WorksheetsBiology SOL Review
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Which statement best describes how a virus replicates?
A virus divides into two identical virus particles before infecting the host cell.
A virus enters a host cell and uses the materials from the host cell to produce new virus particles.
Multiple virus particles fuse and form a large particle that breaks apart, releasing new virus particles.
Multiple virus particles break down in component parts, which then reassemble into new copies of the virus.
In a Central Texas grassland, the producers incorporate 12,000 kJ of energy from the sun into their tissues. About how much energy would be incorporated into the tissues of herbivores?
12,000 kJ
1,200 kJ
10,800 kJ
1,080 kJ
When a stem cell divides, it produces two daughter cells. One daughter cell will remain a stem cell, while the other daughter cell will differentiate into a specialized cell. Which factor will most directly determine what type of specialized cell will be produced?
The size of the cell
The length of the cell cycle
The number of chromosomes that are replicated
The genes that are expressed
Scientists determined the total mass of DNA from a sample of animal cells. The masses of equal numbers of cells were taken during three different stages of the cell cycle. Stage I contains cells massed during G1 of the cell cycle. Refer to the graph 'Mass of DNA During the Cell Cycle'. Which statement best describes the cells during Stage II?
The cells have replicated their DNA, but have not completed mitosis and cytokinesis.
The cells have completed mitosis and cytokinesis without replicating their DNA.
The cells have replicated their DNA and completed mitosis and cytokinesis.
The cells have temporarily exited the cell cycle without replicating their DNA.
A freshwater plant has an internal concentration of 1.2 g/ml of salt. It is placed in a salt marsh that has a concentration of 12 g/ml of salt. Which statement BEST predicts the direction water will move across the plant cell wall and the effect of that movement on the plant?
Water would move out of the plant's cells, causing the plant to wilt.
Water would move into the plant's cells, causing the plant to wilt.
Water would move out of the plant's cells, causing the plant to swell.
Water would move into the plant's cells, causing the plant to swell.
Choose the correct statement about sexual and asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction requires more energy since one organism needs to replicate its genetic material.
Sexual reproduction requires more energy since a mate must be found and gametes must be made.
Asexual reproduction is better for the population since genetic variety is caused by harmful mutations.
Sexual reproduction is better for the population since it requires less energy to replicate genetic material.
After fertilization, an embryo develops into a zygote through many cell divisions. If the sperm and egg each contain 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are contained within the zygote?
16
8
12
24
The organelle indicated in the diagram contains a pigment responsible for capturing sunlight needed for which process?
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration
nutrient absorption
cellular transport
Which equation correctly shows the process of cellular respiration?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s)
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
Light energy + 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 (glucose)
Students modeled the changes in cells during mitosis, using paper plates, flat wooden sticks, cotton swabs, and construction paper. Which statement correctly uses the model to explain how mitosis maintains genetic continuity?
The chromosomes in cell 1 are the same as in cells 6 and 7.
Crossing-over occurs in cell 4, which increases the genetic diversity in cells 6 and 7.
When the nuclear membrane reforms in cell 5, each nucleus becomes diploid in number.
The independent assortment that is represented in cell 2 ensures that cell 3 has the correct number of chromosomes.
Using the information given, which TWO arguments support the claim that the growth and stability of the phytoplankton populations were affected by the viruses?
As the phytoplankton population reached capacity, the number of viruses began to increase because the phytoplankton were the hosts to the viruses and replicated the viruses' genome.
The phytoplankton population was affected by the viruses because the viruses were competitors for the food sources in the environment.
The phytoplankton population was unable to absorb the light necessary for growth because the viruses covered the surface of the water.
The phytoplankton population decreased as the number of viruses increased because the cells of the phytoplankton were destroyed as the viruses used them to increase the number of viruses in the environment.
As the phytoplankton population increased, the number of viruses began to increase because the phytoplankton were consumed by the viruses.
Hemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cells of vertebrates and in the plasma of many invertebrates. The function of this protein is to transport oxygen throughout the body and to bring carbon dioxide back to be expelled from the organism. If the amino acid sequence of the protein is altered, the mutated protein is not as efficient at carrying oxygen as is the normal hemoglobin. Which argument is supported by this information?
The mutated hemoglobin protein can still carry carbon dioxide to be expelled from the organism.
Hemoglobin must be a simple molecule because it is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Structural changes of hemoglobin affect its ability to carry oxygen, indicating that the shape of a protein is important to its function.
Normal hemoglobin must be a larger molecule than the mutated hemoglobin since it has sufficient space to attach to and carry both oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules.
Bromothymol blue (BTB) is a pH indicator that is also used to detect carbon dioxide (CO2). BTB is blue when pH is basic and CO2 is low. BTB is yellow when pH is acidic and CO2 is high. BTB is green when pH is neutral. A group of students are planning to perform an investigation in which they will place either a stalk of the aquatic plant elodea or a snail in a test tube that contains water with a neutral pH of 7 and BTB. The students will also include a test tube that contains elodea and a snail. Observing color change once the tubes have been placed under a growth light for several hours will allow the students to answer which TWO of the following questions?
Do snails respire faster when placed in a tube with elodea?
Do snails use the CO2 produced by elodea to produce oxygen?
Do both elodea and snails require oxygen to survive?
Does photosynthesis performed by elodea remove CO2 from the water?
Does elodea produce oxygen during photosynthesis?
Ruby-throated hummingbirds are found throughout eastern North America. They are omnivores, feeding on nectar, pollen, tree sap, insects, and spiders. They get all the water they need from nectar. Most nests are in forested areas, citrus groves, marshes, and scrubland. The hummingbirds breed in the spring and the summer, and females raise one to three broods per breeding season. Most of the hummingbirds migrate to Mexico or Central America for the winter. Many fly nonstop for 20 hours to cross the Gulf of Mexico. However, increasing numbers of the hummingbirds have begun to winter north of the gulf. Researchers have documented that the hummingbirds’ winter range has expanded northward by about 300 kilometers in recent years.
Finding suitable nesting materials and sites is the most important task the hummingbirds must accomplish because they must produce offspring.
Finding a sufficient supply of flowering plants, flowering trees, and insects is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need food to survive.
Finding bodies of water is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need to supplement the supply of nectar if it is inadequate to provide all the calories the hummingbirds need to survive.
Finding mates to allow the hummingbirds to lay fertile eggs and have two parents to feed the new hatchlings is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need to ensure there is a new generation of hummingbirds in the region.
Students studied Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment. They created a Punnett square to show a cross between a homozygous furred mouse (FF) and a homozygous furless mouse (ff). The students then created a second Punnett square for a cross between two heterozygous F1 mice.
Can furred mice produce furless mice?
How many mice will be produced in the F1 generation?
Will fewer furless mice survive to adulthood than furred mice?
Are furred mice the best organism to use for this investigation?
Which description explains the role of the tRNA in the process shown in this model?
The tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome so that they can be added to the developing peptide.
The tRNA recognizes the stop codon of a developing peptide so that no new amino acids are added.
The tRNA signals the release of the peptide from the ribosome once all of the amino acids have been added.
The tRNA scans the developing peptide to make sure that the sequence of the amino acids matches the mRNA.
Snapdragons show a pattern of incomplete dominance. Crossing a red snapdragon with a blue snapdragon. 100% of the offspring will be __________ (phenotype).
purple
red
blue
white
The movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane is known as __________.
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
plasmolysis
The equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
6O₂ + 6H₂O → 6CO₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
6CO₂ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + C₆H₁₂O₆
Cellular respiration occurs in which part of the cell?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Cell membrane
A male and female have a child that has three copies of chromosome 18. Although both parents are unaffected, their doctor claims that the disorder associated with having an extra chromosome 18 is the result of a chromosomal mutation in cells that carry inherited material.
A mutation occurred when crossing over caused chromosome 18 to be replicated twice during meiosis, allowing one parent to donate two copies of chromosome 18 to the child.
A nondisjunction mutation was caused by the improper separation of the genetic material during meiosis, allowing the gamete of one parent to donate two copies of chromosome 18 to the child.
A substitution mutation during replication allowed the genetic material of chromosome 18 to replace the genetic material of a nearby chromosome, causing the child to have three copies of chromosome 18.
An insertion mutation during replication allowed the genetic material of chromosome 18 to be inserted into the genetic material of another chromosome, causing three copies of chromosome 18 to be made.
Which type of movement across a cell’s plasma membrane requires energy supplied by ATP?
passive transport
simple diffusion
active transport
osmosis
What components make up the backbone of a DNA molecule?
Purines and deoxyribose
Pyrimidines and purines
Deoxyribose and phosphate groups
Phosphate groups and pyrimidines
Why are scientists warning that exclusively growing this mutant type by asexual reproduction presents a serious disadvantage?
The loss of an adequate Cavendish banana seed supply could result in extinction of this variety.
The changes in characteristics from a parent plant to a clone will produce inconsistent plants that are less healthy.
The lack of genetic variability among clones puts the whole species at increased risk of extinction through a catastrophic disease or pest.
The increasing number of homologous sets of chromosomes with each successive generation of clones will eventually result in widespread death of banana plants.
Growers on large banana farms that supply food commercially have chosen to limit their plantings exclusively to Cavendish banana plants. What advantage is likely cited by the growers for continued planting of these asexually produced crops year after year?
Seedless cloned plants are not damaged by disease and pest organisms.
Successive generations of clones produce larger bananas and healthier plants.
The cloned banana plants rapidly adapt to extreme environmental changes due to their limited genetic variation.
The bananas produced maintain consistent characteristics in quality, taste, and appearance from one crop of clones to the next.
The diagram represents a model of how bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, allowing bacteria to survive treatment. Which BEST explains how the indicated step in the model allows bacteria to develop resistance?
Genetic mutations that promote resistance occur.
The bacteria are infected by viruses that confer resistance.
Alleles for antibiotic resistance become dominant over recessive alleles.
A portion of the genetic material is re-replicated, allowing for resistance.
Which of these shows an example of an insertion mutation?
A. S T U V X Y → S T U V X Y
B. S T U V X Y Z → R S T U V X Y Z
C. S T U V X Y Z → R U T S I V X Y Z
D. K L R S T U V X Y Z → K L R S T U V X Y Z
A student is performing an investigation using two solutions. The solution in the dialysis bag has a lower solute concentration in moles per liter (M) than the solution in the beaker. Dialysis Bag (circle one): hypertonic hypotonic isotonic Direction of water movement (circle one): → into the tubing ← out of the tubing Beaker (circle one): hypertonic hypotonic isotonic
Dialysis Bag: hypotonic, Direction of water movement: into the tubing, Beaker: hypertonic
Dialysis Bag: hypertonic, Direction of water movement: out of the tubing, Beaker: hypotonic
Dialysis Bag: isotonic, Direction of water movement: no net movement, Beaker: isotonic
Dialysis Bag: hypertonic, Direction of water movement: into the tubing, Beaker: hypotonic
A cellular process is shown. Which of these is the most likely result of the process shown in the diagram?
Chromosome replication will cease to avoid errors that result in mutations.
Offspring will no longer express traits from previous generations.
Gametes will contain new allele combinations.
Chromatids will have less genetic variety.
A model of transcription and a codon chart are shown. Which amino acid would be coded first from the DNA strand being transcribed?
Cys
Phe
Ile
Met
How do the wings of the Gentoo penguin and the legs of the common ostrich provide an advantage in their habitat?
allows them to find prey
allows them to escape from predators
allows them to control their body temperature
allows them to be camouflaged in their environments
Which graphic organizer best compares the energy inputs and outputs of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
A. Chemical energy → Cellular respiration → Thermal energy → Photosynthesis → Light energy
B. Light energy → Photosynthesis → Chemical energy → Cellular respiration → Chemical energy
C. Chemical energy → Photosynthesis → Thermal energy → Cellular respiration → Chemical energy
D. Light energy → Cellular respiration → Photosynthesis → Thermal energy
Which property is shared by the cells of all living things?
The cells contain DNA composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
The cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and a cell wall made of cellulose.
The cells have chromosomes that are located inside a membrane-bound nucleus.
The cells rely on mitochondria to carry out aerobic cellular respiration.
Which statements best compare the function of an ATP molecule to a DNA molecule?
ATP carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms. DNA serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.
ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell. DNA carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms.
ATP serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. DNA acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants.
ATP acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants. DNA provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.
What is the function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis?
The function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis is to capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.
The function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis is to break down glucose into energy.
The function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis is to transport water throughout the plant.
The function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis is to store genetic information.
A cladogram of five species is shown. Based on the cladogram, the ancestral species most likely had —
a. a vertebral column
b. a vertebral column and hair
c. sharp teeth and retractable claws
d. the ability to purr
Materials are provided to students to build models of a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, and a virus. The materials and the structures they represent are listed in the table shown. Which material will students use in all three models?
Yellow paper oval
Gray paper hexagon
Blue yarn
Purple buttons
Which statement describes the process of osmosis in an animal cell?
Sugar molecules move across the plasma membrane until the cell has enough energy to grow in size and divide.
Water molecules move across the plasma membrane until solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.
Ions move across the plasma membrane until the inside of the cell has a higher concentration of positive charges.
Enzymes move across the plasma membrane until the cell has completed metabolism.
Which statement is an example of how carbon moves through a food chain as part of the carbon cycle?
Producers release carbon dioxide, and consumers take it in.
Producers take in carbon dioxide, and consumers release it.
Producers take in carbon from the soil, and they release it when they decompose.
Producers release carbon into the soil, and consumers take it in from the soil.
A researcher determines an organism to be eukaryotic, unicellular, and autotrophic. In which taxonomic group should this organism be classified?
Bacteria
Protista
Archaea
Animalia
For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must —
be occupied by an inhibitor
increase the activation energy level
have a complementary shape to the substrate
cause the enzyme to be destroyed in the reaction
What amino acid sequence is encoded in the partial DNA segment?
Serine – Threonine – Tyrosine
Serine – Serine – Tyrosine
Serine – Threonine – Methionine
Serine – Alanine – Methionine
When multiple transitional fossils are found in many rock layers, they provide evidence of —
seasonal variation in the diet of a species
gradual change of a species over time
DNA functioning as the genetic material of organisms
an unchanging environment
Students investigate osmosis using dialysis tubing. Dialysis tubing is a semipermeable membrane that allows water molecules to pass through while preventing salt ions from passing through. The students follow this procedure: 1. Mix salt into water to make a 7.1% salt solution. 2. Add equal amounts of this saltwater solution to four small bags made of dialysis tubing. 3. Fill four beakers with different salt solutions, as shown in the image. 4. Place each small bag into one of the four beakers. 5. Observe changes in the size of the bags. The setup for the investigation is shown.
Beaker 1
Beaker 2
Beaker 3
Beaker 4
A student compares two different species of fox as shown in the table. The student wants to explain why the two species are so different even though they have a common ancestor. Which statement BEST explains the differences between the two species?
Different environments led to different adaptations.
The same environment led to different adaptations.
Each species developed the same adaptations to different environments.
Each species migrated to environments that matched their adaptations.
The parents of this child are:
John and Mary
David and Susan
Michael and Linda
Robert and Patricia
Invasive insect species can cause severe damage to native trees and plants. Some insects bore into live trees and then transported when trees are cut for use in numerous products. Wooden crates used for packing materials may be infested with insects or eggs that are then transported into new locations. What is one safe and practical way that people can act responsibly to prevent spreading potentially harmful and invasive insects?
Store unused firewood from one winter until the next winter in a shaded grassy area to starve the insects and stop their propagation.
Spray all wooden products with pesticide before bringing them into homes or other buildings to kill the insects before they can enter structures.
Chop down trees suspected of being infected and use a wood chipper to make mulch for landscaping to chop up some of the insects before they can infect other trees.
Buy local firewood near campsites instead of transporting raw wood from one area to another and then leave any extra for the next camper to prevent transferring the insects in infected wood.
The burning of fossil fuels provides energy for humans to use, but it also can have negative effects. For example, when large power plants burn fossil fuels, certain chemicals are released in the atmosphere that react with water vapor, resulting in acidic precipitation. This phenomenon is known as acid rain. Acid rain has had an adverse effect on ecosystem diversity throughout the world.
chemical treatment of the soil that has been affected by acid rain
regulation of factory emissions
regulation of human outdoor activity
chemical treatment of the water that has been affected by acid rain
During an extended dry season in an area, the majority of the ground cover dried up. Which description best explains how this would affect the ecosystem in that area?
The ecosystem would become less stable because the ranges of many organisms would increase and overlap.
The ecosystem would become more stable because there would be less competition among canopy plants.
The ecosystem would become less stable because less energy would be available to it from the decrease in producers.
The ecosystem would become more stable because organisms at higher trophic levels would be able to find prey more easily.
The alleles for flower color show __________ because both alleles are __________ in __________ individuals.
incomplete dominance, partly expressed, heterozygous
codominance, fully expressed, homozygous
complete dominance, not expressed, heterozygous
recessive inheritance, not expressed, homozygous
Which energy pyramid best models energy flow in the Texas Gulf Coast community?
Canada goose → Silverside → Aquatic plants
Gulf pipefish → Atlantic ridley sea turtle → Aquatic plants
Stone crab → Gulf pipefish → Aquatic plants
Muskrat → Whistling swan → Aquatic plants
Leaf-cutter ants harvest leaves and carry them to fungi that convert plant material into a usable form for the ants to digest. The fungi depend on the leaves for nutrients. The ants also produce an antibiotic on their bodies that helps protect the fungi from harmful bacteria. Which of these explains the relationship between the leaf-cutter ants and the fungi?
Predation, because the ants feed on the fungi
Mutualism, because both the ants and the fungi benefit from each other
Competition, because both organisms consume the same resource for energy
Commensalism, because the ants receive energy from the fungi and the fungi are unaffected
The graph below shows the global concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over Earth's recent history. Scientists agree that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in earth's atmosphere have caused global temperatures to rise over time. Many species can only survive within a certain temperature range. For this reason, species that are unable to adapt to rising temperatures may eventually become extinct. A solution designed to preserve Earth's biodiversity could include
placing critically endangered species in climate-controlled environments.
supporting natural and artificial processes that extract carbon dioxide from the air.
reducing the total amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.
all of these
The diagram below shows a vector being used to insert a DNA sequence into a cell that contains a defective copy of a gene. This technique can sometimes be used to treat genetic diseases by altering a person's genetic material and replacing defective genes. What is this technique called?
karyotype analysis
DNA fingerprinting
genetic recombination
gene therapy
Genetic engineering is used in agriculture to create genetically modified organisms, such as crop plants that are more resistant to disease. Which of the following describes a possible risk of genetically modifying a crop species?
an increase in the ability of the crop species to survive harsh conditions
a decrease in the amount of pesticides that need to be used on the crop
a decrease in the genetic diversity of the crop species
an increase in the amount of the crop that is harvested each year
Why do cells contain different organelles?
Different organelles act independently of one another so that the whole cell can function as the basic unit of life.
Different organelles interact as a system so that the whole cell can function as the basic unit of life.
Different organelles act independently of one another because each organelle can carry out all of the functions of a cell.
Different organelles interact as a system because each organelle can carry out all of the functions of a cell.
The chart below shows several species found in a pond ecosystem and the pH levels in which the species can survive. The normal pH of the pond is 6.5. If the pH of the pond fell to 5.0 due to acid rain, which of the species shown in the chart would most likely survive?
snails
clams
trout
bass
Which of the following factors would most likely cause an increase in the wolf population in the forest?
an increase in the number of available water sources
an increase in the number of available dens for shelter
a decrease in the area of available forest for shelter
a decrease in the number of deer available as prey
Which of these best explains the relationship between the A allele and the B allele?
A is incompletely dominant over B.
A and B are codominant.
B is recessive to A.
B is dominant over A.
Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction. During this process, four daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell. The daughter cells produced through meiosis
do not contain any chromosomes until after fertilization.
contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
contain twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What process has occurred when two populations of the same species become reproductively isolated from one another and independently evolve to the point that they can no longer interbreed?
speciation
biological resistance
genetic drift
coevolution
Which of the following occurs during the mitosis stage of the cell cycle?
the nucleus of a cell divides
haploid daughter cells called gametes are formed
a cell's chromosomes line up and exchange parts of their DNA
a cell's chromosomes are duplicated
The cladogram shows the evolution of land plants as indicated by fossil records. Which discovery would challenge the validity of this cladogram?
A large aquatic vascular plant about 200 million years old
A species of algae that has existed for less than one million years
A moss species that has existed for less than 380 million years
A fossil of a fern more than 425 million years old
The hands of three primates are shown below. In addition to having similar external appearances, the primates’ hands have similar bone structures. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the similarity of these primates’ hands?
Tarsiers, orangutans, and gorillas eat the same types of foods.
Tarsiers, orangutans, and gorillas are descended from a common ancestor.
Tarsiers, orangutans, and gorillas were the first mammals to evolve from reptiles.
Tarsiers, orangutans, and gorillas are classified as different subspecies of the same species.
Carbohydrates are more easily metabolized than lipids. However, on a gram-for-gram basis lipids provide cells with more —
nitrogen
proteins
structure
energy
Lord Howe Island is a volcanic island in the Tasman Sea that is about 11 km long and 2.8 km wide. The island has two species of palm trees, Howea forsteriana and the more abundant Howea belmoreana. The two species do not interbreed even when they grow very close to each other. Which evolutionary process fails to occur?
Genetic drift of Howea forsteriana
Natural selection of adaptive traits in both species
Gene flow between the two species
Mutations in Howea belmoreana
Using a light microscope, a student identified the following characteristics of four organisms found in a sample of pond water. Based on the observations of the student, which organisms most likely belong to the taxonomic group for bacteria?
Organisms 1 and 2
Organisms 3 and 4
Organisms 1 and 4
Organisms 2 and 3
What is lost to the environment at each of the trophic levels of this ecosystem?
Nutrients from the soil
Living space for the organisms
Food sources
Heat
In any environment or ecosystem, organisms can have several different types of relationships. Three types of relationships are described below. Which of these correctly describes the relationships between the organisms?
a. X: mutualism Y: parasitism Z: commensalism
b. X: commensalism Y: mutualism Z: parasitism
c. X: parasitism Y: commensalism Z: mutualism
d. X: commensalism Y: parasitism Z: mutualism
Sexual reproduction in animals depends on the production of gametes. Which of these processes produces gametes in animals?
Mitosis
Fertilization
Meiosis
Binary fission
A person infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may not have any symptoms for a period of time. During this period the virus affects the body by doing which of the following?
The virus produces toxins that weaken immune cells and prevent them from reproducing.
The virus damages immune cells while using their machinery to make copies of itself.
The virus uses nutrients meant for immune cells to fuel its own cellular respiration.
The virus changes the identity of the nucleotides of immune cells to prevent the immune system from functioning normally.
Which of the following biomolecules typically contains both nitrogen and phosphate?
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
Telophase is a stage of a cellular process that begins after the chromosomes have moved to opposite poles of the cell. During which cellular process does telophase occur?
Translation
Interphase
Transcription
Mitosis
Tomato plants usually have hairy stems. Hairless stems are present in tomato plants that are homozygous recessive for this trait. If the stem characteristics are determined by a single gene, what is the expected outcome of crossing two tomato plants that are heterozygous for hairy stems?
75% hairy stems: 25% hairless stems
100% hairy stems
100% hairless stems
50% hairy stems: 50% hairless stems
The model shows a substance crossing a cell membrane. Which of the following describes the process?
The model shows the process of active transport because the solute particles are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
The model shows the process of bulk transport because the solute particles are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
The model shows the process of diffusion because solute particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
The model shows the process of osmosis because the solute particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Paramecium is a single-celled protozoan. The graph shows a typical growth curve for a colony of Paramecium in a nutrient culture. Two Paramecium cells sometimes engage in a sexual process in which genetic materials are exchanged, but no new cells are produced. Which additional observation would provide the strongest evidence that Paramecium reproduces asexually?
The cells in the colony are genetically different from one another.
The colony begins decreasing in number after Day 14.
The cells in the colony are genetically identical.
The cells in the colony become smaller over time.
Which of these molecular structures could be found in a lipid, but not in a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid?
a. a long chain of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms
b. a long chain made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
c. a phosphate group joined to a chain of carbon atoms
d. an amino group and a carboxyl group bonded together
Which statement best describes the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA, and cells?
Proteins combine to produce cells, which produce DNA.
Proteins are made up of DNA, which determines the cells that are produced.
DNA is made up of proteins, which tell a cell how to function.
Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins.
During photosynthesis, what best describes the role of the compound with the chemical formula C6H12O6?
a. a product that is not useful because of its low-energy chemical bonds
b. a product that is useful because of its high-energy chemical bonds
c. a reactant that is useful because of its high-energy chemical bonds
d. either a product or a reactant, depending on whether the cell needs to store energy or release energy
William is developing the model shown below to illustrate the process of photosynthesis. He plans to use the model to explain how photosynthesis transforms both energy and matter. In a key or legend for the model, how should William describe the roles of NADPH and ATP in the light-independent reactions?
providing the oxygen for sugar molecules
providing the carbon for sugar molecules
absorbing the energy of light and transferring it to electrons
supplying the energy necessary to assemble sugar molecules
Based on the energy pyramid, how much energy would be stored in the tertiary consumers in this ecosystem?
2,000 kcal
200 kcal
20 kcal
2 kcal
What is the carrying capacity of the following graph?
1,000
500
2,000
5,000
A type of cellular transport is shown. Which description best identifies this type of cellular transport?
Active transport, because energy is being used to move molecules against the concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion, because energy is being used to move molecules with the concentration gradient
Osmosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules with the concentration gradient
Endocytosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules against the concentration gradient
During secondary succession, which of these best describes why decomposing pioneer plants give way to larger, more complex plants species, such as hardwood trees?
Increased amounts of sunlight are able to reach the ground while the pioneer species are decomposing.
Increased soil temperatures from decomposing pioneer species help tree seeds germinate more quickly.
Increased amounts of decomposing pioneer species remove nutrients that tree seedlings need to grow and mature.
Increased amounts of soil from decomposing pioneer species allow plants with more extensive root systems to become established.
A long-term study off the coast of Japan found that sea urchin populations are affected by harmful algal blooms known as red tides. Sea urchins are shallow-water herbivores that play an important role in the structure of coastal marine communities. Red tides discolor the water, deplete oxygen levels in the water, and release harmful toxins into the water and air. Four main components are necessary for an algal population to bloom: 1. The presence of certain algae species 2. A major nutrient source 3. Wind and water currents that move the algae close together 4. Increasing water temperature Some human activities can have a direct effect on the four components that increase the number of algal blooms. Other human activities can have an indirect effect that can be observed only over long periods of time.
Reduce overfishing in rivers and oceans.
Reduce fertilizer run-off into rivers and oceans.
Reduce the use of nonrenewable energy sources.
Reduce the temperature of wastewater released into rivers and oceans.
Geographic isolation caused the separation of rainforest frog populations into a population in the north and a population in the south. The separated populations later reconnected because the climate became wetter and warmer, causing the rainforest to expand. When males from the north mated with females from the south, the offspring failed to develop past the tadpole stage. When males from the south mated with females from the north, the offspring developed more slowly than the offspring of pairs of northern frogs. Based on these data, which event occurred while the two populations of frogs were separated?
The two populations developed into new species.
The two populations mated with other species of frogs.
The two populations began a new method of reproduction.
The two populations had fewer offspring than before the separation.
The ribosome of the bacterium E. coli includes the ribosomal protein L4 (rpI4). The rpI4 gene carries the instructions for making rpI4 protein. Which of the following arguments provides support for the claim that E. coli has a common ancestor with all other organisms?
Every organism depends on proteins to carry out essential cellular processes. Ribosomes are needed by all organisms to synthesize proteins such as rpI4.
Every organism possesses in its ribosome a protein that is similar to rpI4. This protein has an amino acid sequence that is similar to the sequence of E. coli’s rpI4.
Every organism contains a structure that is similar to a ribosome. This structure helps convert the instructions from the rpI4 gene into amino acids.
Every organism has proteins made of amino acids. The code for amino acids is the same in E. coli because the instructions for amino acids come from the DNA. DNA contains the same components in all organisms.
What is the difference between the DNA of a dog and the DNA of a fly?
the type of sugar building blocks
the sequence of nucleotides
the strength of hydrogen bonds
the strength of covalent bonds
In some ecosystems, wolves have been eliminated due to their threats to humans. How can the reintroduction of wolves benefit the ecosystem?
It can eliminate weak animals from a prey population, thereby decreasing competition for natural resources.
It can eliminate the most fit animals among the prey population, which will cause an increase in birthrates of the prey.
It can cause the prey population to migrate to other areas, resulting in more fit prey.
It can cause the prey population to better blend in with their environment.
What will most likely be the result as humans move into new areas, forests are clear cut and housing developments are built?
Global temperatures will decrease because trees are removed.
Many organisms will lose their homes because their habitats have been destroyed.
Better sanitation in the area will reduce the amount of pollution.
The rainfall in the area will increase because there will be increased runoff.
Based on the cladogram, which TWO kingdoms contain organisms with chloroplasts?
Fungi and Archaea
Archaea and Protista
Protista and Plantae
Plantae and Fungi
What will most likely occur if the population of the world continues to increase at predicted rates?
There will be an increase in biodiversity as a result of improvements in technology.
There will be more rapid depletion of natural resources.
The human race will rapidly become extinct.
All human diseases will be eliminated.
What will most likely happen if a nonnative species is introduced into a stable ecosystem?
The native species will change their diet, and the ecosystem will remain stable.
The native species will move to another area, and the ecosystem will remain stable.
The native species will have to compete for resources with the nonnative species, and the ecosystem will become unbalanced.
The native species will share their food with the introduced species, and the ecosystem will become unbalanced.
A section of DNA has these bases: TAG CAG TAC Which mRNA sequence is produced from this DNA section?
ATC GTC ATG
AUC GUC AUG
AUG CUG AUC
UTC GTC UTG
A food web for an aquatic ecosystem is shown below. Which of the following correctly describes one of the paths through which energy flows in this ecosystem?
Puffins receive energy from herring, herring receive energy from krill, and krill receive energy from phytoplankton.
Mussels receive energy from copepods, copepods receive energy from phytoplankton, and phytoplankton receive energy from krill.
Lobsters receive energy from codfish, codfish receive energy from herring, and herring receive energy from krill.
Phytoplankton receive energy from krill, krill receive energy from jellyfish, and jellyfish receive energy from copepods.
A town is built near a rainforest. The nearby rainforest consists of a very diverse population of plants and animals. The people in the town discover that many of the trees in the rainforest can be cut down, processed, and sold as lumber. Continuous logging by the people from the town eventually results in a decrease in the overall biodiversity of the rainforest because many of these trees previously provided shelter and food to organisms living in the rainforest. A conservation group wants to help the town come up with a plan to restore the stability and biodiversity of the rainforest while still maintaining the town's logging operation. Which of these would be best to include in the plan?
bringing livestock in to graze in cleared areas
replanting trees in areas where logging has taken place
introducing invasive species that are better able to withstand logging
using cleared areas for crop production
What cellular process caused the water to move out of the potato cells and into the saltwater solution?
Osmosis
Photosynthesis
Active transport
Respiration
A small population of a specific plant species is found in a grassland habitat. Each plant bears flowers that are either white or dark purple. The color of the plant's flowers does not affect the plant's chance of survival or its reproductive success. A wildfire that occurs in the habitat kills all of the plants with dark purple flowers, as well as many of the plants with white flowers. This causes the gene for dark purple flowers to be lost from the population. Which of the following processes caused the loss of the gene for dark purple flowers from this population?
genetic drift
natural selection
adaptation
speciation
The individual strands of a rat's hair can either be agouti (banded) or non-agouti (solid). This is determined by a single gene locus. Agouti fur (A) is dominant to non-agouti fur (a). Two rats mate and have offspring. Half of the offspring have agouti fur, and the other half have non-agouti fur. Which of these most likely represents the genotypes of the parent rats?
Aa × Aa
Aa × aa
AA × aa
aa × aa
Transcription and translation are important processes involved in gene expression. Which of the following is true about the products produced by these processes?
Transcription produces RNA molecules, whereas translation produces proteins.
Transcription produces proteins, whereas translation produces RNA molecules.
Transcription produces DNA molecules, whereas translation produces proteins.
Transcription produces RNA molecules, whereas translation produces DNA molecules
