WorksheetsLecture 3
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
What are white blood cells (WBCs) also called? Fill in the blank: White blood cells are also called ________.
leukocytes
erythrocytes
platelets
plasma
What is the main function of white blood cells in the blood?
Oxygen transport
Mobile defense units
Hormone production
Energy storage
Where do some white blood cells remain to play key protective roles? Fill in the blank: Some white blood cells remain in ________, playing key protective roles.
tissues
arteries
bones
nerves
What do other white blood cells do when needed?
A) Circulate and move into tissues
B) Stay in the heart
C) Produce insulin
D) Digest food
What major system do white blood cells form a part of? Fill in the blank: White blood cells form a major part of the ________ system.
immune
digestive
respiratory
circulatory
The immune system includes which of the following?
Proteins, chemicals, antibodies, complement proteins, and barriers
Bones and muscles
Hormones and enzymes
Only red blood cells
What is the function of the immune system? Fill in the blank: The immune system functions constantly, defending the body without ________ effort.
conscious
physical
visible
external
Pathogens are found in which of the following?
Only in water
Only in air
Air, water, food, skin, and inside the body
Only in food
What happens to people without immune defenses? Fill in the blank: Without immune defenses, they die within ________ of birth.
days
years
months
weeks
What is the primary function of the immune system against foreign invaders?
Produces energy
Recognizes and destroys bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites labeled as non-self
Produces hormones
Stores fat
What is the purpose of immune cleanup?
Remove dead cells/tissues (dead cells) to allow regeneration and repair of tissue.
Increase the number of pathogens in the body.
Prevent the formation of antibodies.
Cause inflammation in healthy tissues.
What is the difference between sterile injury and infection?
Sterile injury involves clearance and repair after injuries like twisted ankle or jammed thumb, while infection involves swelling and damaged tissue being removed and repaired.
Sterile injury is caused by bacteria, while infection is caused by viruses.
Sterile injury always leads to chronic pain, while infection never causes pain.
Sterile injury results in immediate healing, while infection delays healing.
List three functions of the immune system.
a) Identify and destroy cancer cells. b) Defend against foreign pathogens. c) Seek out and attack non-self or damaged self (infection, cancer, injury).
a) Produce hormones for growth. b) Store excess nutrients. c) Regulate body temperature.
a) Transport oxygen in the blood. b) Break down food in the stomach. c) Absorb water in the colon.
a) Control muscle movement. b) Generate electrical impulses. c) Maintain bone density.
Immune cells circulate and traffic to tissues continuously to detect non-normal self or tissue damage.
True
False
What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?
Phagocytes ingest and destroy debris/pathogens; macrophages are large phagocytes.
Phagocytes produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
Phagocytes release histamine to trigger inflammation.
Phagocytes directly attack and destroy virus-infected cells.
What does microscopy help visualize in the immune system?
Microscopy helps visualize phagocytes killing a cancer cell; dyes or labeled antibodies are used to visualize interactions.
Microscopy helps visualize the replication of viruses inside bacteria.
Microscopy helps visualize the synthesis of antibodies in the liver.
Microscopy helps visualize the movement of oxygen in red blood cells.
What are antibodies and what is their primary role?
Antibodies are produced by immune cells (B cells/plasma cells) and their primary role is pathogen recognition and neutralization.
Antibodies are hormones produced by the endocrine system and their primary role is to regulate metabolism.
Antibodies are enzymes produced by the digestive system and their primary role is to break down food.
Antibodies are neurotransmitters produced by nerve cells and their primary role is to transmit signals in the brain.
Leukocytes are also known as what?
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Plasma cells
What is the relevance of laboratory/pathology in immune system studies?
CBC (complete blood count) is the first-pass lab to check cell counts; pathologists use morphology and staining to determine abnormalities for clinical decisions.
Laboratory/pathology is only used for studying genetic disorders, not immune system diseases.
Laboratory/pathology is irrelevant in immune system studies as all diagnoses are made clinically without tests.
Laboratory/pathology focuses solely on imaging techniques and does not involve cell counts or staining.
What is the characteristic shape of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Biconcave/donut shape
Spherical shape
Cuboidal shape
Irregular shape
Which of the following blood cell types are not nucleated in circulation?
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Both A and C
Platelets are:
Full cells
Cell fragments
Nucleated cells
A type of leukocyte
What is the main function of leukocytes (WBCs)?
Immune defense (pathogen protection)
Oxygen transport
Blood clotting
Hormone production
For every 1000 red blood cells (RBCs), there are approximately how many white blood cells (WBCs)?
1
10
100
50
Match the following blood cell types with their correct characteristics:
Nucleated
2
Not nucleated
1
Not full cells
3
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes are characterized by:
Having granules and multi-shaped (segmented) nuclei
Lacking granules and having a single round nucleus
Being not involved in immune defense
Being the most abundant type of erythrocyte
Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant under homeostatic conditions?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
What is the main function of neutrophils?
Defense against parasites
Release of histamine and heparin
First responders to infection; phagocytosis of bacteria
Adaptive immunity
Fill in the blank: Neutrophils are the most abundant ______ cells in blood.
nucleated
red
platelet
plasma
Eosinophils are the most common type of leukocyte.
True
False
What is the function of eosinophils?
Adaptive immunity
Defense against parasites; modulate allergic and inflammatory responses
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Release of histamine and heparin
Which leukocyte type is the rarest?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Fill in the blank: Basophils release ______ and ______ in allergic and inflammatory responses.
histamine; heparin
serotonin; dopamine
acetylcholine; norepinephrine
insulin; glucagon
Which type of leukocyte has a single, round nucleus and lacks visible granules under light microscope?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mononuclear Agranulocytes
Basophils
Match the following lymphocyte types with their functions:
Produce antibodies
B cells
Cellular immunity
T cells
Innate immune defense against virus-infected/tumor cells
NK cells
Fill in the blank: Monocytes differentiate into ______ and ______ cells once they enter tissues.
macrophages; dendritic
neutrophils; basophils
erythrocytes; platelets
B cells; T cells
Match the following blood cell types with their key functions:
Neutrophil
Bacterial defense (phagocytosis)
Lymphocyte
Adaptive immune response
Monocyte
Becomes macrophages/dendritic cells
Eosinophil
Parasite defense, allergy regulation
Basophil
Histamine & heparin release (inflammation)
Which blood cell type is most abundant in normal blood?
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Fill in the blank: The most abundant nucleated cell in blood is ________.
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Erythrocytes are nonnucleated in circulation.
True
False
Which blood cell type has a kidney-shaped nucleus?
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Fill in the blank: RBCs (erythrocytes) do not leave the ________ until mature (no nucleus).
bone marrow
bloodstream
heart
lymph nodes
Which blood cell type is responsible for histamine & heparin release (inflammation)?
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Many immune cells reside permanently in tissues, such as macrophages and dendritic cells.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Others circulate through ________ vessels, not blood, as part of the lymphatic system.
lymphatic
arterial
venous
capillary
What is the definition of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
Cells with granules and a multi-shaped (segmented) nucleus
Cells without granules
Cells with a single-shaped nucleus
Cells that do not contain a nucleus
What percentage of all WBCs under normal (homeostatic) conditions are neutrophils?
~40–70%
~10–20%
~80–90%
~5–10%
What is the main function of neutrophils?
Engulf and digest small pathogens, especially bacteria
Produce antibodies
Transport oxygen
Store fat
Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Neutrophils contain toxic substances and _______ that destroy plasma membranes and degrade pathogens.
digestive enzymes
hormones
antibodies
lipids
What is the 'kamikaze' function of neutrophils?
They multiply rapidly
They self-destruct after phagocytosis
They produce antibodies
They become macrophages
After phagocytosis, neutrophils release chromatin (DNA) into the extracellular space.
True
False
What forms a trap for bacteria after neutrophils self-destruct?
Sticky and viscous DNA
Protein fragments
Lipid droplets
Calcium crystals
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are formed by expelled DNA and granules containing _______.
antimicrobial substances
lipids
hormones
carbohydrates
What does the 'Phil' in 'Neutrophil' refer to?
Affinity ('liking'); similar to 'hydrophilic.'
Color ('philos'); related to pigmentation.
Shape ('philo'); referring to form.
Movement ('philo'); related to mobility.
What type of dyes do neutrophil granules stain with?
Neutral dyes (neither acidic nor basic)
Acidic dyes
Basic dyes
Fluorescent dyes
How many connected lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have?
3 connected lobes
1 connected lobe
2 connected lobes
4 connected lobes
Are neutrophils multinucleated?
True
False
What is the next most common granulocyte after neutrophils?
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What type of dye do eosinophil granules take up?
Acidic dyes such as eosin
Basic dyes such as methylene blue
Neutral dyes such as Sudan III
Fluorescent dyes such as FITC
What color do eosinophil granules appear due to eosin stain?
Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
What is the appearance of the nucleus in eosinophils?
Bi-lobed (two segments), often described as looking like "sad eyes."
Single round nucleus
Multi-lobed (three or more segments)
Kidney-shaped nucleus
Are eosinophils phagocytic?
True
False
Are all polymorphonuclear granulocytes phagocytes?
True
False
Only ________ are phagocytic in this group.
neutrophils
erythrocytes
platelets
lymphocytes
Which of the following do eosinophils primarily target?
Bacterial infections
Parasitic infections
Viral infections
Fungal infections
Eosinophils cannot engulf pathogens; instead, they ________ granules directly onto the pathogen's surface to destroy it.
release
absorb
inject
consume
Transmission of parasitic infection can occur through:
Eating undercooked or infected meat
Drinking clean water
Breathing fresh air
Avoiding vegetables
Definition: Elevated eosinophil count in blood is called ________.
Eosinophilia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
Eosinophilia occurs during parasitic infection or allergic response.
True
False
In regions with few parasitic infections, eosinophils remain ________.
underutilized
overactive
abundant
dormant
Over time, eosinophils become hypersensitive and begin reacting to ________ antigens such as pollen, peanuts, and bee stings.
non-parasitic
bacterial
viral
fungal
Which of the following is a clinical example of mild eosinophil activation?
A) Anaphylactic response to peanuts
B) Watery eyes from pollen
C) Severe bee sting reaction
D) Asthma attack
Which of the following is a clinical example of severe eosinophil-mediated degranulation?
Mild allergies
Watery eyes from pollen
Anaphylactic responses to peanuts, bee stings
Sneezing
What is the tissue distribution of eosinophils?
Normally circulate in blood; do not reside in tissues under resting conditions.
Normally reside in tissues; do not circulate in blood.
Only found in lymph nodes.
Only found in bone marrow.
Eosinophils enter tissues only when recruited by immune signaling to infection or reaction sites.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Eosinophils are non-phagocytic granulocytes specialized for _______ defense and involved in allergic hypersensitivity.
parasite
bacterial
viral
fungal
What is the classification of basophils? Choose the correct answer.
First type of polymorphonuclear granulocyte
Second type of polymorphonuclear granulocyte
Third type of polymorphonuclear granulocyte
Not a granulocyte
The name 'Baso' in basophils refers to: Choose the correct answer.
Acid dye affinity
Basic dye affinity
Neutral dye affinity
No dye affinity
Fill in the blank: Granules in basophils take up basic (alkaline) dyes, producing a _______ color.
bluish-purple
reddish-orange
greenish-yellow
brown
Which statement about the nucleus of basophils is correct? Choose the correct answer.
The nucleus is always visible.
The nucleus is often obscured by dense granules in stained preparations.
The nucleus is single-lobed.
The nucleus is never segmented.
Under the microscope, the cell appears deep blue with granules covering most of the nucleus, which can still be faintly identified underneath.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Basophils are the _______ circulating granulocyte type (even less than eosinophils).
rarest
most common
largest
fastest
Basophils are involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions via histamine and heparin release.
True
False
What is the role of basophils in defense against infections?
They may play a small role in defense against parasitic infections.
They are the main cells involved in antibody production.
They directly kill bacteria through phagocytosis.
They are responsible for producing histamine to fight viral infections.
How rare are basophils among circulating leukocytes?
Extremely rare: only about 0.1–1% of circulating leukocytes.
Common: about 20–30% of circulating leukocytes.
Moderately rare: about 5–10% of circulating leukocytes.
Very common: about 40–50% of circulating leukocytes.
On a blood smear, you must examine many slides to even find one — it’s not normal to have large numbers of which type of cell?
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
What chemical contents do basophil granules contain?
Histamine and heparin.
Serotonin and dopamine.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
Insulin and glucagon.
Which substance in basophil granules causes allergic symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and swelling?
Histamine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Adrenaline
What is the purpose of histamine released by basophils?
Histamine is meant for local immune response, not systemic circulation.
Histamine is meant to increase red blood cell production.
Histamine is meant to decrease body temperature.
Histamine is meant to promote bone growth.
What is the function of heparin found in basophil granules?
Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting.
Heparin acts as a growth factor for red blood cells.
Heparin stimulates the production of antibodies.
Heparin is responsible for oxygen transport in blood.
Which cells are the main source of histamine in allergic reactions?
Mast cells (resident tissue cells)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What are the two main groups of mononuclear agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes.
Neutrophils and eosinophils.
Basophils and erythrocytes.
Platelets and mast cells.
What does 'mononuclear' mean in the context of white blood cells?
Means one nucleus, not segmented or multi-lobed.
Means multiple nuclei, segmented or multi-lobed.
Means no nucleus present.
Means the cell is multinucleated and multi-lobed.
What does 'agranulocyte' mean?
Means lacking visible granules.
Means containing many granules.
Means a type of red blood cell.
Means a cell with a nucleus only.
What is the structure of the nucleus in monocytes?
Segmented
Single, continuous (non-segmented)
Double
Fragmented
Which of the following is the largest of the circulating leukocytes?
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Monocytes are capable of engulfing and digesting pathogens and dead cells. This process is called _______.
Phagocytosis
Osmosis
Diffusion
Pinocytosis
What is the key function of antigen presentation by monocytes?
Killing pathogens
Activating the adaptive immune system
Producing antibodies
Engulfing dead cells
Monocytes produce large amounts of cytokines, which are _______ molecules that enable communication between immune cells.
signaling
structural
digestive
storage
