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BIOLOGY etc review (exam 3)

Total questions: 121

Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

In the chemical reaction sucrose + H2O --> glucose + fructose, what are the reactants?

a)

sucrose and H2O

b)

glucose and fructose

c)

sucrose and glucose

d)

fructose and H2O

2.

In the chemical reaction sucrose + H2O --> glucose + fructose, what are the products?

a)

glucose and fructose

b)

sucrose and water

c)

glucose and sucrose

d)

fructose and water

3.

What is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time called?

a)

Metabolism

b)

Homeostasis

c)

Diffusion

d)

Osmosis

4.

What are reactions that involve energy changes called?

a)

Metabolic Reactions

b)

Physical Changes

c)

Neutralization Reactions

d)

Displacement Reactions

5.

What is defined as the capacity to do work, or the capacity for change, and can be potential or kinetic?

a)

Energy

b)

Matter

c)

Force

d)

Mass

6.

What type of energy is stored in bonds and is considered potential energy?

a)

Chemical energy

b)

Kinetic energy

c)

Thermal energy

d)

Electrical energy

7.

What type of energy is associated with membrane gradients and is considered potential energy?

a)

Electrical energy

b)

Thermal energy

c)

Mechanical energy

d)

Sound energy

8.

What type of energy is described as 'useful waste products' and is kinetic energy?

a)

Heat

b)

Light

c)

Sound

d)

Chemical

9.

What type of energy is used for photosynthesis and is a form of kinetic energy?

a)

Light energy

b)

Chemical energy

c)

Sound energy

d)

Nuclear energy

10.

What type of energy is involved in muscle movement and can be both potential and kinetic?

a)

Mechanical energy

b)

Thermal energy

c)

Chemical energy

d)

Electrical energy

11.

Fill in the blank: ________ metabolism requires energy and involves converting simple molecules to complex molecules.

a)

Anabolic

b)

Catabolic

c)

Aerobic

d)

Anaerobic

12.

Fill in the blank: An example of anabolic metabolism is the formation of a protein from _________.

a)

Amino Acids

b)

Fatty Acids

c)

Monosaccharides

d)

Nucleotides

13.

Fill in the blank: ________ metabolism releases energy and involves breaking down complex molecules to simple molecules.

a)

Catabolic

b)

Anabolic

c)

Photosynthetic

d)

Synthetic

14.

Fill in the blank: An example of catabolic metabolism is the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, or ________.

a)

Lipids

b)

Vitamins

c)

Water

d)

Minerals

15.

Energy from catabolic reactions fuels anabolic reactions.

a)

True

b)

False

16.

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

a)

Energy is neither created or destroyed.

b)

Energy can be created from nothing.

c)

Energy is always increasing in the universe.

d)

Energy is only present in living things.

17.

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

a)

When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work.

b)

Energy can be created or destroyed in any process.

c)

The total energy of the universe is constantly increasing.

d)

All processes occur with 100% efficiency.

18.

What is Entropy (S)?

a)

The measure of the disorder in the system. Energy in a system keeps order, without energy, a system will be randomly disordered. Unusable energy.

b)

The total energy of a system, including kinetic and potential energy.

c)

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.

d)

The force that holds atoms together in a molecule.

19.

Which law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed?

a)

First Law

b)

Second Law

c)

Law of Entropy

d)

Law of Conservation

20.

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, all energy transformations are 100% efficient and no energy is lost as unusable energy.

a)

True

b)

False

21.

Total energy is called ________ (H).

a)

Enthalpy

b)

Entropy

c)

Gibbs Free Energy

d)

Internal Energy

22.

Change in energy can be measured by which units?

a)

Calories or joules

b)

Meters or liters

c)

Volts or amperes

d)

Pounds or ounces

23.

Usable energy is called ________ (G).

a)

Free Energy

b)

Potential Energy

c)

Activation Energy

d)

Kinetic Energy

24.

At chemical equilibrium, what is the value of ΔG?

a)

Greater than 0

b)

Less than 0

c)

0

d)

Cannot be determined

25.

ΔG values near 0 are characteristic of reactions that are ________ reversible.

a)

readily

b)

never

c)

barely

d)

completely

26.

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

a)

ΔG = ΔH + TΔS

b)

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

c)

ΔG = ΔH × TΔS

d)

ΔG = ΔH / TΔS

27.

If ΔG is negative, what will happen?

a)

A) Energy will be required

b)

B) Energy will be released

c)

C) No reaction will occur

d)

D) Temperature will increase

28.

If there is no energy, a reaction will not occur.

a)

True

b)

False

29.

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

a)

The consumption of free energy (+ΔG)

b)

The release of free energy (-ΔG)

c)

Anabolism: simple to complex

d)

The formation of ATP

30.

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?

a)

The release of free energy (-ΔG)

b)

Catabolism: complex to simple

c)

The consumption of free energy (+ΔG)

d)

The hydrolysis of ATP

31.

Fill in the blank: Catabolism is a process in which ______ molecules are broken down into ______ molecules.

a)

complex, simple

b)

simple, complex

c)

large, larger

d)

simple, smaller

32.

Fill in the blank: Anabolism is a process in which ______ molecules are built from ______ molecules.

a)

complex, simple

b)

simple, complex

c)

large, large

d)

small, complex

33.

The formation of ATP is an endergonic process.

a)

True

b)

False

34.

Which of the following equations represents the formation of ATP?

a)

ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + free energy

b)

ADP + Pi + free energy --> ATP + H2O

c)

Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

d)

ATP --> ADP + Pi

35.

Cells use the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to fuel which type of reactions?

a)

Exergonic

b)

Endergonic

c)

Catabolic

d)

None of the above

36.

What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis, as shown in the diagram?

a)

Exergonic reaction

b)

Endergonic reaction

c)

Isomerization reaction

d)

Redox reaction

37.

Fill in the blank: The ΔG value for ATP hydrolysis is ______ kcal/mol.

a)

-7.3

b)

+7.3

c)

-3.4

d)

-12.0

38.

Which molecule is formed when glucose undergoes phosphorylation in the presence of energy, as shown in the diagram?

a)

Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)

b)

Fructose

c)

Sucrose

d)

Ribose

39.

Fill in the blank: The net ΔG for the coupled reactions shown in the diagram is ______ kcal/mol.

a)

-3.3

b)

0.0

c)

+7.3

d)

-10.6

40.

The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is an endergonic reaction, as shown in the diagram.

a)

True

b)

False

41.

Catalysts increase the rates of ________ reactions.

a)

chemical

b)

physical

c)

nuclear

d)

mechanical

42.

Catalysts are altered by the reactions they participate in.

a)

True

b)

False

43.

Most catalysts are ________.

a)

proteins

b)

lipids

c)

carbohydrates

d)

nucleic acids

44.

The amount of energy required to start a reaction is called ________ Energy (Ea).

a)

Activation

b)

Potential

c)

Thermal

d)

Kinetic

45.

Where does the activation energy (Ea) required to start a reaction usually come from?

a)

Heating the system

b)

Adding a catalyst

c)

Increasing pressure

d)

Decreasing volume

46.

Enzymes actually ________ the energy barrier needed for a reaction.

a)

lower

b)

increase

c)

maintain

d)

ignore

47.

The 3D shape of an enzyme determines its ________.

a)

specificity

b)

color

c)

mass

d)

temperature

48.

Reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called ________.

a)

substrates

b)

products

c)

cofactors

d)

enzymes

49.

The active site of an enzyme is where ________ bind.

a)

substrates

b)

products

c)

cofactors

d)

inhibitors

50.

ΔG changes when a catalyst is used in a reaction.

a)

True

b)

False

51.

The final equilibrium of a reaction changes when a catalyst is used.

a)

True

b)

False

52.

What does the peak of the curve represent in terms of energy?

a)

Activation energy (Ea)

b)

Potential energy of products

c)

Bond energy of reactants

d)

Enthalpy change (ΔH)

53.

Refer to the second diagram. Which curve represents the catalyzed reaction: the one with lower or higher activation energy?

a)

The curve with lower activation energy represents the catalyzed reaction.

b)

The curve with higher activation energy represents the catalyzed reaction.

c)

Both curves represent the catalyzed reaction equally.

d)

Neither curve represents the catalyzed reaction.

54.

What types of bonds can hold an enzyme-substrate complex together?

a)

hydrogen bonds, electrical attraction, or covalent bonds

b)

peptide bonds, disulfide bridges, or glycosidic bonds

c)

ester bonds, phosphodiester bonds, or metallic bonds

d)

ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, or hydrophobic interactions

55.

Fill in the blanks for the enzyme-substrate reaction: E + S -> __ -> E + __

a)

ES, P

b)

EP, S

c)

ES, S

d)

E, P

56.

To catalyze a reaction, enzymes can: Which of the above are mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze reactions?

a)

Orient substrates so that they can react

b)

Induce strain by stretching substrates, making their bonds unstable

c)

Temporarily add chemical groups

57.

Shape of active site allows a specific substrate to bind: ________

a)

Induced Fit

b)

Lock and Key

c)

Competitive Inhibition

d)

Allosteric Regulation

58.

The concentration of an enzyme is usually _______ than the substrate.

a)

lower

b)

higher

c)

equal

d)

similar

59.

Enzyme activity can be made in two ways: Which of the above are ways enzyme activity can be regulated?

a)

Gene expression - more enzyme molecules are made

b)

Enzymes change shape or are blocked by regulators

60.

Inhibitors are molecules that bind to an enzyme to slow reaction rates.

a)

True

b)

False

61.

Irreversible inhibitors bind to enzymes covalently.

a)

True

b)

False

62.

Name the three types of enzyme inhibitors mentioned in the text.

a)

Competitive, Uncompetitive, Noncompetitive

b)

Allosteric, Covalent, Irreversible

c)

Hydrolytic, Oxidative, Reductive

d)

Substrate, Product, Feedback

63.

What mechanism is illustrated by the enzyme Citrate synthase in the diagram?

a)

Orientation

b)

Physical strain

c)

Chemical charge

64.

Which enzyme is associated with the mechanism of Physical strain as shown in the diagram?

a)

Citrate synthase

b)

Lysozyme

c)

Chymotrypsin

65.

The mechanism of Chemical charge in the diagram is demonstrated by which enzyme?

a)

Citrate synthase

b)

Lysozyme

c)

Chymotrypsin

66.

Refer to the diagram labeled (A) Normal enzyme–substrate binding. What is the role of the substrate in this interaction?

a)

It inhibits the enzyme

b)

It binds to the enzyme's active site

c)

It changes the enzyme's shape

d)

It prevents the enzyme from functioning

67.

Refer to the diagram labeled (B) Competitive inhibition. What is the main characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

a)

It binds to a different site than the substrate

b)

It has the same shape as the normal substrate

c)

It prevents the substrate from being released

d)

It changes the shape of the enzyme's active site

68.

Refer to the diagram labeled (C) Uncompetitive inhibition. What does an uncompetitive inhibitor do?

a)

Binds to the active site

b)

Prevents normal substrates from being released

c)

Changes the shape of the active site

d)

Has the same shape as the substrate

69.

Refer to the diagram labeled (D) Noncompetitive inhibition. What is the effect of a noncompetitive inhibitor?

a)

It binds to the active site

b)

It prevents the substrate from binding

c)

It changes the shape of the active site (allostery)

d)

It has the same shape as the substrate

70.

Metabolic Pathways: What is the first reaction in a metabolic pathway called?

a)

commitment step

b)

termination step

c)

feedback inhibition

d)

activation energy

71.

Metabolic Pathways: Feedback inhibition occurs when the final product is a ________ inhibitor of the first enzyme, shutting down the pathway. (Fill in the blank)

a)

noncompetitive

b)

competitive

c)

allosteric

d)

irreversible

72.

Metabolic Pathways: Every enzyme is most active at a certain pH and an optimal temperature. Human enzymes are usually adapted to which type of temperatures?

a)

Colder temperatures

b)

Warmer temperatures

c)

Neutral temperatures

d)

Variable temperatures

73.

What is metabolism?

a)

The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time.

b)

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy.

c)

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

d)

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

74.

Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

a)

Muscle movement

b)

Light for photosynthesis

c)

Chemical bonds

d)

Heat

75.

What type of reaction is the synthesis of sucrose from glucose and fructose?

a)

Catabolic

b)

Anabolic

c)

Exergonic

d)

Metabolic

76.

Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?

a)

First law

b)

Second law

c)

Third law

d)

Fourth law

77.

What is entropy?

a)

The total energy in a system

b)

The usable energy that can do work

c)

A measure of disorder in a system

d)

The energy required to start a reaction

78.

Which molecule captures and transfers free energy in cells?

a)

ADP

b)

AMP

c)

ATP

d)

Pi

79.

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

a)

Increase the activation energy

b)

Decrease the activation energy

c)

Alter the equilibrium of the reaction

d)

Increase the total energy of the reaction

80.

What is the commitment step in a metabolic pathway?

a)

The first reaction

b)

The last reaction

c)

The reaction that releases the most energy

d)

The reaction that consumes the most energy

81.

Which enzyme activity regulation method involves changing the shape of the enzyme?

a)

Gene expression regulation

b)

Competitive inhibition

c)

Allosteric regulation

d)

Feedback inhibition

82.

Which type of reaction releases free energy?

a)

Endergonic (anabolic)

b)

Exergonic (catabolic)

c)

Anabolic

d)

Metabolic

83.

What is the main product of ATP hydrolysis?

a)

ADP and Pi

b)

AMP and Pi

c)

Glucose and Pi

d)

NADPH and Pi

84.

What is the effect of high temperatures on enzyme activity?

a)

Increase activity

b)

Decrease activity

c)

Denature the enzyme

d)

No effect

85.

What is the effect of feedback inhibition on a metabolic pathway?

a)

Speeds up the pathway

b)

Slows down the pathway

c)

Shuts down the pathway

d)

No effect

86.

The very end product of metabolic pathways goes back to the start and inhibits; stops the pathway from happening

(a)  

87.

Which process is anaerobic?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Cellular Respiration

c)

Pyruvate Oxidation

d)

Citric Acid Cycle

88.

What is the NET ATP produced by glycolysis?

a)

8 ATP

b)

4 ATP

c)

6 ATP

d)

2 ATP

89.

Which molecule is a key electron carrier in redox reactions?

a)

NAD+

b)

FAD

c)

ATP

d)

ADP

90.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

a)

NADH

b)

FADH2

c)

Oxygen

d)

Carbon Dioxide

91.

Where does glycolysis take place?

a)

Mitochondrial matrix

b)

Cytosol

c)

Inner mitochondrial membrane

d)

Intermembrane space

92.

What is the starting point of the citric acid cycle?

a)

Pyruvate

b)

Acetyl CoA

c)

Glucose

d)

NADH

93.

Which process produces lactate as a byproduct?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Cellular respiration

c)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

d)

Alcoholic fermentation

94.

Which molecule is regenerated to keep glycolysis going during fermentation?

a)

NAD+

b)

FAD

c)

ATP

d)

ADP

95.

Which process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Pyruvate oxidation

c)

Electron transport chain

d)

Fermentation

96.

What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

a)

Transport electrons

b)

Synthesize ATP

c)

Oxidize NADH

d)

Reduce FADH2

97.

What is the main product of alcoholic fermentation?

a)

Lactate

b)

Glucose

c)

Acetate

d)

Ethanol

98.

Which process yields the most ATP?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Fermentation

c)

Cellular respiration

d)

Pyruvate oxidation

99.

What is the role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation?

a)

Transport electrons

b)

Create a proton gradient

c)

Synthesize ATP

d)

Oxidize NADH

100.

Which molecule is a product of the citric acid cycle?

a)

CO2

b)

Lactate

c)

Glucose

d)

Ethanol

101.

What is the main product of glycolysis?

a)

Pyruvate

b)

Acetate

c)

Lactate

d)

Ethanol

102.

Which process converts light energy to chemical energy as ATP and NADPH?

a)

Calvin cycle

b)

Light-independent reaction

c)

Light reaction

d)

Glycolysis

103.

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

a)

Chlorophyll a

b)

Carotenoids

c)

Phycobilin

d)

Chlorophyll b

104.

Where do the light reactions take place in the chloroplast?

a)

Stroma

b)

Thylakoid membrane

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Mitochondrial matrix

105.

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

a)

ATP

b)

NADPH

c)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

d)

H2O

106.

Which molecule is the carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin cycle?

a)

RuBP

b)

G3P

c)

NADPH

d)

ATP

107.

What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?

a)

Absorb light in other wavelengths

b)

Convert light energy to chemical energy

c)

Transport electrons

d)

Fix carbon dioxide

108.

What is photophosphorylation?

a)

The synthesis of ATP using light energy

b)

The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

c)

The fixation of CO2 to carbohydrates

d)

The oxidation of water to oxygen

109.

Where does CO2 fixation occur in the chloroplast?

a)

Thylakoid membrane

b)

Stroma

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Mitochondrial matrix

110.

Which enzyme is the most abundant protein in the world and involved in the Calvin cycle?

a)

Hexokinase

b)

ATP synthase

c)

Rubisco

d)

NADP+ reductase

111.

Which pathway involves storing CO2 in a 4-carbon molecule when stomata are closed?

a)

C3 pathway

b)

C4 pathway

c)

Calvin cycle

d)

Glycolysis

112.

Which molecule is reduced to NADPH in the light reactions?

a)

NAD+

b)

FAD

c)

NADP+

d)

ATP

113.

What is the main product of the light-independent reactions?

a)

ATP

b)

NADPH

c)

Carbohydrates

d)

Oxygen

114.

Can be released by chemical reactions, altering the internal temperature of an organism

(a)  

115.

Released during the hydrolysis of polymers

(a)  

116.

Captured by pigments in the eye and by plant pigments in photosynthesis

(a)  

117.

Helps drive the movement of ions through channels

(a)  

118.

Used in muscle movements and movements within cells

(a)  

119.

Same shape as normal substrate

(a)  

120.

Changes shape of active site (allostery)

(a)  

121.

Prevents normal substrates from being released

(a)  

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