, and meet the expectations of her parents and teachers. According to Erik Erikson, the challenge Jasmine is facing at this stage is called ________.

Rudolf is struggling with his math and reading skills but excels at soccer. What would Erik Erikson have said about Rudolf’s sense of competence?

Aria's parents have noticed that her personality traits, such as her tendency to be outgoing and her ability to handle frustration, have remained consistent as she has grown older. According to trait theorists, what does this suggest about the nature of temperament in middle childhood?

Mason notices that he tends to act differently when he is around his friends compared to when he is alone. According to Albert Bandura’s model of personality development, which factor is influencing Mason's behavior?

Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby’s self-esteem?

Children who are older than 8 years, compared to children who are younger, know that ______ are important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.

During a game of tag, Ben insists that the rules cannot be changed because they were set by the teacher and must be followed exactly. According to Jean Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, Ben is demonstrating moral development at which stage?

Ruth's parents notice that as she grows older, they do not need to discipline her as often because she is more capable of which ability?

Ava is a parent who is helping her child develop self-regulation skills. She wonders which parenting variable might influence her child’s ability to self-regulate. Which factor is a parenting variable related to children’s development of the capacity for self-regulation?

Grace and Jackson have been raising their child with a consistent parenting style since the toddler years. Longitudinal research has demonstrated that school-age children whose parents have been consistently _______ are the most socially competent.

Hannah and Anika have been friends since early childhood. As they grow older, what becomes the key element of their friendship in the later years of middle childhood?

Kai, Rohan, and Avery are all in elementary school and are choosing new friends to play with during recess. Which factor is most important in their selection of friends among 6- to 12-year-olds?

Noah and his friends are playing together during recess. Which statement is an example of speech used by middle childhood boys in their friendships?

Lily has noticed that she often feels left out and is sometimes picked on by her classmates. Which characteristic is common among victims of bullying like Lily?

Imagine a group of children in middle childhood at a local community center. Compared to the others, which child would be least likely to be rejected or neglected by peers?

In a classroom, Oliver is often overlooked by his classmates and does not receive much attention, unlike some children who are either very popular or often rejected. Which characteristic is Oliver more likely to experience compared to the popular or rejected children?

Elijah is supporting a family with two children in the United States. He doesn’t get paid much and wants to know if his family qualifies as living in poverty according to the government’s definition. Poverty is defined as having an income less than which of the following levels for a family with two children?

Hannah is a child who has started to struggle in school and with her emotions after her family began experiencing financial difficulties. Which developmentalist term describes children like Hannah who develop problems as a result of living in poverty?

In Albert Bandura’s classic research investigating observational learning, the term "Bobo" refers to ________.

Maya is learning to write her name by holding a pencil and drawing letters on paper. Which type of skill is she using?

Dr. Rabinowitz is giving 5-year-old Teesa a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Rabinowitz asks Teesa to jump up and down and hop on one leg, what is she testing?

During the preschool years, parents can expect their children to grow about how many inches in height each year?

Henry is curious about why people sometimes say the left side of the brain is better at language and the right side is better at recognizing faces. He learns that the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex each take on different specialized functions. Which term describes this process?

The fact that handedness appears very early in life - in fact, often before birth - is compelling evidence for which conclusion?

Sophia is having trouble getting her young child to fall asleep at night. She asks her pediatrician for advice on helping her child develop effective bedtime practices. Which suggestion is often offered by pediatricians in this situation?

Luna is studying child health trends in the United States for her school project. She wants to know what the major cause of death is among preschool and school-age children in the country. What should she report?

According to Jean Piaget, at about age 2, children begin to use which attribute in their thinking?

At his birthday party, Lars, age 3, opens one of the gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Lars frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Lars is demonstrating _________

Ingo holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush were a microphone. This is an example of what type of play?

All of the children on Spurflower Drive have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials cast off from a nearby construction site. This is an example of:

At a birthday party, several children are playing together. At about what age would children like Rohan, Arjun, or Ava begin to prefer playing games that have specific rules everyone must follow, rather than just making up the play as they go?

Zuzanna is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter Frannie how to count. She places ten pennies in one row with very little space between the pennies, and eight pennies in another row with more space between the pennies. Then Zuzanna asks Frannie which row has more pennies. Frannie chooses the second row, even though she knows that ten is more than eight. What is Frannie’s response an example of?

Lucas, age 3, is playing with his friend at the playground. When his friend drops his ice cream and starts to cry, Lucas goes over and tries to comfort him. Psychologists would say that Lucas has developed _________.

Kai is working on a math problem and pauses to consider whether the strategy he is using is effective. Which term refers to Kai’s ability to think about or evaluate the quality of his thinking?

Zoe is studying for her exams and often thinks about how well she remembers certain topics and what strategies help her recall information better. What is the term that describes the ability to control and reflect on one’s own memory functions?

Abigail is learning how to solve puzzles by working together with her older sister, who guides her through each step and helps her think through the challenges. Which developmental psychologist argued that cognitive development is a result of social interactions like this, in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

Mia has learned how to make words plural in English by adding "-s" at the end. One day, she says "foots" instead of "feet" because she thinks the rule applies to all words. What is Mia doing?

Marie is able to recognize the unique sound patterns in the words spoken by her family, which helps her understand and learn her native language more easily. What term describes this ability?

Jackson is a researcher studying intelligence. He analyzes the IQ scores of adopted twins and finds that identical twins are more like one another in intelligence than fraternal twins are. He also discovers that the IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest:

Marjoe’s teacher is showing him how to use a pair of children’s scissors, because he is only 5 years old. Marjoe wants to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance, and says to his teacher, “Let me.” Erik Erikson might have said that Marjoe is demonstrating which stage of psychosocial development?

Aria notices that some of her classmates are always helpful and friendly, while others are often unkind. She starts to think of them as “people who are nice” and “people who are mean.” What ability is Aria demonstrating?

Michael is walking into a building and sees someone right behind him. Which action would be an example of a social convention?

Geoff, age 5, is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Geoff responds, “I can run fast” and “I like to eat pizza.” Geoff’s responses illustrate his _________

Priya feels sad after losing her favorite toy, but she takes a few deep breaths and thinks about something happy to cheer herself up. Which term describes Priya’s ability to do this?

Emma has started to notice differences between herself and others, and she is also becoming more aware of her own feelings. As her understanding of these aspects matures, which new component of self-concept is likely to develop?

After Samuel accidentally broke a vase at a friend's house, he felt guilt. When Ava was praised for helping someone in need, she felt pride. These feelings are all examples of _________ emotions.

Jeanne and Ada are playing school. Jeanne is pretending to be the teacher, and Ada is pretending to be the student. Ada is well-behaved as a “student” and answers questions appropriately when Jeanne asks them. Ada’s behavior is an example of which behavior?

Erika is studying how society and psychology relate to the roles and expectations associated with being male or female. Which concept is she exploring?

Olivia notices that when she plays with dolls, adults praise her, but when Jackson plays with trucks, he also receives positive attention. The _________ perspective proposes that children acquire gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways.

Amy, age 5, is getting dressed to go to preschool, and her mother has bought her new jeans to wear. However, Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses. This may be an application of Amy’s _________.

At about age 4, David begins to interact more with children at preschool and neighbors. At this age, David's internal model of attachment appears to _________.

Beth's parents consistently set high maturity demands for her at home, expecting her to act responsibly and make thoughtful decisions. Based on this parenting style, which personality trait is Beth most likely to exhibit?

Amber lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Amber goes to school wearing dirty clothes and having had no breakfast. Which parenting style do Amber’s caregivers likely have?

Meghan's parents often use spanking as a form of discipline when she misbehaves. Which outcome for Meghan is a negative consequence of this approach?

Charlotte is researching family structures in the United States for her school project. She wants to know, as of the year 2020, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes. What percentage should she report?

Joe is raised in a Native American community where parenting is seen as the responsibility of her entire family, including his grandparents, aunts, and uncles. Which term do sociologists use for this tradition?

After Andrea's parents divorced, which changes might one expect to see in her during the first few years?

Mick borrowed a crayon from Keith. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In which type of play are the boys engaging?

David and Arjun are discussing how to encourage children to help others and show kindness. Which parental behavior is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in children?

Scarlett is in middle childhood and is excited to try new activities at school, like joining the art club and learning to play the piano. What is the most significant physical development during this stage that enables her to develop these new skills and pursue these activities?

Lilly is now able to focus on her teacher's instructions in class, even when there are other distractions around her. Which improvement in cognitive function does this demonstrate as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood?

Which factor poses the most significant health risks among school-aged children?

Aiden is researching causes of traumatic brain injury for a school project. He discovers that bicycle accidents account for about ____ of all cases of traumatic brain injury. What percentage did Aiden find?

Lourdes has been diagnosed with asthma. Her parents are concerned and ask the pediatrician to help them discover what would trigger their daughter’s asthma attacks. What would the physician tell them regarding asthma triggers?

Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be attributed to what?

Which Piagetian term refers to the period of cognitive development that occurs between ages 6 and 12, and is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic?

Gianna, age 7, is working with clay in art class, and she rolls a round ball of clay between her hands until it becomes a long rope. However, she decides that she would prefer that the clay be in the shape of a ball again. Gianna knows that this is possible. Jean Piaget would say that Gianna is demonstrating knowledge of _________

A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, by necessity, also understand which other concept?

Aubrey is learning to solve puzzles. Over the years, researchers observe that as she grows older, her thinking and response time _________, supporting the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development.

Jessica is learning about different types of conservation in her science class. She understands that water poured from one glass to another still has the same amount, and she knows that a ball of clay has the same mass even if it's flattened. She can also tell that a piece of paper covers the same area, even if it's cut into different shapes. However, which form of conservation will Jessica develop last compared to the others?